Encyclopedia, Difference between revisions of "Hiram Bingham" - New World
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Bingham wrote more than a dozen books related to South American geography and history. There are photos of Bingham scaling the mountain with donkey in lead at the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University. | Bingham wrote more than a dozen books related to South American geography and history. There are photos of Bingham scaling the mountain with donkey in lead at the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University. | ||
| − | Today other adventurous souls have attempted to develope the site. Some have searched for the water source for Machu Picchu's elaborate fountains. Tourists can make the trek by bus to visit the ruins. The [[museum]] at [[Yale University]] contains an extensive display of the work and dedication that was part of Hiram Bingham's research. Unveiling the "Mystery of the Incas," the largest exhibition on the Incas ever assembled in the United States, opened at the Peabody Museum January 26, 2003. Drawing on the latest technology, visitors travel into the past, first to Machu Picchu with Hiram Bingham and the 1911 Yale Peruvian Scientific Expedition. Central to the exhibition are some of the finest surviving examples of [[Inca | + | Today other adventurous souls have attempted to develope the site. Some have searched for the water source for Machu Picchu's elaborate fountains. Tourists can make the trek by bus to visit the ruins. The [[museum]] at [[Yale University]] contains an extensive display of the work and dedication that was part of Hiram Bingham's research. Unveiling the "Mystery of the Incas," the largest exhibition on the Incas ever assembled in the United States, opened at the Peabody Museum January 26, 2003. Drawing on the latest technology, visitors travel into the past, first to Machu Picchu with Hiram Bingham and the 1911 Yale Peruvian Scientific Expedition. Central to the exhibition are some of the finest surviving examples of [[Inca Civilization|Inca]] [[art]], many of them recovered from Machu Picchu, including over 400 [[gold]], [[silver]], [[ceramic]], bone, and textile artifacts, along with photographs and other memorabilia. These materials are used as a springboard for a discussion of archaeological science and the way in which knowledge of relevant aspects of ecology, astronomy, metallurgy, human biology and other scientific subjects have proved to be critical in understanding the purpose of Machu Picchu and why it was abandoned.<ref>http://www.yale.edu/opa/newsr/03-01-15-03.all.html</ref> |
| − | + | Bingham's children continued his life of public service to the United States, with sons serving in congress, as a diplomat, lawyer, physician, and other professions.<ref> Miller, Char. 1982 ''Fathers and Sons, the Bingham Family and the American mission''. Temple University Press. ISBN 0877222487 </ref> | |
| − | Bingham's children continued his life of public service to the United States, with sons serving in congress, as a diplomat, lawyer, physician, and other professions. | ||
==Publications== | ==Publications== | ||
| Line 66: | Line 65: | ||
==Bingham Biographies== | ==Bingham Biographies== | ||
| − | *Alfred M. | + | *Bingham, Alfred M. 1989. ''Portrait of an Explorer: Hiram Bingham, Discoverer of Machu Picchu''. Iowa State Press. ISBN 0813801362 |
| − | *Daniel | + | *Cohen, Daniel. 1984. ''Hiram Bingham and the Dream of Gold''. M Evans & Co. ISBN 0871314339 |
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
Revision as of 01:03, 21 December 2006
Hiram Bingham, formally Hiram Bingham III, (19 November 1875 – 6 June 1956) was an American archaeologist, explorer, scholar, and politician. He rediscovered the Inca settlement of Machu Picchu in 1911, and his book Lost City of the Incas became a bestseller. Later, Bingham served as Governor of Connecticut and a member of the United States Senate (1924-1933). Over the course of his 80 years, Bingham had been a scholar, explorer, aviator, businessman, and politician.
Life
Hiram Bingham was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, to Hiram Bingham II (1831-1908), an early Protestant missionary to the Kingdom of Hawaii, the grandson of Hiram Bingham I (1789–1869), another missionary. He attended Punahou School and Oahu College in Hawaii from 1882 to 1892. He completed his education at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, from which he graduated in 1894.
Bingham obtained a degree from Yale University in 1898, a degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1900, and a degree from Harvard University in 1905. He was a member of Acacia Fraternity. He taught history and politics at Harvard and then served as preceptor under Woodrow Wilson at Princeton University. In 1907, Yale University appointed Bingham as a lecturer in South American history.
He married Alfreda Mitchell, granddaughter of Charles L. Tiffany, on November 20, 1899, and had seven sons, including congressman Jonathan Brewster Bingham (1914-1986); diplomat Hiram Bingham IV (1903-1988); Charles Tiffany (1906-1993) (physician), Brewster (1908-1995) (minister), Mitchell (1910-1994) (artist), Woodbridge (1901-1986) (professor), and Alfred Mitchell Bingham (1905-1998) (lawyer). After he and Alfreda were divorced he married Suzanne Carroll Hill in June of 1937.
During World War I Bingham served in the military. He achieved the rank of captain of the Connecticut National Guard in 1916. In 1917, he became an aviator and organized the United States Schools of Military Aeronautics. He served the Aviation Section of the United States Army Signal Corps and attained the rank of lieutenant colonel. In Issoudun, France, Bingham commanded a flying school.
Bingham also entered politics, serving in the Connecticut and as a member of the United States senate.
On June 6, 1956, Bingham died at his Washington, DC home. He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.
Archaeology
It was during Bingham's time as a lecturer—later professor—at Yale that he rediscovered the largely forgotten Inca city of Machu Picchu. In 1908, he had served as delegate to the First Pan American Scientific Congress at Santiago, Chile. On his way home via Peru, a local prefect convinced him to visit the pre-Columbian city of Choqquequirau. Bingham was thrilled by the prospect of unexplored Incan cities, and in 1911 returned to the Andes with the Yale Peruvian Expedition of 1911.
The city of Machu Picchu, once the royal estate of a powerful Inca emperor, lay hidden in the mountains of Peru until 1911, when Bingham introduced to the world its ruins. On July 24, 1911, a mestizo guide led Bingham to Machu Picchu, which had been largely forgotten by everybody except the small number of people living in the immediate valley, and the young explorer had his "lost city". [1]
Bingham returned to Peru in 1912 and 1915 with the support of Yale and the National Geographic Society. In speaking of the countryside around the Lost City of the Incas, Bingham wrote:
I know of no place in the world which can compare with it. Not only has it great snow peaks looming above the clouds more than two miles overhead, gigantic precipices of many-colored granite rising sheer for thousands of feet above the foaming, glistening, roaring rapids; it has also, in striking contrast, orchids and tree ferns, the delectable beauty of luxurious vegetation, and the mysterious witchery of the jungle.
Some of the narrow bridges spanning the precipices of mount Machu Picchu, located about 2350 meters above sea level, needed to be forged on hands and knees. Since then, it has become perhaps the most important archaeological site in the Americas. Machu Picchu has also become one of the major tourist attractions in South America, and Bingham is recognized as the man who brought the site to world attention, although many others contributed to the archaeological resurrection of the site. Bingham's book, Lost City of the Incas, became a bestseller upon its publication in 1948.[2] The switchback-filled road that carries tourist buses to the site from the Urubamba River is called the Hiram Bingham Highway.
Politics
In 1922, Bingham was elected Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut, an office he held until 1924. In November 1924, he was elected Governor. However, on December 16, 1924, Bingham was also elected as a United States Republican Party to serve in the United States Senate to fill a vacancy created by the suicide of Frank Bosworth Brandegee. Now both Governor-elect and Senator-elect, Bingham served as Governor for one day, the shortest term of any Connecticut Governor. Bingham was reelected to a full six-year term in the Senate in 1926.
As senator, Bingham served as chairman of the committee on Printing and then chairman of the committee on Territories and Insular Possessions. In 1929, Bingham was censured by the Senate on charges that he had placed a lobbyist on his payroll.
President of the United States Calvin Coolidge appointed Bingham to the President's Aircraft Board during his first term in the Senate; the press quickly dubbed the ex-explorer "The Flying Senator" He organized the United States schools of military Aeronautics in May l917.[3]
Bingham failed in his second reelection effort in the wake of the 1932 Democratic landslide following the Great Depression and left the Senate at the end of his second term in 1933. [1]
During World War II, Bingham lectured at several United States Navy training schools. In 1951, Bingham was appointed Chairman of the Civil Service Commission Loyalty Review Board, whose purpose is to guarantee that the civil rights of all employees of the Government shall be protected properly and adequately.[4] Bingham kept this assignment through 1953.
Legacy
When former Senator Hiram Bingham died in 1956, it was said that the Connecticut Republican "had crammed many careers into his lifetime, any one of which might have sufficed for most men." Having uncovered one of the greatest archaeological finds, Machu Picchu, Hiram Bingham became an American hero.[5]
Bingham wrote more than a dozen books related to South American geography and history. There are photos of Bingham scaling the mountain with donkey in lead at the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University.
Today other adventurous souls have attempted to develope the site. Some have searched for the water source for Machu Picchu's elaborate fountains. Tourists can make the trek by bus to visit the ruins. The museum at Yale University contains an extensive display of the work and dedication that was part of Hiram Bingham's research. Unveiling the "Mystery of the Incas," the largest exhibition on the Incas ever assembled in the United States, opened at the Peabody Museum January 26, 2003. Drawing on the latest technology, visitors travel into the past, first to Machu Picchu with Hiram Bingham and the 1911 Yale Peruvian Scientific Expedition. Central to the exhibition are some of the finest surviving examples of Inca art, many of them recovered from Machu Picchu, including over 400 gold, silver, ceramic, bone, and textile artifacts, along with photographs and other memorabilia. These materials are used as a springboard for a discussion of archaeological science and the way in which knowledge of relevant aspects of ecology, astronomy, metallurgy, human biology and other scientific subjects have proved to be critical in understanding the purpose of Machu Picchu and why it was abandoned.[6]
Bingham's children continued his life of public service to the United States, with sons serving in congress, as a diplomat, lawyer, physician, and other professions.[7]
Publications
- 1976. The Monroe Doctrine (Latin America in the Twentieth Century Series). ISBN 0306708337
- 1979. Machu Picchu:A Citadel of the Incas. Hacker Art Books. ISBN 0878172521
- 1981. A Residence of Twenty-One Years in the Sandwich Islands. Charles E Tuttle Co. ISBN 0804812527
- 1999. The Ancient Incas: Chronicles from National Geographic (Cultural and Geographical Exploration). Chelsea House Publications. ISBN 0791051048
- 2003. Lost City of the Incas: The Story of Machu Picchu and Its Builders. Phoenix Press. ISBN 1842125850
Bingham Biographies
- Bingham, Alfred M. 1989. Portrait of an Explorer: Hiram Bingham, Discoverer of Machu Picchu. Iowa State Press. ISBN 0813801362
- Cohen, Daniel. 1984. Hiram Bingham and the Dream of Gold. M Evans & Co. ISBN 0871314339
Notes
- ↑ http://www.pubs.asce.org/ceonline/0101feat.html
- ↑ Lost City of the Incas biographical profile from the United States Senate website
- ↑ Bingham, Hiram, (1875 - 1956) Biographical Directory of United States Congress. Retrieved December 20, 2006.
- ↑ http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=853
- ↑ "The trail less trampled on" in USA Today by Gene Sloan, September 23, 2005: "The iconic mountaintop citadel, discovered less than a century ago by American explorer Hiram Bingham, the inspiration for Indiana Jones, is a thrilling reward after days of exertion."
- ↑ http://www.yale.edu/opa/newsr/03-01-15-03.all.html
- ↑ Miller, Char. 1982 Fathers and Sons, the Bingham Family and the American mission. Temple University Press. ISBN 0877222487
External links
- Works by Hiram Bingham. Project Gutenberg
- Selection from Bingham's The Lost City of the Incas
- Machu Picchu on the Web - The Discovery
- Inca Land, by Hiram Bingham
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