Difference between revisions of "Lake Ontario" - New World Encyclopedia
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==History== | ==History== | ||
| − | The lake was a border between the [[Huron]] and their vassals and the [[Iroquois]] Confederacy in pre-[[Europe]]an times. The first documented European to reach the lake was [[Étienne Brûlé]] in 1615. Artifacts | + | The lake was a border between the [[Huron]] and their vassals and the [[Iroquois]] Confederacy in pre-[[Europe]]an times. The first documented European to reach the lake was [[Étienne Brûlé]] in 1615. Artifacts believed to be of [[Nordic countries|Norse]] origin have been found in the area, indicating possible earlier visits by Europeans. A series of trading posts was established by both the British and French, such as [[Fort Oswego]] in 1722 and [[Fort Rouillé]] 1750 (in Toronto). |
| − | After the [[French and Indian War]], all the forts were under British control. This remained the case even in the years following the American Revolution until the signing of the [[Jay Treaty]] in 1794, when forts on the | + | After the [[French and Indian War]], all the forts were under British control. This remained the case even in the years following the American Revolution until the signing of the [[Jay Treaty]] in 1794, when forts on the US side of the lake became American. Permanent, non-military European settlement had begun during the [[American Revolution]], preceding settlement on the other Great Lakes. It became a hub of commercial activity following the [[War of 1812]] with canal building on both sides of the border and was heavily traveled by lake steamers, which reached their peak activity in the mid-19th century before competition from railway lines. |
| − | |||
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
Lake Ontario (43°30'N, 78°00'W) is the eastern-most and smallest in surface area (7,540 square miles, 19,529 km²)<ref name=nyt/> of the Great Lakes, although it exceeds [[Lake Erie]] in volume (393 cubic miles, [[1 E12 m³|1639 km³]]). It is the 14th largest lake in the world and has a shoreline 712 miles (1146 km) long. | Lake Ontario (43°30'N, 78°00'W) is the eastern-most and smallest in surface area (7,540 square miles, 19,529 km²)<ref name=nyt/> of the Great Lakes, although it exceeds [[Lake Erie]] in volume (393 cubic miles, [[1 E12 m³|1639 km³]]). It is the 14th largest lake in the world and has a shoreline 712 miles (1146 km) long. | ||
| − | Lake Ontario has an elevation of 246 feet (75 m)<ref name=nyt/> above sea level. | + | Lake Ontario has an elevation of 246 feet (75 m)<ref name=nyt/> above sea level. It is 193 miles (311 km) long, and 53 miles (85 km) wide. The average depth is 283 feet (86 m), with a maximum depth of 802 feet (244 m).<ref name=nyt/> |
[[Image:Great Lakes Lake Ontario.png|thumb|left|200px|Lake Ontario and the other Great Lakes]] | [[Image:Great Lakes Lake Ontario.png|thumb|left|200px|Lake Ontario and the other Great Lakes]] | ||
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[[Image:Lake Ontario - Sandbanks Provincial Park 2001.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Lake Ontario, [[Sandbanks Provincial Park]]]] | [[Image:Lake Ontario - Sandbanks Provincial Park 2001.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Lake Ontario, [[Sandbanks Provincial Park]]]] | ||
[[Image:LakeOntarioToronto.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Lake Ontario and beach seen from [[Toronto]], Ontario's Humber Bay, west of downtown]] | [[Image:LakeOntarioToronto.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Lake Ontario and beach seen from [[Toronto]], Ontario's Humber Bay, west of downtown]] | ||
| − | Its primary inlet is the [[Niagara River]] (from Lake Erie) and primary outlet is the [[St. Lawrence River]]. Other major rivers which flow into it include the [[Don River (Toronto)|Don River]]; [[Humber River (Ontario)|Humber River]]; [[Trent River (Ontario)|Trent River]]; the [[Cataraqui River]]; the [[Genesee River]]; the [[Oswego River (New York)|Oswego River]]; [[Black River (New York)|the Black River]]; and the [[Salmon River (New York)|Salmon River]]. Other notable geographic features include [[Burlington Bay|Hamilton Harbour]], the [[Bay of Quinte]], the [[Toronto Islands]], and the [[Thousand Islands]]. The Bay of Quinte separates most of [[Prince_Edward_County%2C_Ontario|Prince Edward County]] from the north shore except for a 2 mile (3km) stretch of land connecting it to the mainland. The largest island on the lake is [[Wolfe Island]] located near [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]] | + | Its primary inlet is the [[Niagara River]] (from Lake Erie) and primary outlet is the [[St. Lawrence River]]. Other major rivers which flow into it include the [[Don River (Toronto)|Don River]]; [[Humber River (Ontario)|Humber River]]; [[Trent River (Ontario)|Trent River]]; the [[Cataraqui River]]; the [[Genesee River]]; the [[Oswego River (New York)|Oswego River]]; [[Black River (New York)|the Black River]]; and the [[Salmon River (New York)|Salmon River]]. Other notable geographic features include [[Burlington Bay|Hamilton Harbour]], the [[Bay of Quinte]], the [[Toronto Islands]], and the [[Thousand Islands]]. The Bay of Quinte separates most of [[Prince_Edward_County%2C_Ontario|Prince Edward County]] from the north shore except for a 2 mile (3km) stretch of land connecting it to the mainland. The largest island on the lake is [[Wolfe Island]] located near [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]] near the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. It is accessible by ferry from both Canada and the US. |
| − | A | + | A stretch of the [[Great Lakes Waterway]] passes through the lake, which is accessible from upstream by the [[Welland Canal]] and from downstream by the [[St. Lawrence Seaway]]. The [[Trent-Severn Waterway]] for pleasure boats connects Lake Ontario at the Bay of Quinte to [[Georgian Bay]] of [[Lake Huron]] passing through the inland [[Lake Simcoe]]. The [[Rideau Canal|Rideau Waterway]], also for pleasure boats, connects Lake Ontario at Kingston to the [[Ottawa River]] at [[Ottawa, Ontario|Ottawa]]. The [[Oswego Canal]] connects the lake at [[Oswego, NY]] to the [[New York State Canal System]], with outlets to the [[Hudson River]], [[Lake Erie]], and [[Lake Champlain]]. |
| − | A large [[conurbation]] called the [[Golden Horseshoe]] (including major cities of [[Toronto]] and [[Hamilton, Ontario]]) is on the Canadian side at the western end of the lake. Other | + | A large [[conurbation]] called the [[Golden Horseshoe]] (including major cities of [[Toronto]] and [[Hamilton, Ontario]]) is on the Canadian side at the western end of the lake. Other centers on the Canadian side with ports include [[St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines]], [[Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa]], [[Cobourg, Ontario|Cobourg]], and [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]] near the St. Lawrence River inlet. Close to 9 million people, or over a quarter of Canada's population, live in the Lake Ontario watershed. |
| − | The American shore of the lake is largely rural, with the exception of [[Rochester, New York]] and the much smaller port at Oswego, New York. The city of [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]] is | + | The American shore of the lake is largely rural, with the exception of [[Rochester, New York]] and the much smaller port at Oswego, New York. The city of [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]] is 40 miles inland (65 km) but is connected to it by canal. Over 2 million people live in Lake Ontario's American watershed. |
A high-speed passenger/vehicle ferry service across Lake Ontario between Toronto and Rochester was launched on June 17, 2004, using the vessel ''[[Spirit of Ontario I]]''. The service was officially canceled in January 2006 after losing money for two seasons. | A high-speed passenger/vehicle ferry service across Lake Ontario between Toronto and Rochester was launched on June 17, 2004, using the vessel ''[[Spirit of Ontario I]]''. The service was officially canceled in January 2006 after losing money for two seasons. | ||
| − | On the south shore, breezes off the cool lake tend to retard fruit bloom until the spring frost danger is past, and the area has become a major fruit growing area, with [[apple]]s, [[cherry|cherries]], [[pear]]s, [[plum]]s, and [[peach]]es grown in many commercial [[orchard]]s on both sides of Rochester. The Canadian part of the south shore, known as the [[Niagara Peninsula]] is also a major fruit-growing and [[wine]]-making area located between [[Stoney Creek, Ontario|Stoney Creek]] and [[Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario|Niagara-on-the-Lake]]. | + | On the south shore, breezes off the cool lake tend to retard fruit bloom until the spring frost danger is past, and the area has become a major fruit growing area, with [[apple]]s, [[cherry|cherries]], [[pear]]s, [[plum]]s, and [[peach]]es grown in many commercial [[orchard]]s on both sides of Rochester. The Canadian part of the south shore, known as the [[Niagara Peninsula]], is also a major fruit-growing and [[wine]]-making area located between [[Stoney Creek, Ontario|Stoney Creek]] and [[Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario|Niagara-on-the-Lake]]. |
Apple varieties that tolerate a more extreme climate are grown on the lake's north shore, around [[Cobourg]]. | Apple varieties that tolerate a more extreme climate are grown on the lake's north shore, around [[Cobourg]]. | ||
==Geology== | ==Geology== | ||
| − | The lake was carved out of soft, weak [[Silurian]] rocks by the [[Wisconsin glaciation|Wisconsonian]] [[ice age]] [[glacier]], which expanded the preglacial [[Ontarian River]] valley of approximately the same orientation. The material that was pushed southward was piled in central and western [[New York]] in the form of [[drumlin]]s, [[kame]]s, and [[moraine]]s | + | The lake was carved out of soft, weak [[Silurian]] rocks by the [[Wisconsin glaciation|Wisconsonian]] [[ice age]] [[glacier]], which expanded the preglacial [[Ontarian River]] valley of approximately the same orientation. The material that was pushed southward was piled in central and western [[New York]] in the form of [[drumlin]]s, [[kame]]s, and [[moraine]]s that reorganized entire drainage systems. As the glacier retreated from New York, it still dammed the present [[St. Lawrence River|St. Lawrence valley]], so that the glacial lake was at a higher level. This stage is known as [[Glacial Lake Iroquois|Lake Iroquois]]. During that time the lake drained through present-day [[Syracuse, New York]] into the [[Mohawk River]]. The old shoreline that was created during this lake stage can be easily recognized by the ancient remnant [[beach]]es and wave-cut hills 10 to 25 miles (15 to 40 km) south of the present shoreline. |
| − | When the glacier finally melted from the St. Lawrence valley, the outlet was below [[sea level]], and the lake became for a short time a [[Headlands and bays|bay]] of the [[ocean]]. Gradually the land [[Post-glacial rebound|rebounded]] from the release of the weight of about 6,500 feet (2000 m) of ice that had been stacked on it. It is still rebounding about 12 inches (30 cm) per century in the St. Lawrence area. Since the ice left that area last, that is the area where the most rapid rebound still is occurring. This means that the lake bed is gradually tilting southward, inundating the south shore and turning river valleys into bays. Both north and south shores have shoreline erosion, but the tilting amplifies this effect on the south shore, causing loss to property owners. | + | When the glacier finally melted from the St. Lawrence valley, the outlet was below [[sea level]], and the lake became for a short time a [[Headlands and bays|bay]] of the [[ocean]]. Gradually the land [[Post-glacial rebound|rebounded]] from the release of the weight of about 6,500 feet (2000 m) of ice that had been stacked on it. It is still rebounding about 12 inches (30 cm) per century in the St. Lawrence area. Since the ice left that area last, that is the area where the most rapid rebound still is occurring. This means that the lake bed is gradually tilting southward, inundating the south shore and turning river valleys into bays. Both north and south shores have shoreline erosion, but the tilting amplifies this effect on the south shore, causing loss to property owners. |
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
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Because of its great depth, the lake rarely freezes in winter. The winters of 1934 and 1976 were the only times the lake had ice cover within historic time. | Because of its great depth, the lake rarely freezes in winter. The winters of 1934 and 1976 were the only times the lake had ice cover within historic time. | ||
| − | When the cold winds of winter pass over the warmer water of the lake, they pick up moisture and drop it as [[Lake effect snow| | + | When the cold winds of winter pass over the warmer water of the lake, they pick up moisture and drop it as [[Lake effect snow|lake effect] snow. Since the prevailing winter winds are from the northwest, the southern and southeastern shoreline of the lake is referred to as the [[snowbelt]]. In some winters, the area between [[Oswego, New York|Oswego]] and [[Pulaski, New York|Pulaski]] may receive twenty or more feet (600 cm) of snowfall. Also impacted by lake effect snow is the Tug Hill Plateau, an area of elevated land that is about 20 miles to the east of Lake Ontario. Tug Hill's elevation, along with ample moisture from the lake, creates ideal conditions for snowfall. The "Hill," as it is often referred to, typically receives more snow than any other region in the eastern United States. As a result, Tug Hill is a popular location for winter enthusiasts, such as snowmobilers and cross-country skiers. The combination of lake-effect snow often reaches inland to [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]], which receives more snow annually than any other major city in the US. |
| − | The lake also produces microclimates | + | The lake also produces microclimates that have the effect of delaying the onset of fall frost (particularly on the south shore) allowing for tender fruit production in a continental climate. Cool onshore winds also retards early bloom of plants and flowers until later in the spring season, protecting them from possible frost damage. Foggy conditions (particularly in fall) can be created by thermal contrasts and can be an impediment for recreational boaters. |
===Environmental concerns=== | ===Environmental concerns=== | ||
| − | During modern times, the lake became heavily [[pollution|polluted]] from [[Industry|industrial]] [[chemical]]s, [[agriculture|agricultural]] [[fertilizer]]s, untreated [[sewage]] | + | During modern times, the lake became heavily [[pollution|polluted]] from [[Industry|industrial]] [[chemical]]s, [[agriculture|agricultural]] [[fertilizer]]s, untreated [[sewage]] including [[phosphate]]s in laundry [[detergent]]s, and [[pesticide|chemicals]]. Some pollutant chemicals that have been found in the lake include [[DDT]], [[Benzopyrene|benzo(a)pyrene]] and other pesticides; [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCB]]s, [[aramite]], [[lead]], [[mirex]], [[mercury (element)|mercury]], and [[carbon tetrachloride]]. |
By the 1960s and 1970s the lake was dying, with frequent [[algal bloom]]s occurring in summer. These blooms killed large numbers of [[fish]], and left decomposing piles of [[filamentous algae]] and dead fish along the shores. At times the blooms became so thick that waves could not break. The lake now contains about 360 chemicals that have been identified, as well as many more unidentified chemical pollutants. | By the 1960s and 1970s the lake was dying, with frequent [[algal bloom]]s occurring in summer. These blooms killed large numbers of [[fish]], and left decomposing piles of [[filamentous algae]] and dead fish along the shores. At times the blooms became so thick that waves could not break. The lake now contains about 360 chemicals that have been identified, as well as many more unidentified chemical pollutants. | ||
| − | Since the 1960s and 1970s, environmental concerns have forced a cleanup of industrial and municipal wastes. Cleanup has been accomplished through better treatment plants and tighter environmental regulations: Phosphates were banned from detergents, and farm runoff was regulated more closely. Today, Lake Ontario has recovered much of its pristine quality. For example, [[walleye]], a fish species considered as a marker of clean water, are now found. The lake has also become an important sports [[fishery]], with introduced [[Coho]] and [[Chinook]] salmon now thriving there. | + | Since the 1960s and 1970s, environmental concerns have forced a cleanup of industrial and municipal wastes. Cleanup has been accomplished through better treatment plants and tighter environmental regulations: Phosphates were banned from detergents, and farm runoff was regulated more closely. Today, Lake Ontario has recovered much of its pristine quality. For example, [[walleye]], a fish species considered as a marker of clean water, are now found. The lake has also become an important sports [[fishery]], with introduced [[Coho]] and [[Chinook]] salmon now thriving there. Beaches on Center Island, off Toronto, are popular swimming destinations. |
[[Invasive species]] are a problem for Lake Ontario, particularly [[lamprey]] and [[zebra mussel]]s. Lamprey are being controlled by poisoning in the juvenile stage in the streams where they breed. Zebra mussels in particular are difficult to control, and pose major challenges for the lake and its waterways. | [[Invasive species]] are a problem for Lake Ontario, particularly [[lamprey]] and [[zebra mussel]]s. Lamprey are being controlled by poisoning in the juvenile stage in the streams where they breed. Zebra mussels in particular are difficult to control, and pose major challenges for the lake and its waterways. | ||
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*In a normal winter, Lake Ontario will be at most one quarter ice-covered, in a mild winter almost completely unfrozen. Lake Ontario has completely frozen over on only two recorded occasions: during the winter of 1874-75, and in February 1934. | *In a normal winter, Lake Ontario will be at most one quarter ice-covered, in a mild winter almost completely unfrozen. Lake Ontario has completely frozen over on only two recorded occasions: during the winter of 1874-75, and in February 1934. | ||
*With a recharge rate of 1% per year, it takes the system 100 years to completely flush<ref>http://www.sierralegal.org/reports/bgr.great.lakes.sewage.nov.2006.pdf page 3. Sierra Legal - Advocates for the Environment, 2006</ref> | *With a recharge rate of 1% per year, it takes the system 100 years to completely flush<ref>http://www.sierralegal.org/reports/bgr.great.lakes.sewage.nov.2006.pdf page 3. Sierra Legal - Advocates for the Environment, 2006</ref> | ||
| − | *The | + | *The largest fresh water lake in Canada |
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 02:52, 4 July 2007
| Lake Ontario | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Coordinates | |
| Primary sources | Niagara River |
| Primary outflows | St. Lawrence River |
| Basin countries | Canada, USA |
| Max length | 311 km |
| Max width | 85 km |
| Surface area | 7,540 square miles (18,529 km²)[1] |
| Average depth | 86 m |
| Max depth | 802 feet (244 m)[1] |
| Water volume | 1,639 km³ |
| Residence time (of lake water) | 6 years |
| Shore length1 | 1,146 km |
| Surface elevation | 246 feet (75 m)[1] |
| Settlements | Toronto, Ontario, Rochester, New York |
| 1 Shore length is an imprecise measure which may not be standardized for this article. | |
Lake Ontario, bounded on the north by the Canadian province of Ontario and on the south by Ontario's Niagara Peninsula and by New York State, USA, is one of the five Great Lakes of North America.
Name
The name of the lake is derived from ontarí:io, a Huron word meaning "great lake".[2] The Canadian province of Ontario was later named after the lake.
Previous to its current name, the lake was identified in some maps under different names. In a map drawn in the Relation des Jésuites (1662-1663), the lake has the legend "Lac Ontario ou des Iroquois" and in smaller type "Ondiara." A French map produced in 1712 (currently in the Canadian Museum of Civilization), created by military engineer Jean-Baptiste de Couagne, identified Lake Ontario as "Lac Frontenac."
History
The lake was a border between the Huron and their vassals and the Iroquois Confederacy in pre-European times. The first documented European to reach the lake was Étienne Brûlé in 1615. Artifacts believed to be of Norse origin have been found in the area, indicating possible earlier visits by Europeans. A series of trading posts was established by both the British and French, such as Fort Oswego in 1722 and Fort Rouillé 1750 (in Toronto). After the French and Indian War, all the forts were under British control. This remained the case even in the years following the American Revolution until the signing of the Jay Treaty in 1794, when forts on the US side of the lake became American. Permanent, non-military European settlement had begun during the American Revolution, preceding settlement on the other Great Lakes. It became a hub of commercial activity following the War of 1812 with canal building on both sides of the border and was heavily traveled by lake steamers, which reached their peak activity in the mid-19th century before competition from railway lines.
Geography
Lake Ontario (43°30'N, 78°00'W) is the eastern-most and smallest in surface area (7,540 square miles, 19,529 km²)[1] of the Great Lakes, although it exceeds Lake Erie in volume (393 cubic miles, 1639 km³). It is the 14th largest lake in the world and has a shoreline 712 miles (1146 km) long.
Lake Ontario has an elevation of 246 feet (75 m)[1] above sea level. It is 193 miles (311 km) long, and 53 miles (85 km) wide. The average depth is 283 feet (86 m), with a maximum depth of 802 feet (244 m).[1]
Its primary inlet is the Niagara River (from Lake Erie) and primary outlet is the St. Lawrence River. Other major rivers which flow into it include the Don River; Humber River; Trent River; the Cataraqui River; the Genesee River; the Oswego River; the Black River; and the Salmon River. Other notable geographic features include Hamilton Harbour, the Bay of Quinte, the Toronto Islands, and the Thousand Islands. The Bay of Quinte separates most of Prince Edward County from the north shore except for a 2 mile (3km) stretch of land connecting it to the mainland. The largest island on the lake is Wolfe Island located near Kingston near the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. It is accessible by ferry from both Canada and the US.
A stretch of the Great Lakes Waterway passes through the lake, which is accessible from upstream by the Welland Canal and from downstream by the St. Lawrence Seaway. The Trent-Severn Waterway for pleasure boats connects Lake Ontario at the Bay of Quinte to Georgian Bay of Lake Huron passing through the inland Lake Simcoe. The Rideau Waterway, also for pleasure boats, connects Lake Ontario at Kingston to the Ottawa River at Ottawa. The Oswego Canal connects the lake at Oswego, NY to the New York State Canal System, with outlets to the Hudson River, Lake Erie, and Lake Champlain.
A large conurbation called the Golden Horseshoe (including major cities of Toronto and Hamilton, Ontario) is on the Canadian side at the western end of the lake. Other centers on the Canadian side with ports include St. Catharines, Oshawa, Cobourg, and Kingston near the St. Lawrence River inlet. Close to 9 million people, or over a quarter of Canada's population, live in the Lake Ontario watershed.
The American shore of the lake is largely rural, with the exception of Rochester, New York and the much smaller port at Oswego, New York. The city of Syracuse is 40 miles inland (65 km) but is connected to it by canal. Over 2 million people live in Lake Ontario's American watershed.
A high-speed passenger/vehicle ferry service across Lake Ontario between Toronto and Rochester was launched on June 17, 2004, using the vessel Spirit of Ontario I. The service was officially canceled in January 2006 after losing money for two seasons.
On the south shore, breezes off the cool lake tend to retard fruit bloom until the spring frost danger is past, and the area has become a major fruit growing area, with apples, cherries, pears, plums, and peaches grown in many commercial orchards on both sides of Rochester. The Canadian part of the south shore, known as the Niagara Peninsula, is also a major fruit-growing and wine-making area located between Stoney Creek and Niagara-on-the-Lake. Apple varieties that tolerate a more extreme climate are grown on the lake's north shore, around Cobourg.
Geology
The lake was carved out of soft, weak Silurian rocks by the Wisconsonian ice age glacier, which expanded the preglacial Ontarian River valley of approximately the same orientation. The material that was pushed southward was piled in central and western New York in the form of drumlins, kames, and moraines that reorganized entire drainage systems. As the glacier retreated from New York, it still dammed the present St. Lawrence valley, so that the glacial lake was at a higher level. This stage is known as Lake Iroquois. During that time the lake drained through present-day Syracuse, New York into the Mohawk River. The old shoreline that was created during this lake stage can be easily recognized by the ancient remnant beaches and wave-cut hills 10 to 25 miles (15 to 40 km) south of the present shoreline.
When the glacier finally melted from the St. Lawrence valley, the outlet was below sea level, and the lake became for a short time a bay of the ocean. Gradually the land rebounded from the release of the weight of about 6,500 feet (2000 m) of ice that had been stacked on it. It is still rebounding about 12 inches (30 cm) per century in the St. Lawrence area. Since the ice left that area last, that is the area where the most rapid rebound still is occurring. This means that the lake bed is gradually tilting southward, inundating the south shore and turning river valleys into bays. Both north and south shores have shoreline erosion, but the tilting amplifies this effect on the south shore, causing loss to property owners.
Ecology
Effects of the climate on the lake
The lake has a natural seiche rhythm of eleven minutes. The seiche effect normally is only about ¾ inches (2 cm) but can be greatly amplified by earth movement, winds, and atmospheric pressure changes.
Because of its great depth, the lake rarely freezes in winter. The winters of 1934 and 1976 were the only times the lake had ice cover within historic time.
When the cold winds of winter pass over the warmer water of the lake, they pick up moisture and drop it as [[Lake effect snow|lake effect] snow. Since the prevailing winter winds are from the northwest, the southern and southeastern shoreline of the lake is referred to as the snowbelt. In some winters, the area between Oswego and Pulaski may receive twenty or more feet (600 cm) of snowfall. Also impacted by lake effect snow is the Tug Hill Plateau, an area of elevated land that is about 20 miles to the east of Lake Ontario. Tug Hill's elevation, along with ample moisture from the lake, creates ideal conditions for snowfall. The "Hill," as it is often referred to, typically receives more snow than any other region in the eastern United States. As a result, Tug Hill is a popular location for winter enthusiasts, such as snowmobilers and cross-country skiers. The combination of lake-effect snow often reaches inland to Syracuse, which receives more snow annually than any other major city in the US.
The lake also produces microclimates that have the effect of delaying the onset of fall frost (particularly on the south shore) allowing for tender fruit production in a continental climate. Cool onshore winds also retards early bloom of plants and flowers until later in the spring season, protecting them from possible frost damage. Foggy conditions (particularly in fall) can be created by thermal contrasts and can be an impediment for recreational boaters.
Environmental concerns
During modern times, the lake became heavily polluted from industrial chemicals, agricultural fertilizers, untreated sewage including phosphates in laundry detergents, and chemicals. Some pollutant chemicals that have been found in the lake include DDT, benzo(a)pyrene and other pesticides; PCBs, aramite, lead, mirex, mercury, and carbon tetrachloride.
By the 1960s and 1970s the lake was dying, with frequent algal blooms occurring in summer. These blooms killed large numbers of fish, and left decomposing piles of filamentous algae and dead fish along the shores. At times the blooms became so thick that waves could not break. The lake now contains about 360 chemicals that have been identified, as well as many more unidentified chemical pollutants.
Since the 1960s and 1970s, environmental concerns have forced a cleanup of industrial and municipal wastes. Cleanup has been accomplished through better treatment plants and tighter environmental regulations: Phosphates were banned from detergents, and farm runoff was regulated more closely. Today, Lake Ontario has recovered much of its pristine quality. For example, walleye, a fish species considered as a marker of clean water, are now found. The lake has also become an important sports fishery, with introduced Coho and Chinook salmon now thriving there. Beaches on Center Island, off Toronto, are popular swimming destinations.
Invasive species are a problem for Lake Ontario, particularly lamprey and zebra mussels. Lamprey are being controlled by poisoning in the juvenile stage in the streams where they breed. Zebra mussels in particular are difficult to control, and pose major challenges for the lake and its waterways.
Trivia
- A feature on Saturn's moon Titan, which may possibly be a sea of liquid methane, has been named Ontario Lacus after Lake Ontario and is of similar size.
- Lake Ontario is the only Great Lake that does not border the state of Michigan.
- In a normal winter, Lake Ontario will be at most one quarter ice-covered, in a mild winter almost completely unfrozen. Lake Ontario has completely frozen over on only two recorded occasions: during the winter of 1874-75, and in February 1934.
- With a recharge rate of 1% per year, it takes the system 100 years to completely flush[3]
- The largest fresh water lake in Canada
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Wright, John W. (ed.) and Editors and reporters of The New York Times (2006). The New York Times Almanac, 2007, New York, New York: Penguin Books, 64. ISBN 0-14-303820-6.
- ↑ Mithun, Marianne (2000). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pg. 312
- ↑ http://www.sierralegal.org/reports/bgr.great.lakes.sewage.nov.2006.pdf page 3. Sierra Legal - Advocates for the Environment, 2006
Sources and Further Reading
- Armbruster, Ann. 1996. Lake Ontario. A true book. New York: Children's Press. ISBN 0516200143 and ISBN 9780516200149
- Ylvisaker, Anne. 2004. Lake Ontario. Fact finders. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press. ISBN 0736822119 and ISBN 9780736822114
- Beckett, Harry. 1999. Lake Ontario. Vero Beach, Fla: Rourke Corp. ISBN 0865935262 and ISBN 9780865935266
External links
- Chapter One - Introduction: The Great Lakes. United States Enviornmental Protection Agency. Retrieved May 26, 2007.
- Maps of Lake Ontario. OpenStreetMap. Retrieved May 26, 2007.
- Troubled Waters: Pollution in the Great Lakes. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 26, 2007.
| North American Great Lakes |
| Lake Superior | Lake Michigan | Lake Huron | Lake Erie | Lake Ontario |
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