Difference between revisions of "Korean diaspora" - New World Encyclopedia
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During the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonial period]] of 1910-1945, Koreans were often recruited or forced into labour service to work in [[mainland Japan]], [[Karafuto Prefecture]], and [[Manchukuo]], especially in the 1930s and early 1940s; the ones who chose to remain in Japan at the end of the war became known as [[Zainichi Koreans]], while the roughly 40 thousand who were trapped in Karafuto after the Soviet invasion are typically referred to as [[Sakhalin Koreans]].<ref name=Byong>{{cite news|last=Ban|first=Byung-yool|title=Koreans in Russia: Historical Perspective|date=2004-09-22|accessdate=2006-11-20|url=http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200409/kt2004092218583111950.htm|publisher=Korea Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.japanfocus.org/products/details/2220|title=Legal Categories, Demographic Change and Japan’s Korean Residents in the Long Twentieth Century|last=NOZAKI|first=Yoshiki|coauthors=INOKUCHI Hiromitsu, KIM Tae-Young|journal=Japan Focus}}</ref> According to the statistics at Immigration Bureau of Japan, there were 901,284 Koreans resident in Japan [[as of 2005]], of which 515,570 were permanent residents, and another 284,840 were naturalized citizens.<ref>[http://www.moj.go.jp/PRESS/040611-1/040611-1.html 平成１５年末現在における外国人登録者統計について] (Japanese).</ref><ref>[http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:51dIz0wPuT8J:www.korea.net/korea/attach/D/03/123_en.pdf+naturalized+koreans+japan&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&client=opera]</ref> Koreans amount to 40.4% of the non-Japanese [[Demographics of Japan|population of the country]]. Three-quarters of the Koreans living in Japan are Japanese-born, and most are legal [[alien (law)|alien]]s.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} | During the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonial period]] of 1910-1945, Koreans were often recruited or forced into labour service to work in [[mainland Japan]], [[Karafuto Prefecture]], and [[Manchukuo]], especially in the 1930s and early 1940s; the ones who chose to remain in Japan at the end of the war became known as [[Zainichi Koreans]], while the roughly 40 thousand who were trapped in Karafuto after the Soviet invasion are typically referred to as [[Sakhalin Koreans]].<ref name=Byong>{{cite news|last=Ban|first=Byung-yool|title=Koreans in Russia: Historical Perspective|date=2004-09-22|accessdate=2006-11-20|url=http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200409/kt2004092218583111950.htm|publisher=Korea Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.japanfocus.org/products/details/2220|title=Legal Categories, Demographic Change and Japan’s Korean Residents in the Long Twentieth Century|last=NOZAKI|first=Yoshiki|coauthors=INOKUCHI Hiromitsu, KIM Tae-Young|journal=Japan Focus}}</ref> According to the statistics at Immigration Bureau of Japan, there were 901,284 Koreans resident in Japan [[as of 2005]], of which 515,570 were permanent residents, and another 284,840 were naturalized citizens.<ref>[http://www.moj.go.jp/PRESS/040611-1/040611-1.html 平成１５年末現在における外国人登録者統計について] (Japanese).</ref><ref>[http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:51dIz0wPuT8J:www.korea.net/korea/attach/D/03/123_en.pdf+naturalized+koreans+japan&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&client=opera]</ref> Koreans amount to 40.4% of the non-Japanese [[Demographics of Japan|population of the country]]. Three-quarters of the Koreans living in Japan are Japanese-born, and most are legal [[alien (law)|alien]]s.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} | ||
Revision as of 14:57, 6 October 2007
| Korean diaspora | ||||||||
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The terms gyopo or dongpo in Korean refers to persons of Korean ethnic descent who have lived the majority of their lives outside Korea. It can also mean simply any Korean who lives outside Korea.[1]
History
Origins
Large-scale emigration from Korea began as early as the mid-1860s, mainly into the Russian Far East and Northeast China; these emigrants became the ancestors of the 2 million Koreans in China and several hundred thousand ethnic Koreans in Central Asia.[2][3]
Korea under Japanese rule
During the Japanese colonial period of 1910-1945, Koreans were often recruited or forced into labour service to work in mainland Japan, Karafuto Prefecture, and Manchukuo, especially in the 1930s and early 1940s; the ones who chose to remain in Japan at the end of the war became known as Zainichi Koreans, while the roughly 40 thousand who were trapped in Karafuto after the Soviet invasion are typically referred to as Sakhalin Koreans.[4][5] According to the statistics at Immigration Bureau of Japan, there were 901,284 Koreans resident in Japan as of 2005, of which 515,570 were permanent residents, and another 284,840 were naturalized citizens.[6][7] Koreans amount to 40.4% of the non-Japanese population of the country. Three-quarters of the Koreans living in Japan are Japanese-born, and most are legal aliens.[citation needed]
Aside from migration within the Empire of Japan or its puppet state of Manchukuo, some Koreans also escaped Japanese-ruled territory entirely, heading to Shanghai, a major center of the Korean independence movement, or to the already-established Korean communities of the Russian Far East. However, the latter would find themselves deported to Central Asia in 1938.[citation needed]
After Korea independence
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Ethnic Koreans in China (Chaoxianzu) became one of the officially recognized as one of the 56 ethnic groups of the country. They are considered to be one of the "major minorities." Their population grew to about 2 million ethnic Koreans in China; they stayed mostly in northeastern China, where their ancestors had initially settled. Their largest population was concentrated in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province, where they numbered 854,000 in 1997.[3][8]
Korean emigration to America was known to have begun as early as 1903, but the Korean American community did not grow to a significant size until after the passage of the Immigration Reform Act of 1965;[citation needed] now, roughly 1.4 million Koreans live in the United States.[9] More than 2 million ethnic Koreans live in the U.S., mostly in metropolitan areas. A handful are descended from laborers who migrated to Hawaii in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A significant number are descended from orphans of the Korean War, in which the U.S. was a major ally of South Korea. Thousands were adopted by American (mostly white) families in the years following the war, when their plight was covered on television. The vast majority, however, immigrated or are descended from those who immigrated after the Hart-Cellar Act of 1965 abolished national immigration quotas.
Europe and Latin America were also minor destinations for post-war Korean emigration. The largest Korean community in Europe is in Germany, but the largest European Koreatown is in London.[citation needed] Korean immigration to Latin America was documented as early as the 1950s; North Korean prisoners of war migrated to Chile in 1953 and Argentina in 1956 under the auspices of the Red Cross. However, the majority of Korean settlement occurred in the late 1960s; as the South Korean economy continued to expand in the 1980s, investors from South Korea came to Latin America and established small businesses in the textiles industry.[10] Brazil has Latin America's largest Koreatown; there are also Koreatowns in countries such as Argentina, Guatemala. Mexico City's Korean population is estimated to be around 30,000.[citation needed] In the 1970s, though, Japan and the United States remained the top two destinations for South Korean emigrants, with each receiving more than a quarter of all emigration; the Middle East became the third most popular destination, with more than 800,000 Koreans going to Saudi Arabia between 1975 and 1985, and another 26,000 Koreans going to Iran. In contrast, aside from Germany (1.7% of all South Korean emigration in 1977) and Paraguay (1.0%), no European or Latin American destinations were even in the top ten for emigrants.[11]
Shifting focus of emigration
Emigration to America became less attractive as a result of the Rodney King riots, during which many Korean American immigrants saw their businesses destroyed by looters; South Korean media reports on the riots increased public consciousness of the long working hours and harsh conditions faced by immigrants to the United States.[12] Instead, the development of the South Korean economy, the focus of emigration from Korea began to shift from developed nations towards developing nations. With the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea, many citizens of South Korea started to settle instead in China, attracted by business opportunities generated by the reform and opening up of China and the low cost of living. Large new communities of South Koreans have formed in Beijing, Shanghai, and Qingdao; as of 2006, their population is estimated to be between 300,000 and 400,000.[13] There is also a small community of Koreans in Hong Kong, mostly expatriate businessmen and their families; according to Hong Kong's 2001 census, they numbered roughly 5,200, making them the 12th-largest ethnic minority group.[14] Southeast Asia has also seen an influx of South Koreans. Koreans in Vietnam have grown in number around 30,000 since the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations, making them Vietnam's second-largest foreign community after the Taiwanese.[15] Korean migration to the Philippines has also increased due to the tropical climate and low cost of living compared to South Korea; 370,000 Koreans visited the country in 2004, and roughly 46,000 Korean expatriates live there permanently.[16]
Return migration
Koreans born or settled overseas have been migrating back to both North and South Korea ever since the restoration of Korean independence; perhaps the most famous example is Kim Jong-Il, born in Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai, where his father Kim Il-sung had been serving in the Red Army.[17][18] The largest-scale repatriation activities took place in Japan, where Chongryon sponsored the return of Zainichi Korean residents to North Korea; starting from late 1950s and early 1960s, with a trickle of repatriates continuing until as late as 1984, nearly 90,000 Zainichi Koreans resettled in the reclusive communist state, though their ancestral homes were in the South. However, word of the difficult economic and political conditions filtered back to Japan, decreasing the popularity of this option. Around one hundred such repatriatess are believed to have later escaped from North Korea; the most famous is Kang Chol-Hwan, who published a book about his experience, The Aquariums of Pyongyang.[19][20] South Korea, however, was a popular destination for Koreans who had settled in Manchukuo during the colonial period; returnees from Manchukuo such as Park Chung-hee and Chun Doo-hwan had a large influence on the process of nation-building in South Korea.[21]
Roughly 1,000 Sakhalin Koreans are also estimated to have independently repatriated to the North in the decades after the end of World War II, when returning to their ancestral homes in the South was not an option due to the lack of Soviet relations with the South and Japan's refusal to grant them transit rights. In 1985, Japan began to fund the return of Sakhalin Koreans to South Korea; however, only an additional 1,500 took this offer, with the vast majority of the population remaining on Sakhalin or moving to the Russian Far East instead.[22]
With the rise of the South Korean economy in the 1980s, economic motivations became increasingly prevalent in overseas Koreans' decisions of whether to repatriate and in which part of the peninsula to settle. 356,790 Chinese citizens have migrated to South Korea since the reform and opening up of China; almost two-thirds are estimated to be Chaoxianzu.[23] Similarly, some Koryo-saram from Central Asia have also moved to South Korea as guest workers, to take advantage of the high wages offered by the growing economy; remittances from South Korea to Uzbekistan, for example, were estimated to exceed USD100 million in 2005.[24] Return migration through arranged marriage is another option, portrayed in the 2005 South Korean film Wedding Campaign, directed by Hwang Byung-kook.[25] However, the Koryo-saram often face the most difficulty integrating into Korean society due to their poor command of the Korean language and the fact that their dialect, Koryo-mar, differs significantly from the Seoul dialect considered standard in the South.[24]
Until recently, return migration from the West has been much less common than that from Japan or the former Soviet Union, as the economic push factor was far less than in 1960s Japan or post-Soviet collapse Central Asia. However, an increasing number of aspiring Korean Americans singers and actors, frustrated by their inability to break through stereotypes in Hollywood, choose instead to go to South Korea through talent and modelling agencies; prominent examples include singer Brian Joo (of R&B duo Fly to the Sky) and actor Daniel Henney (who initially spoke no Korean).[26][27] [28]
Current numbers
Statistics
| Continent / Country | Articles related Korean population | Overseas Korean Population |
Year | % of local population |
% of Global Overseas Korean population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia | 3,591,369 | NA | 0.09 | 56 | |
 China |
Koreans_in_China | 2,043,578 | NA | NA% | NA% |
 Hong Kong |
Koreans_in_Hong_Kong | 5,200 | NA | NA% | NA% |
.svg){kind=small} Indonesia |
Koreans_in_Indonesia | 23,205 | NA | NA% | NA% |
 Iran |
Koreans_in_Iran | 540 | NA | NA% | NA% [29] |
.svg){kind=small} Japan |
Zainichi Koreans | 901,284 | NA | NA% | NA% |
 Kazakhstan |
Koryo-saram | 105,000 | NA | NA% | NA% [30] |
 Kyrgyzstan |
Koryo-saram | 19,000 | NA | NA% | NA% [30] |
 Malaysia |
Koreans in Malaysia | 5,000 | 2006 | NA% | NA% |
 Philippines |
Koreans in the Philippines | 92,608 | 2007 | NA% | NA% |
.svg){kind=small} Russia |
Sakhalin_Koreans | 125,000 | NA | NA% | NA% [30] |
 Singapore |
Koreans_in_Singapore | 8,000 | 2006 | NA% | NA% |
 Taiwan |
Koreans_in_Taiwan | 3,454 | NA | NA% | NA% |
 Tajikistan |
Koryo-saram | 6,000 | NA | NA% | NA% [30] |
 Thailand |
NA | 19,500 | NA | NA% | NA% |
 Turkmenistan |
Koryo-saram | 3,000 | NA | NA% | NA% [30] |
 Uzbekistan |
Koryo-saram | 198,000 | NA | NA% | NA% [30] |
 Vietnam |
Korean_people_in_Vietnam | 33,000 | 2006 | NA% | NA% |
| Americas | 2,516,617 | NA | 0.28 | 39.2 | |
 Argentina |
Asian Argentine | 35,000 | NA | NA% | NA% |
 Brazil |
Asian_Brazilian | 250,000 | NA | NA% | NA% |
 Canada |
Koreatown,_Toronto | 110,000 | NA | NA% | NA% |
 Dominican Republic |
Asian_Latin_American | 500 | NA | NA% | NA% |
.svg){kind=small} Chile |
NA | NA | NA | NA% | NA% |
 Guatemala |
NA | 49,000 | NA | NA% | NA% |
 Mexico |
NA | 14,571 | NA | NA% | NA% |
 United States |
Korean American | 2,057,546 | 2005 | 0.5% | NA% [9] |
| Europe | 99,972 | NA | 0 | 0.02 | |
 France |
Koreans in France | 13,162 | NA | NA% | NA% |
 Germany |
Koreans in Germany | 34,000 | NA | NA% | NA% |
 Ukraine |
Koryo-saram | 12,000 | NA | NA% | NA% [30] |
 United Kingdom |
British Korean | 40,810 | NA | NA% | NA% |
| Oceania | 74,545 | NA | 0.51 | 2.8 | |
 Australia |
Korean_Australian | 43,753 | NA | NA% | NA% |
 New Zealand |
NA | 30,792 | NA | NA% | NA% [2] |
| Middle East | 10,303 | NA | 0 | 0.2 | |
 Kuwait |
Koreans_in_the_Arab_world | 5,000 | NA | NA% | NA% [31] |
 Qatar |
Koreans_in_the_Arab_world | 1,800 | NA | NA% | NA% [32] |
 United Arab Emirates |
Koreans_in_the_Arab_world | 1,600 | NA | 0 | NA% [33] |
 Saudi Arabia |
Koreans_in_the_Arab_world | 1,200 | NA | NA% | NA% [34] |
 Jordan |
Koreans_in_the_Arab_world | 290 | NA | NA% | NA% [29] |
 Oman |
Koreans_in_the_Arab_world | 105 | NA | NA% | NA% [29] |
 Iraq |
Koreans_in_the_Arab_world | 100 | NA | NA% | NA% [35] |
 Bahrain |
Koreans_in_the_Arab_world | 99 | NA | NA% | NA% [29] |
 Yemen |
Koreans_in_the_Arab_world | 49 | NA | NA% | NA% [29] |
 Syria |
Koreans_in_the_Arab_world | 34 | NA | NA% | NA% [29] |
 Lebanon |
Koreans_in_the_Arab_world | 26 | NA | NA% | NA% [29] |
| Africa | Koreans_in_Africa | 8,912 | 2005 | 0 | 0.1 [36] |
.svg){kind=small} Algeria |
Koreans_in_the_Arab_world | 54 | NA | NA% | NA% [29] |
 Botswana |
Koreans_in_Africa | 200 | 2005 | NA% | NA% [36] |
 Côte d'Ivoire |
Koreans_in_Africa | 180 | 2005 | NA% | NA% [36] |
 Egypt |
Koreans_in_the_Arab_world | 685 | NA | NA% | NA% [29] |
 Ethiopia |
Koreans_in_Africa | 174 | 2005 | NA% | NA% [36] |
 Ghana |
Koreans_in_Africa | 614 | 2005 | NA% | NA% [36] |
 Kenya |
Koreans_in_Africa | 726 | 2005 | NA% | NA% [36] |
 Libya |
Koreans_in_Africa | 964 | 2005 | NA% | NA% [36] |
 Morocco |
Koreans_in_Africa | 310 | 2005 | NA% | NA% [36] |
 Nigeria |
Koreans_in_Africa | 800 | 2005 | NA% | NA% [36] |
 Senegal |
Koreans_in_Africa | 164 | 2005 | NA% | NA% [36] |
 South Africa |
Koreans_in_Africa | 3,452 | 2005 | NA% | NA% [36] |
 Sudan |
Koreans_in_the_Arab_world | 86 | NA | NA% | NA% [29] |
 Tanzania |
Koreans_in_Africa | 238 | 2005 | NA% | NA% [36] |
 Tunisia |
Koreans_in_the_Arab_world | 69 | NA | NA% | NA% [29] |
 Uganda |
Koreans_in_Africa | 196 | 2005 | 0 | NA% [36] |
| Total | — | 6,408,673 | NA | 0.1 | 100 |
See also
- Korean adoptee
- Koreans
- Overseas Chinese
- Japanese diaspora
- Immigration
- Asian Latin American
Notes
- ↑ 표준 국어 대사전 (Standard National Language Dictionary). National Institute of the Korean Language. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
- ↑ Lee Kwang-kyu (2000). Overseas Koreans. Seoul: Jimoondang. ISBN 89-88095-18-9.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kim, Si-joong (2003). "The Economic Status and Role of Ethnic Koreans in China". The Korean Diaspora in the World Economy, Ch. 6: 101-131, Institute for International Economics.
- ↑ Ban, Byung-yool, "Koreans in Russia: Historical Perspective", Korea Times, 2004-09-22. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
- ↑ NOZAKI, Yoshiki and INOKUCHI Hiromitsu, KIM Tae-Young. Legal Categories, Demographic Change and Japan’s Korean Residents in the Long Twentieth Century. Japan Focus.
- ↑ 平成１５年末現在における外国人登録者統計について (Japanese).
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Zhang Tianlu (2004-03-26). "中国少数民族人口问题研究 (Research on the topic of Chinese minority ethnic group populations)". National Population and Family Planning Commission of China. Retrieved 2007-01-16. See section "民族人口生活质量问题研究".
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Korean alone or in combination in 2005. United States Census Bureau (2005). Retrieved 2006-12-16.
- ↑ Choi, Kate H. (2004). "Who is Hispanic? Hispanic ethnic identity among African Americans, Asian Americans, and whites". Department of Sociology, University of Texas. Retrieved 2007-01-12.
- ↑ Korea Statistical Yearbooks for 1972, 1976, 1978. Quoted in Bonacich, Edna and Light, Ivan (1991). Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Koreans in Los Angeles, 1965-1982. United States: University of California Press, 105-106. ISBN 0520076567.
- ↑ Abelmann, ; Lie, John (1997). Blue Dreams: Korean Americans and the Los Angeles Riots. Massachusetts, United States: Harvard University Press.
- ↑ "到了中国就不想回国 在华韩国人激增 (After arriving in China, they don't want to go home; number of South Koreans in China increasing sharply)", Wenhua Ribao, 2006-04-01. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
- ↑ (2001-12-17). "2001 Population Census Thematic Report – Ethnic Minorities". Census and Statistics Department. Retrieved 2006-12-21.
- ↑ Kelly, Tim, "Ho Chi Minh Money Trail", Forbes, 2006-09-18. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
- ↑ Meinardus, Ronaldo, ""Korean Wave" in Philippines", The Korea Times, 2005-12-15. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
- ↑ Chung, Byoung-sun, "Sergeyevna Remembers Kim Jong Il", The Chosun Ilbo, 2002-08-22. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
- ↑ Sheets, Lawrence, "A Visit to Kim Jong Il's Russian Birthplace", National Public Radio, 2004-02-12. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
- ↑ Morris-Suzuki, Tessa, "Japan's Hidden Role In The 'Return' Of Zainichi Koreans To North Korea", ZNet, 2005-02-07. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
- ↑ Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (2007-03-13). "The Forgotten Victims of the North Korean Crisis". Nautilus Institute. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
- ↑ Han, Suk-jung, "Imitating the colonizers: The Legacy of the Disciplining State from Manchukuo to South Korea", ZNet, 2005-07-10. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
- ↑ Lee, Jeanyoung. "Ethnic Korean Migration in Northeast Asia". Kyunghee University. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
- ↑ Kim, Hyung-jin, "No 'real' Chinatown in S. Korea, the result of xenophobic attitudes", Yonhap News, 2006-08-29. Retrieved 2006-12-08.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Baek, Il-hyun, "Scattered Koreans turn homeward", Joongang Daily, 2005-09-14. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
- ↑ Kim, Tae-jong, "Farmer Looks for Love in Upcoming 'Wedding Campaign'", The Korea Times, 2005-08-21. Retrieved 2006-10-16.
- ↑ Song, Jason, "Called to star in Asia", Los Angeles Times, 2007-01-01. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
- ↑ Ito, Robert, "Stuck in Asia, dreaming of Hollywood", New York Times, 2007-02-11. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
- ↑ Mo, Sin-jeong, "'플라이투더스카이' 브라이언 "난 뼛속까지 한국인" (Brian of Fly to the Sky: "I'm Korean to the bone")", Daum Media, 2006-05-02. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
- ↑ 29.00 29.01 29.02 29.03 29.04 29.05 29.06 29.07 29.08 29.09 29.10 중동/아프리카 재외동포현황 (Middle East/Africa Overseas Compatriots Present Status). Overseas Korean Foundation (2005). Retrieved 2007-05-13.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 Ki, Kwangseo (2002-12-15). "구소련 한인사회의 역사적 변천과 현실 [Korean society in the former Soviet Union: historical development and realities]". Proceedings of 2002 Conference of the Association for the Study of Overseas Koreans (ASOK), Seoul: Association for the Study of Overseas Koreans.
- ↑ Cheongwadae (Kuwait) 2007. Excludes military servicemembers on active duty.
- ↑ Cheongwadae (Qatar) 2007
- ↑ Cheongwadae (UAE) 2006. Figure includes only Dubai.
- ↑ Cheongwadae (Saudi Arabia) 2007
- ↑ People's Daily 2004-04-09. Excludes military servicemembers on active duty.
- ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 36.11 36.12 Overseas Korean Foundation (2005)
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
External Links
| Koreans outside of Korea | |
|---|---|
| East Asia | People's Republic of China (Mainland · Hong Kong) · Republic of China (Taiwan) · Japan |
| Southeast Asia | Indonesia · Malaysia · Philippines · Singapore · Vietnam |
| Rest of Asia | Arab world · Iran · Former USSR (Central Asia · Sakhalin · North Koreans) |
| Outside of Asia | Africa · Australia · Canada · France · Germany · United States |
| Dialects | Koryo-mar · Zainichi Korean language |
| Other topics | Adoptees · Koreatowns · North Korean defectors |
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