Shultz, George

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'''George Pratt Shultz''' (/ʃʊlts/; December 13, 1920 – February 6, 2021) was an American [[economist]], diplomat, and businessman. He served in various positions under three different [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidents and is one of only two people to have held four different [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]]-level posts.  
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'''George Pratt Shultz''' (/ʃʊlts/; December 13, 1920 – February 6, 2021) was an American [[economist]], diplomat, and businessman. He served in various positions under three different [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidents and is one of only two people to have held four different [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]]-level posts, the being [[Elliot Richardson]].  
  
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In 1970, he became the first director of the Office of Management and Budget under [[Richard Nixon]], and he served in that position until his appointment as United States Secretary of the Treasury in 1972. In that role, Shultz supported abolishing the [[gold standard]], and presided over the end of the [[Bretton Woods system]]. From 1974 to 1982, he was an executive of the [[Bechtel|Bechtel Group]], an engineering and services company.
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In 1970, he became the first director of the Office of Management and Budget under [[Richard Nixon]], serving in that position until his appointment as United States Secretary of the Treasury in 1972. In that role, Shultz supported abolishing the [[gold standard]], and presided over the end of the [[Bretton Woods system]]. From 1974 to 1982, he was an executive of the [[Bechtel|Bechtel Group]], an engineering and services company. He then accepted President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s offer to serve as [[United States Secretary of State]], holding that office from 1982 to 1989, playing a major role in shaping the foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration. Shultz pushed for Reagan to establish relations with [[Soviet]] leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], which led to a thaw between the United States and the Soviet Union.  
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He then accepted President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s offer to serve as [[United States Secretary of State]], holding that office from 1982 to 1989, playimg a major role in shaping the [[foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration]]. Shultz pushed for Reagan to establish relations with [[Soviet]] leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], which led to a thaw between the United States and the Soviet Union. He opposed the U.S. aid to [[Contras]] trying to overthrow the [[Sandinistas]] using funds from an illegal sale of weapons to Iran that led to the [[Iran-Contra Affair]].
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After retiring from public office Shultz remained active, notably promoting nuclear arms control calling on governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons as well as advocating efforts to fight anthropogenic [[climate change]]. Shultz' life of public service was not just for the sake of his country but he sought to create a world of freedom for all people.
  
 
==Life==
 
==Life==
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Shultz was born December 13, 1920, in [[New York City]], the only child of Margaret Lennox (née Pratt) and Birl Earl Shultz. He grew up in [[Englewood, New Jersey]].<ref name="BioDictTreas"> Bernard S. Katz and C. Daniel Vencill, ''Biographical Dictionary of the United States Secretaries of the Treasury, 1789–1995'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, ISBN 978-0313280122), 320–332.</ref> His great-grandfather was an immigrant from [[German Confederation|Germany]] who arrived in the United States in the middle of the 19th century. Contrary to common assumption, Shultz was not a member of the Pratt family associated with [[John D. Rockefeller]] and the [[Standard Oil]] Trust.<ref name=AmericanLives>Robert Vellani, "George P. Shultz" in William L. O'Neill (ed.) ''The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Thematic Series: The 1960's'' (Charles Scribner & Sons, 2002, ISBN 978-0684806662).</ref>
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Shultz was born December 13, 1920, in [[New York City]], the only child of Margaret Lennox (née Pratt) and Birl Earl Shultz. He grew up in [[Englewood, New Jersey]].<ref name="BioDictTreas"> Bernard S. Katz and C. Daniel Vencill, ''Biographical Dictionary of the United States Secretaries of the Treasury, 1789–1995'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, ISBN 978-0313280122), 320–332.</ref> His great-grandfather was an immigrant from [[German Confederation|Germany]] who arrived in the United States in the middle of the nineteenth century. Contrary to common assumption, Shultz was not a member of the Pratt family associated with [[John D. Rockefeller]] and the [[Standard Oil]] Trust.<ref name=AmericanLives>Robert Vellani, "George P. Shultz" in William L. O'Neill (ed.) ''The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Thematic Series: The 1960's'' (Charles Scribner & Sons, 2002, ISBN 978-0684806662).</ref>
  
 
After attending the local public school, he transferred to the Englewood School for Boys (now [[Dwight-Englewood School]]), through his second year of high school.<ref>Paul Burnett, [https://update.lib.berkeley.edu/2016/11/20/george-p-shultz-oral-history/ Problems and Principles: George P. Shultz and the Uses of Economic Thinking] ''Economist Life Stories'', November 20, 2016. Retrieved April 13, 2022.</ref> In 1938, Shultz graduated from the private preparatory boarding high school [[Loomis Chaffee School]] in [[Windsor, Connecticut]].  
 
After attending the local public school, he transferred to the Englewood School for Boys (now [[Dwight-Englewood School]]), through his second year of high school.<ref>Paul Burnett, [https://update.lib.berkeley.edu/2016/11/20/george-p-shultz-oral-history/ Problems and Principles: George P. Shultz and the Uses of Economic Thinking] ''Economist Life Stories'', November 20, 2016. Retrieved April 13, 2022.</ref> In 1938, Shultz graduated from the private preparatory boarding high school [[Loomis Chaffee School]] in [[Windsor, Connecticut]].  
  
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He earned a [[bachelor's degree]], ''[[cum laude]]'', at [[Princeton University]], New Jersey, in [[economics]] with a minor in public and international affairs. His senior thesis, "The Agricultural Program of the Tennessee Valley Authority", examined the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]]'s effect on local [[agriculture]], for which he conducted on-site research.<ref>George Pratt Shultz, [https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp01z029p5487 The Agricultural Program of the Tennessee Valley Authority] ''Princeton University Library''. Retrieved April 13, 2022.</ref> He graduated with honors in 1942.<ref name="BioDictTreas" />
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He earned a [[bachelor's degree]], ''[[cum laude]]'', at [[Princeton University]] in [[economics]] with a minor in public and international affairs. His senior thesis, "The Agricultural Program of the Tennessee Valley Authority", examined the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]]'s effect on local [[agriculture]], for which he conducted on-site research.<ref>George Pratt Shultz, [https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp01z029p5487 The Agricultural Program of the Tennessee Valley Authority] ''Princeton University Library''. Retrieved April 13, 2022.</ref> He graduated with honors in 1942.<ref name="BioDictTreas" />
  
 
From 1942 to 1945, Shultz was on active duty in the [[U.S. Marine Corps]]. He was an artillery officer, attaining the rank of [[Captain (United States)|captain]]. He was attached to the U.S. Army [[81st Infantry Division (United States)|81st Infantry Division]] during the [[Battle of Angaur]] ([[Battle of Peleliu]]).
 
From 1942 to 1945, Shultz was on active duty in the [[U.S. Marine Corps]]. He was an artillery officer, attaining the rank of [[Captain (United States)|captain]]. He was attached to the U.S. Army [[81st Infantry Division (United States)|81st Infantry Division]] during the [[Battle of Angaur]] ([[Battle of Peleliu]]).
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===Secretary of Labor===
 
===Secretary of Labor===
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Shultz was President [[Richard Nixon]]'s Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970. [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]], Nixon's first choice for Secretary of Labor, was deemed unacceptable by [[AFL–CIO]] President [[George Meany]], which pushed to fill the position with Shultz, then Dean of [[University of Chicago Booth School of Business|University of Chicago's School of Business]], (with prior experience in another GOP administration, on President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]]'s [[Council of Economic Advisers]]).<ref>John Gizzi, [https://www.newsmax.com/john-gizzi/george-shultz/2021/02/07/id/1008995/ Remembering George Shultz: Washington Insider and Infighter] ''NewsMax'', February 7, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2022. </ref>
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Shultz was President [[Richard Nixon]]'s Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970. [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]], Nixon's first choice for Secretary of Labor, was deemed unacceptable by [[AFL–CIO]] President [[George Meany]], which pushed to fill the position with Shultz, then Dean of [[University of Chicago]]'s School of Business]], (with prior experience in another GOP administration, on President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]]'s [[Council of Economic Advisers]]).<ref>John Gizzi, Remembering George Shultz: Washington Insider and Infighter ''NewsMax'', February 7, 2021.</ref>
  
 
Shultz soon faced the crisis of the [[Longshoremen's Union]] [[strike]]. The [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] Administration had delayed the walkout with a [[Taft-Hartley Act|Taft Hartley injunction]] that expired, and the press pressed him to describe his approach. He applied the theory he had developed in academia: he let the parties work it out, which they did quickly. He also imposed the [[Philadelphia Plan]], which required Pennsylvania [[Construction worker|construction]] [[Trade union|unions]] to admit a certain number of black members by an enforced deadline - a break with their past policy of largely discriminating against such members. This marked the first use of [[racial quota]]s in the federal government.<ref>David Frum, ''How We Got Here: The '70s'' (New York: Basic Books, 2000, ISBN 978-0465041954).</ref>
 
Shultz soon faced the crisis of the [[Longshoremen's Union]] [[strike]]. The [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] Administration had delayed the walkout with a [[Taft-Hartley Act|Taft Hartley injunction]] that expired, and the press pressed him to describe his approach. He applied the theory he had developed in academia: he let the parties work it out, which they did quickly. He also imposed the [[Philadelphia Plan]], which required Pennsylvania [[Construction worker|construction]] [[Trade union|unions]] to admit a certain number of black members by an enforced deadline - a break with their past policy of largely discriminating against such members. This marked the first use of [[racial quota]]s in the federal government.<ref>David Frum, ''How We Got Here: The '70s'' (New York: Basic Books, 2000, ISBN 978-0465041954).</ref>
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Under Shultz's leadership, Bechtel received contracts for many large construction projects, including from [[Saudi Arabia]]. In the year before he left Bechtel, the company reported a 50 percent increase in revenue.<ref>Thomas J. Lueck, [https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/26/business/bechtel-loses-another-officer-to-reagan-s-cabinet.html Bechtel Loses Another Officer to Reagan's Cabinet] ''The New York Times'', June 26, 1982. Retrieved April 14, 2022.</ref>
 
Under Shultz's leadership, Bechtel received contracts for many large construction projects, including from [[Saudi Arabia]]. In the year before he left Bechtel, the company reported a 50 percent increase in revenue.<ref>Thomas J. Lueck, [https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/26/business/bechtel-loses-another-officer-to-reagan-s-cabinet.html Bechtel Loses Another Officer to Reagan's Cabinet] ''The New York Times'', June 26, 1982. Retrieved April 14, 2022.</ref>
  
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==Reagan Administration==
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==Reagan Administration - Secretary of State==
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===Secretary of State===
 
 
On July 16, 1982, Shultz was appointed by President [[Ronald Reagan]] as the 60th [[U.S. Secretary of State]], replacing [[Alexander Haig]], who had resigned. Shultz served for six and a half years, the longest tenure since [[Dean Rusk]].<ref name="shultz-takes-charge">[https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/shultz Secretary Shultz Takes Charge] ''A Short History of the Department of State'', United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved April 14, 2022.</ref> The possibility of a conflict of interest in his position as Secretary of State after being in the upper management of the [[Bechtel Group]] was raised by several senators during his confirmation hearings. Shultz briefly lost his temper in response to some questions on the subject, stating “I resent what I regard as a kind of smear on Bechtel.” He was nevertheless unanimously confirmed by the Senate.<ref>William Greider, [https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/the-boys-from-bechtel-88449/ The Boys From Bechtel] ''Rolling Stone'', September 2, 1982. Retrieved April 14, 2022.</ref>
 
On July 16, 1982, Shultz was appointed by President [[Ronald Reagan]] as the 60th [[U.S. Secretary of State]], replacing [[Alexander Haig]], who had resigned. Shultz served for six and a half years, the longest tenure since [[Dean Rusk]].<ref name="shultz-takes-charge">[https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/shultz Secretary Shultz Takes Charge] ''A Short History of the Department of State'', United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved April 14, 2022.</ref> The possibility of a conflict of interest in his position as Secretary of State after being in the upper management of the [[Bechtel Group]] was raised by several senators during his confirmation hearings. Shultz briefly lost his temper in response to some questions on the subject, stating “I resent what I regard as a kind of smear on Bechtel.” He was nevertheless unanimously confirmed by the Senate.<ref>William Greider, [https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/the-boys-from-bechtel-88449/ The Boys From Bechtel] ''Rolling Stone'', September 2, 1982. Retrieved April 14, 2022.</ref>
  
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Shultz was instrumental in gaining freedom for [[Soviet Jewry]], making freedom for Soviet Jews a key issue in his talks with Russian leaders. For example, he campaigned directly for the release of [[Natan Sharansky]], with the strong support of President Ronald Reagan. <ref>[https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/jns/george-shultz/article_3ffb890c-992c-5be6-98ac-cdc5559c9f13.html George Shultz] ''Cleveland Jewish News'', April 23, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2022.</ref>
 
Shultz was instrumental in gaining freedom for [[Soviet Jewry]], making freedom for Soviet Jews a key issue in his talks with Russian leaders. For example, he campaigned directly for the release of [[Natan Sharansky]], with the strong support of President Ronald Reagan. <ref>[https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/jns/george-shultz/article_3ffb890c-992c-5be6-98ac-cdc5559c9f13.html George Shultz] ''Cleveland Jewish News'', April 23, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2022.</ref>
  
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Two more events in 1988 persuaded Shultz that Soviet intentions were changing. First, the Soviet Union's initial withdrawal from Afghanistan indicated that the [[Brezhnev Doctrine]] was dead. "If the Soviets left Afghanistan, the Brezhnev Doctrine would be breached, and the principle of 'never letting go' would be violated", Shultz reasoned.<ref name="Yarhi-Milo IS" /> The second event happened during the 19th Communist Party Conference, "at which Gorbachev proposed major domestic reforms such as the establishment of competitive elections with secret ballots; term limits for elected officials; separation of powers with an independent judiciary; and provisions for freedom of speech, assembly, conscience, and the press."<ref name="Yarhi-Milo IS" /> The proposals indicated that Gorbachev was making revolutionary and irreversible changes.
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Two more events in 1988 persuaded Shultz that Soviet intentions were changing. First, the Soviet Union's initial withdrawal from Afghanistan indicated that the [[Brezhnev Doctrine]] was dead. "If the Soviets left Afghanistan, the Brezhnev Doctrine would be breached, and the principle of 'never letting go' would be violated," Shultz reasoned.<ref name="Yarhi-Milo IS" /> The second event happened during the 19th Communist Party Conference, "at which Gorbachev proposed major domestic reforms such as the establishment of competitive elections with secret ballots; term limits for elected officials; separation of powers with an independent judiciary; and provisions for freedom of speech, assembly, conscience, and the press."<ref name="Yarhi-Milo IS" /> The proposals indicated that Gorbachev was making revolutionary and irreversible changes.
  
 
===Middle East diplomacy===
 
===Middle East diplomacy===
 
In response to the escalating violence of the [[Lebanese civil war]], Reagan sent a Marine contingent to protect the [[Palestinian refugee camps]] and support the Lebanese Government. The [[1983 Beirut barracks bombing|October 1983 bombing]] of the Marine barracks in Beirut killed 241 U.S. servicemen, after which the deployment came to an ignominious end.<ref name="shultz-takes-charge" /> Shultz subsequently negotiated an agreement between [[Israel]] and [[Lebanon]] and convinced Israel to begin partial withdrawal of its troops in January 1985 despite Lebanon's contravention of the settlement.<ref>[https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/shultz-george-pratt Biographies of the Secretaries of State: George Pratt Shultz (1920–2021)] United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved April 14, 2022.</ref>
 
In response to the escalating violence of the [[Lebanese civil war]], Reagan sent a Marine contingent to protect the [[Palestinian refugee camps]] and support the Lebanese Government. The [[1983 Beirut barracks bombing|October 1983 bombing]] of the Marine barracks in Beirut killed 241 U.S. servicemen, after which the deployment came to an ignominious end.<ref name="shultz-takes-charge" /> Shultz subsequently negotiated an agreement between [[Israel]] and [[Lebanon]] and convinced Israel to begin partial withdrawal of its troops in January 1985 despite Lebanon's contravention of the settlement.<ref>[https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/shultz-george-pratt Biographies of the Secretaries of State: George Pratt Shultz (1920–2021)] United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved April 14, 2022.</ref>
  
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During the [[First Intifada]] (see [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]), Shultz "proposed ... an international convention in April 1988 ... on an interim [[autonomy]] agreement for the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]], to be implemented as of October for a three-year period".<ref>Avraham Sela (ed.), ''The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East'' (New York: Continuum, 2002, ISBN 978-0826414137).</ref> By December 1988, after six months of [[shuttle diplomacy]], Shultz had established a diplomatic dialogue with the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], which was picked up by the next Administration.<ref name="shultz-takes-charge" />
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During the [[First Intifada]], Shultz "proposed ... an international convention in April 1988 ... on an interim autonomy agreement for the West Bank and Gaza Strip, to be implemented as of October for a three-year period."<ref>Avraham Sela (ed.), ''The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East'' (New York: Continuum, 2002, ISBN 978-0826414137).</ref> By December 1988, after six months of [[shuttle diplomacy]], Shultz had established a diplomatic dialogue with the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], which was picked up by the next Administration.<ref name="shultz-takes-charge" />
  
 
===Latin America===
 
===Latin America===
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==Later life==
 
==Later life==
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Shultz retired from public office in 1989 but remained active in business and politics; he "retained an iconoclastic streak" and publicly opposed some positions taken by fellow [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]]. For example, he called the [[War on Drugs]] a failure,<ref name=Lee>Matthew Lee, [https://apnews.com/article/ronald-reagan-richard-nixon-middle-east-cabinets-00d7789a80e6821de36c07f12e5f8d9f Longtime Reagan Secretary of State George Shultz dies at 100] ''Associated Press'', February 7, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</ref> and added his signature to an advertisement printed in ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 1998, headlined "We believe the global war on drugs is now causing more harm than drug abuse itself." In 2011, he was part of the [[Global Commission on Drug Policy]], which called for a [[public health]] and [[harm reduction]] approach towards [[drug abuse]], alongside [[Kofi Annan]], [[Paul Volcker]], and [[George Papandreou]].<ref>[https://www.globalcommissionondrugs.org/about-usmission-and-history/commissioners-page Commissioners] ''Global Commission on Drug Policy''. Retrieved April 14, 2022.</ref>
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Shultz retired from public office in 1989 but remained active in business and politics.  
 
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[[File:Nancy Reagan, Polish President, First Lady, George Shultz July 17, 2007.JPG|thumb|right|400px|Shultz (far left) at the [[Ronald Reagan Presidential Library]] July 17, 2007, with the President of Poland [[Lech Kaczyński]] and Mrs. Kaczyński as well as former First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]] (center, second from right)]]
 
[[File:Nancy Reagan, Polish President, First Lady, George Shultz July 17, 2007.JPG|thumb|right|400px|Shultz (far left) at the [[Ronald Reagan Presidential Library]] July 17, 2007, with the President of Poland [[Lech Kaczyński]] and Mrs. Kaczyński as well as former First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]] (center, second from right)]]
  
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After leaving public office, Shultz "retained an iconoclastic streak" and publicly opposed some positions taken by fellow [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]].<ref name=Lee>{{cite news|first=Matthew|last=Lee|url=https://apnews.com/article/ronald-reagan-richard-nixon-middle-east-cabinets-00d7789a80e6821de36c07f12e5f8d9f|title=Longtime Reagan Secretary of State George Shultz dies at 100|work=[[Associated Press]]|date=February 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207213730/https://apnews.com/article/ronald-reagan-richard-nixon-middle-east-cabinets-00d7789a80e6821de36c07f12e5f8d9f |archive-date=February 7, 2021 }}</ref> He called the [[War on Drugs]] a failure,<ref name=Lee /> and added his signature to an advertisement printed in ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 1998, headlined "We believe the global [[war on drugs]] is now causing more harm than [[drug abuse]] itself." In 2011, he was part of the [[Global Commission on Drug Policy]], which called for a [[public health]] and [[harm reduction]] approach towards drug use, alongside [[Kofi Annan]], [[Paul Volcker]], and [[George Papandreou]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalcommissionondrugs.org/about-us/commissioners/ |title=The Global Commission on Drug Policy – List of Commissioners |publisher=The Global Commission on Drug Policy |location=Switzerland |date=December 1, 2016 |access-date=December 16, 2016 |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220162115/http://www.globalcommissionondrugs.org/about-us/commissioners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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Shultz was an early advocate of the presidential candidacy of [[George W. Bush]], whose father, [[George H. W. Bush]], was Reagan's vice president. In April 1998, Shultz hosted a meeting at which George W. Bush discussed his views with policy experts including [[Michael Boskin]], [[John B. Taylor|John Taylor]], and [[Condoleezza Rice]], who were evaluating possible Republican candidates to run for president in 2000. At the end of the meeting, the group felt they could support Bush's candidacy, and Shultz encouraged him to enter the race.
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Shultz was an early advocate of the presidential candidacy of [[George W. Bush]], whose father, [[George H. W. Bush]], was Reagan's vice president. In April 1998, Shultz hosted a meeting at which George W. Bush discussed his views with policy experts including [[Michael Boskin]], [[John B. Taylor|John Taylor]], and [[Condoleezza Rice]], who were evaluating possible Republican candidates to run for president in 2000. At the end of the meeting, the group felt they could support Bush's candidacy, and Shultz encouraged him to enter the race.<ref>{{Cite web|title=George W. Bush Chronology|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice2004/bush/cron.html|publisher=[[WGBH-TV]]|location=Boston|date=October 12, 2004|access-date=February 28, 2011|archive-date=January 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113150417/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice2004/bush/cron.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite episode |title=The Choice 2004 |series=Frontline |series-link=Frontline (U.S. TV series) |network=PBS |station=[[WGBH-TV]] |location=Boston, MA |air-date=October 12, 2004 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice2004/etc/script.html |access-date=February 28, 2011 |archive-date=May 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518100030/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice2004/etc/script.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
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He then served as an informal advisor for [[George W. Bush presidential campaign, 2000|Bush's presidential campaign]] during the [[2000 United States presidential election|2000 election]]<ref name=Lee /> and a senior member of the "[[The Vulcans|Vulcans]]", a group of policy mentors for Bush that also included Rice, [[Dick Cheney]], and [[Paul Wolfowitz]]. One of his most senior advisors and confidants was former ambassador [[Charles Hill (diplomat)|Charles Hill]].
 
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He served as an informal adviser to [[George W. Bush]] and helped formulate the [[Bush Doctrine]] of [[preemptive war]].  
 
  
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Shultz has been called the father of the "[[Bush Doctrine]]" and generally defended the [[George W. Bush administration|Bush administration]]'s foreign policy.<ref name="FatherOfBushDoctrine">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114626915007139434|title=Father of the Bush Doctrine|author-link=Daniel Henninger|last=Henninger|first=Daniel|date=April 29, 2006|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=February 7, 2021|archive-date=November 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128100654/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114626915007139434|url-status=live}}</ref> Shultz supported the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], writing in support of U.S. military action months before the war began.<ref name=Arnold>{{cite web|first=Laurence|last=Arnold|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-07/george-shultz-who-led-reagan-s-cold-war-diplomacy-dies-at-100|title=George Shultz, Who Led Reagan's Cold-War Diplomacy, Dies|website=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=February 7, 2021}}</ref>
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He then served as an informal advisor for Bush's presidential campaign during the 2000 election.<ref name=Lee /> Shultz has been called the father of the "[[Bush Doctrine]]" and generally defended the Bush administration's foreign policy.<ref>Daniel Henninger, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114626915007139434 Father of the Bush Doctrine] ''The Wall Street Journal'', April 29, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</ref> Shultz supported the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], writing in support of U.S. military action months before the war began.<ref name=Arnold>Laurence Arnold, [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-07/george-shultz-who-led-reagan-s-cold-war-diplomacy-dies-at-100 George Shultz, Who Led Reagan's Cold-War Diplomacy, Dies] ''Bloomberg News'', February 7, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</ref>
  
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In a 2008 interview with [[Charlie Rose]], Shultz spoke out against the [[United States embargo against Cuba|U.S. embargo against Cuba]], saying that U.S. sanctions against the island country were "ridiculous" in the post-Soviet world and that U.S. engagement with Cuba was a better strategy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://washingtonnote.com/former_sec_of_s/|title=Former Sec of State George Shultz says Quote Me: End the US-Cuba Embargo. End the Travel Ban.|newspaper=Washington Note|last=Clemons|first=Steve|date=October 8, 2009|access-date=February 7, 2021|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921060023/https://washingtonnote.com/former_sec_of_s/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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Shultz continued to be a strong advocate for [[nuclear arms control]], saying in a 2008 interview: "Now that we know so much about these weapons and their power, they're almost weapons that we wouldn't use, so I think we would be better off without them."<ref name=Lee /> In January 2008, Shultz co-authored (with [[William J. Perry|William Perry]], [[Henry Kissinger]], and [[Sam Nunn]]) an op-ed in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' that called on governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons.<ref>George Schultz, William J. Perry, Henry Kissinger, and Sam Nunn, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120036422673589947 Toward a Nuclear-Free World] ''The Wall Street Journal'', January 15, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</ref> The four created the [[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] to advance this agenda, focused on both preventing nuclear [[terrorist]] attacks and a nuclear war between world powers. In 2010, the four were featured in the documentary film ''[[Nuclear Tipping Point]]'', which discussed their agenda.<ref>[https://www.nti.org/about/programs-projects/project/nuclear-tipping-point/ Nuclear Tipping Point Documentary] '''Nuclear Threat Initiative''. Retrieved April 15, 2022. </ref>
  
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In 2003, Shultz served as co-chair (along with [[Warren Buffett]]) of California's Economic Recovery Council, an advisory group to the campaign of California gubernatorial candidate [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 7, 2021|title=George Shultz, former Secretary of State in the 1980s, has died|url=https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2021-02-07/george-shultz-dead|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154028/https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2021-02-07/george-shultz-dead|url-status=live}}</ref>
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Shultz was a prominent advocate of efforts to fight [[global warming|anthropogenic climate change]].<ref name=Lee /> He favored a revenue-neutral [[carbon tax]] (that is, a [[carbon fee and dividend]] program, in which [[carbon dioxide emission]]s are taxed and the net funds received are rebated to taxpayers) as the most economically efficient means of mitigating climate change.<ref name=SchultzReaganApproach>George Shultz, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-reagan-model-on-climate-change/2015/03/13/4f4182e2-c6a8-11e4-b2a1-bed1aaea2816_story.html A Reagan approach to climate change] ''The Washington Post'', March 13, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</ref> In April 2013, he co-wrote, with economist [[Gary Becker]], an op-ed in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' that concluded that this plan would "benefit all Americans by eliminating the need for costly energy subsidies while promoting a level playing field for energy producers."<ref> [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323611604578396401965799658 Why We Support a Revenue-Neutral Carbon Tax] ''The Wall Street Journal'', April 7, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</ref> He repeated this call in a September 2014 talk at MIT.<ref name=SchultzMIT>Peter Dizikes, [https://news.mit.edu/2014/george-shultz-climate-change-mit-talk-1001 George Shultz: “Climate is changing,” and we need more action] ''MIT News'', October 1, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</ref> In 2014, Shultz joined the advisory board of the Citizens' Climate Lobby, and in 2017, Shultz co-founded the [[Climate Leadership Council]], along with George H. W. Bush's [[U.S. Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[James Baker]] and George W. Bush's [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] [[Henry Paulson]]. The group advocated for taxing carbon pollution produced by burning fossil fuels as "a conservative climate solution" based on free-market principles.<ref name=Schwartz2017>John Schwartz, [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/07/science/a-conservative-climate-solution-republican-group-calls-for-carbon-tax.html 'A Conservative Climate Solution': Republican Group Calls for Carbon Tax] ''The New York Times'', February 7, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</ref> In 2017, these Republican elder statesmen, along with [[Martin S. Feldstein]] and [[N. Gregory Mankiw]], urged conservatives to embrace a carbon fee and dividend program.<ref name=ConservativeCaseClimate> [https://web.archive.org/web/20180921033350/https://www.clcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/TheConservativeCaseforCarbonDividends.pdf The Conservative Case for Carbon Dividends] ''Climate Leadership Council'', February 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</ref>
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In later life, Shultz continued to be a strong advocate for [[nuclear arms control]].<ref name=Lee /> In a 2008 interview, Shultz said: "Now that we know so much about these weapons and their power, they're almost weapons that we wouldn't use, so I think we would be better off without them."<ref name=Lee /> In January 2008, Shultz co-authored (with [[William J. Perry|William Perry]], [[Henry Kissinger]], and [[Sam Nunn]]) an op-ed in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' that called on governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons.<ref>{{cite news|first1=George|last1=Schultz|first2=William J.|last2=Perry|authorlink2=William J. Perry|first3=Henry|last3=Kissinger|authorlink3=Henry Kissinger|first4=Sam|last4=Nunn|authorlink4=Sam Nunn|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120036422673589947|title=Toward a Nuclear-Free World|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=January 15, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201090430/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120036422673589947 |archive-date=February 1, 2021 }}</ref> The four created the [[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] to advance this agenda, focused on both preventing nuclear terrorist attacks and a nuclear war between world powers.<ref>Maclin, Beth (October 20, 2008) [http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18606/ "A Nuclear weapon-free world is possible, Nunn says"], Belfer Center, Harvard University. Retrieved on October 21, 2008.</ref> In 2010, the four were featured in the documentary film ''[[Nuclear Tipping Point]]'', which discussed their agenda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nuclear Tipping Point Documentary {{!}} Nuclear Tipping Point on DVD {{!}} NTI|url=https://www.nti.org/about/projects/nuclear-tipping-point/|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=www.nti.org|archive-date=February 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207183852/https://www.nti.org/about/projects/nuclear-tipping-point/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
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In January 2011, Shultz wrote a letter to President [[Barack Obama]] urging him to pardon [[Jonathan Pollard]]. He stated, "I am impressed that the people who are best informed about the classified material Pollard passed to Israel, former CIA Director [[James Woolsey]] and former Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee [[Dennis DeConcini]], favor his release".<ref>{{cite news|title=George Shultz calls for Jonathan Pollard's release|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=January 11, 2011|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/right-turn/2011/01/exclusive_george_p_shultz_call.html|access-date=November 12, 2013|archive-date=November 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112071523/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/right-turn/2011/01/exclusive_george_p_shultz_call.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
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[[File:George P. Shultz with Rex Tillerson and Condoleezza Rice - 2018 (38854353365) (cropped).jpg|thumb|400px|Shultz with [[Rex Tillerson]] and [[Condoleezza Rice]] in 2018]]
 
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Beginning in 2013, Shultz advocated for a revenue-neutral [[carbon tax]] as the most economically sound means of mitigating [[Global warming|anthropogenic climate change]].<ref name=SchultzBecker>{{cite news | last1 = Shultz | first1 = George | last2 = Becker | first2 = Gary | title = Why We Support a Revenue-Neutral Carbon Tax: Coupled with the elimination of costly energy subsidies, it would encourage competition. | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | date = April 7, 2013 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323611604578396401965799658 | access-date = December 22, 2016 | archive-date = December 28, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228203215/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323611604578396401965799658 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=SchultzMIT>{{cite news | last = Dizikes | first = Peter | title = George Shultz: "Climate is changing," and we need more action; Former secretary of state – and former MIT professor – urges progress on multiple fronts. | newspaper = MIT News | publisher = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] | date = October 1, 2014 |url=https://news.mit.edu/2014/george-shultz-climate-change-mit-talk-1001 | access-date = December 10, 2015 | archive-date = December 10, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210231157/http://news.mit.edu/2014/george-shultz-climate-change-mit-talk-1001 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=SchultzReaganApproach>{{cite news | last = Shultz | first = George | title = A Reagan approach to climate change | newspaper = The Washington Post | date = March 13, 2015 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-reagan-model-on-climate-change/2015/03/13/4f4182e2-c6a8-11e4-b2a1-bed1aaea2816_story.html | access-date = December 21, 2016 | archive-date = January 13, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113170725/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-reagan-model-on-climate-change/2015/03/13/4f4182e2-c6a8-11e4-b2a1-bed1aaea2816_story.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=Schwartz2017>{{cite news |last=Schwartz|first=John|title='A Conservative Climate Solution': Republican Group Calls for Carbon Tax |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/07/science/a-conservative-climate-solution-republican-group-calls-for-carbon-tax.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 7, 2017 |access-date=April 17, 2017 |quote=The group, led by former Secretary of State [[James A. Baker III]], with former Secretary of State George P. Shultz and [[Henry M. Paulson Jr.]], a former secretary of the Treasury, says that taxing carbon pollution produced by burning fossil fuels is "a conservative climate solution" based on free-market principles. |archive-date=December 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202083922/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/07/science/a-conservative-climate-solution-republican-group-calls-for-carbon-tax.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ConservativeCaseClimate>{{Cite web |url=https://www.clcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/TheConservativeCaseforCarbonDividends.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=October 22, 2018 |archive-date=September 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921033350/https://www.clcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/TheConservativeCaseforCarbonDividends.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
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Shultz was a prominent advocate of efforts to fight [[global warming|anthropogenic climate change]].<ref name=Lee /> Shultz favored a revenue-neutral [[carbon tax]] (i.e., a [[carbon fee and dividend]] program, in which [[carbon dioxide emission]]s are taxed and the net funds received are rebated to taxpayers) as the most economically efficient means of mitigating climate change.<ref name=SchultzReaganApproach /><ref name=ConservativeCaseClimate /> In April 2013, he co-wrote, with economist [[Gary Becker]], an op-ed in the ''Wall Street Journal'' that concluded that this plan would "benefit all Americans by eliminating the need for costly [[energy subsidies]] while promoting a level playing field for [[Energy development|energy producers]]."<ref name=SchultzBecker /> He repeated this call in a September 2014 talk at MIT<ref name=SchultzMIT /> and a March 2015 op-ed in ''[[The Washington Post]]''.<ref name=SchultzReaganApproach /> In 2014, Shultz joined the advisory board of the Citizens' Climate Lobby, and in 2017, Shultz cofounded the [[Climate Leadership Council]], along with George H. W. Bush's [[U.S. Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[James Baker]] and George W. Bush's [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] [[Henry Paulson]].<ref name=Schwartz2017 /> In 2017, these Republican elder statesmen, along with [[Martin S. Feldstein]] and [[N. Gregory Mankiw]], urged conservatives to embrace a carbon fee and dividend program.<ref name=ConservativeCaseClimate />
 
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In 2016, Shultz was one of eight former Treasury secretaries who called on the [[United Kingdom]] to remain a member of the [[European Union]] ahead of the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|"Brexit" referendum]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Staying in EU 'best hope' for UK's future say ex-US Treasury secretaries|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36087583|work=[[BBC News]]|date=April 20, 2016|access-date=June 21, 2018|archive-date=July 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731121846/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36087583|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
  
 
===Theranos scandal===
 
===Theranos scandal===
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He was also a prominent and hands-on board member of [[Theranos]], which defrauded more than $700 million dollars from its investors before it collapsed.<ref name="BadBlood">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CcJFDwAAQBAJ|title=Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup|last=Carreyrou|first=John|date=2018|publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday]]|location=New York City|isbn=978-1-5247-3166-3|access-date=June 20, 2018|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154106/https://books.google.com/books?id=CcJFDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> His grandson Tyler Shultz worked at the company before becoming a whistleblower about the fraudulent technology.<ref>{{cite news|first=John|last=Carreyou| url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-whistleblower-shook-the-companyand-his-family-1479335963| title = Theranos Whistleblower Shook the Company—and His Family|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=November 18, 2016}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sarah|last=Randazzo| url = https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/elizabeth-holmes-trial-theranos/card/eZytMfelsTnt5YIlJBFB| title = Holmes Testifies That Senior Lab Scientist Addressed Tyler Shultz's Concerns|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=November 29, 2021}} </ref>
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From 2011 to 2015, Shultz was a member of the board of directors of [[Theranos]], a [[health technology]] company that became known for its false claims to have devised revolutionary [[blood test]]s.<ref>John Carreyrou, ''Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup'' (Knopf, 2018, ISBN 978-1524731656).</ref> He was a prominent figure in the ensuing scandal.  
  
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After joining the company's board in November 2011, Shultz recruited other political figures, including former Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]], former Secretary of Defense [[William J. Perry|William Perry]], and former U.S. Senator [[Sam Nunn]]. Shultz also promoted Theranos founder [[Elizabeth Holmes]] at major forums, including Stanford University's Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), and was on record supporting her in major media publications.
  
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From 2011 to 2015, Shultz was a member of the board of directors of [[Theranos]], a [[health technology]] company that became known for its false claims to have devised revolutionary [[blood test]]s.<ref name="BadBlood"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2018-03-14/theranos-misled-investors-and-consumers-who-used-its-blood-test|title=The Blood Unicorn Theranos Was Just a Fairy Tale|last1=Levine|first1=Matt|date=March 14, 2018|work=[[Bloomberg View]]|access-date=March 14, 2018|archive-date=March 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314200115/https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2018-03-14/theranos-misled-investors-and-consumers-who-used-its-blood-test|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2014/06/12/theranos-board-directors/|title=A singular board at Theranos|date=June 12, 2014|publisher=Fortune|access-date=September 22, 2015|archive-date=November 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109082106/http://fortune.com/2014/06/12/theranos-board-directors/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was a prominent figure in the ensuing scandal. After joining the company's board in November 2011, he recruited other political figures, including former Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]], former Secretary of Defense [[William J. Perry|William Perry]], and former U.S. Senator [[Sam Nunn]]. Shultz also promoted Theranos founder [[Elizabeth Holmes]] at major forums, including Stanford University's Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), and was on record supporting her in major media publications. This helped Holmes in her efforts to raise money from investors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/12/15/blood-simpler|title=Blood, Simpler|last=Auletta|first=Ken|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=December 8, 2014|access-date=February 4, 2019|language=en|issn=0028-792X|archive-date=October 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028084933/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/12/15/blood-simpler|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research|website=YouTube|title=George Shultz interviews Elizabeth Holmes at the 12th SIEPR Economic Summit|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CB5_68CIt_k|access-date=February 4, 2019|archive-date=November 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104154308/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CB5_68CIt_k&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
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Shultz's grandson, Tyler Shultz, joined Theranos in September 2013 after graduating from [[Stanford University]] with a degree in [[biology]]. Tyler was forced to leave the company in 2014 after raising concerns about its testing practices with Holmes and his grandfather. George Shultz initially did not believe Tyler's warnings and pressured him to keep quiet.<ref> John Carreyrou, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-whistleblower-shook-the-companyand-his-family-1479335963 Theranos Whistleblower Shook the Company—and His Family] ''The Wall Street Journal'', November 18, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</ref> Tyler eventually contacted reporter [[John Carreyrou]] (who went on to expose the scandal in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''), but as summarized by ''[[ABC Nightline]]'', "it wasn’t long before Theranos got wind of it and attempted to use George Shultz to silence his grandson."<ref name=Ex-Theranos>Taylor Dunn, Victoria Thompson, Rebecca Jarvis, and Ashley Louszko, [https://abcnews.go.com/Business/theranos-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-600-times-broadcast-deposition/story?id=60576630 Ex-Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes says 'I don't know' 600-plus times in never-before-broadcast deposition tapes] ''ABC News'', January 23, 2019. April 15, 2022.</ref> Despite pressure, Tyler refused to back down. Theranos was shut down on September 4, 2018.<ref name="TheranosShutdown">John Carreyou, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/blood-testing-firm-theranos-to-dissolve-1536115130 Blood-Testing Firm Theranos to Dissolve] ''The Wall Street Journal'', September 5, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</ref> In a 2019 media statement, Shultz praised his grandson for not having shrunk "from what he saw as his responsibility to the truth and patient safety, even when he felt personally threatened and believed that I had placed allegiance to the company over allegiance to higher values and our family. ... Tyler navigated a very complex situation in ways that made me proud."<ref name=Ex-Theranos/>
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Shultz's grandson, Tyler Shultz, joined Theranos in September 2013 after graduating from [[Stanford University]] with a degree in [[biology]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/tyler-shultz-450923126/|title=Tyler Shultz. CEO, Co-founder at Flux Biosciences|website=[[LinkedIn]]|access-date=February 5, 2020}}</ref> Tyler was forced to leave the company in 2014 after raising concerns about its testing practices with Holmes and his grandfather. George Shultz initially did not believe Tyler's warnings and pressured him to keep quiet.<ref name="wsj.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-whistleblower-shook-the-companyand-his-family-1479335963|title=Theranos Whistleblower Shook the Company—and His Family|first=John|last=Carreyrou|authorlink=John Carreyou|date=November 18, 2016|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-date=March 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304022941/https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-whistleblower-shook-the-companyand-his-family-1479335963|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/7-questions-to-watch-in-the-theranos-saga/|title=7 Questions to Watch in the Theranos Saga|first1=Rebecca|last1=Robbins|first2=Damian|last2=Garde|website=[[Scientific American]]|date=June 19, 2018|access-date=December 27, 2018|archive-date=December 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228035324/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/7-questions-to-watch-in-the-theranos-saga/|url-status=live}}</ref> Shultz continued to advocate for Holmes and Theranos.<ref name="wsj.com"/> Tyler eventually contacted reporter [[John Carreyrou]] (who went on to expose the scandal in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''), but as summarized by ''[[ABC Nightline]]'', "it wasn’t long before Theranos got wind of it and attempted to use George Shultz to silence his grandson."<ref name="auto" /> Tyler went to his grandfather's house to discuss the allegations, but was surprised to encounter Theranos attorneys there, who pressured him to sign a document.<ref name="auto" /> Tyler did not sign any agreements, even though George pressured him to: "My grandfather would say, like, things like 'Your career would be ruined if [Carreyrou's] article comes out.'"<ref name="auto" /> Tyler and his parents spent nearly $500,000 on legal fees, selling their house to raise the funds, in fighting Theranos' accusations of violating the NDA and divulging trade secrets.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|first1=Taylor|last1=Dunn|first2=Victoria|last2=Thompson|first3=Rebecca|last3=Jarvis|first4=Ashley|last4=Louszko|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/theranos-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-600-times-broadcast-deposition/story?id=60576630|title=Ex-Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes says 'I don't know' 600-plus times in never-before-broadcast deposition tapes|date=February 20, 2019|website=[[ABC News]]|language=en|access-date=March 22, 2019|archive-date=January 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129182430/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/theranos-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-600-times-broadcast-deposition/story?id=60576630|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
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When media reports exposed controversial practices there in 2015, George Shultz moved to Theranos' board of counselors. Theranos was shut down on September 4, 2018.<ref name="TheranosShutdown">{{cite web|first=John|last=Carreyou|author-link=John Carreyou|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/blood-testing-firm-theranos-to-dissolve-1536115130|title=Blood-Testing Firm Theranos to Dissolve|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=September 5, 2018}}</ref> In a 2019 media statement, Shultz praised his grandson for not having shrunk "from what he saw as his responsibility to the truth and patient safety, even when he felt personally threatened and believed that I had placed allegiance to the company over allegiance to higher values and our family. ... Tyler navigated a very complex situation in ways that made me proud."<ref name="auto" />
 
  
 
==Memberships==
 
==Memberships==
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He served on the [[Global Commission on Drug Policy]], California Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]'s Economic Recovery Council, and on the boards of Bechtel and the [[Charles Schwab Corporation]]. He was a member of the [[Hoover Institution]], the [[Institute for International Economics]], the [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]], and other groups.
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[[File:Secretary Pompeo Attends Lunch with Former Secretaries Rice and Shultz (49381967922) (cropped).jpg|thumb|300px|Shultz with [[Mike Pompeo]] and [[Condoleezza Rice]] in 2020]]
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Shultz had a long affiliation at the [[Hoover Institution]] at [[Stanford University]], where he was a distinguished fellow and, beginning in 2011, the Thomas W. and Susan B. Ford Distinguished Fellow; from 2018 until his death, Shultz hosted events on governance at the institution.<ref>[https://www.hoover.org/press-releases/distinguished-american-statesman-60th-us-secretary-state-george-p-shultz-dies-100 Distinguished American Statesman, 60th US Secretary of State George P. Shultz, Dies at 100] ''Hoover Institution'', February 7, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</ref> Shultz was chairman of [[JPMorgan Chase]]'s international advisory council.<ref name=Arnold /> He was co-chairman of the conservative [[Committee on the Present Danger]].<ref name=Arnold />
  
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He was an honorary director of the [[Institute for International Economics]]. He was a member of the [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] (WINEP) board of advisors, the New Atlantic Initiative, the Mandalay Camp at the [[Bohemian Grove]], and the [[Committee for the Liberation of Iraq]]. He served as an advisory board member for the [[Partnership for a Secure America]] and Citizens' Climate Lobby.<ref>[https://citizensclimatelobby.org/about-ccl/advisory-board/ Advisory Board] ''Citizens' Climate Lobby''. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</ref> He was honorary chairman of the [[Israel Democracy Institute]], and a member of the advisory board of [[Spirit of America (charity)|Spirit of America]], a [[501(c)(3) organization]].
  
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[[File:Secretary Pompeo Attends Lunch with Former Secretaries Rice and Shultz (49381967922) (cropped).jpg|thumb|300px|Shultz with [[Mike Pompeo]] and [[Condoleezza Rice]] in 2020]]
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Together again with former Secretary of Defense [[William J. Perry|William Perry]], Shultz was serving on the board of Acuitus at the time of his death.<ref>[https://www.acuitus.com/about-us#ourLeadershipTeam Our Leadership Team] ''Acuitus''. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</ref>
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Shultz had a long affiliation at the [[Hoover Institution]] at [[Stanford University]], where he was a distinguished fellow and, beginning in 2011, the Thomas W. and Susan B. Ford Distinguished Fellow; from 2018 until his death, Shultz hosted events on governance at the institution.<ref>[https://www.hoover.org/press-releases/distinguished-american-statesman-60th-us-secretary-state-george-p-shultz-dies-100 Distinguished American Statesman, 60th US Secretary of State George P. Shultz, Dies at 100] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207222129/https://www.hoover.org/press-releases/distinguished-american-statesman-60th-us-secretary-state-george-p-shultz-dies-100 |date=February 7, 2021 }} (press release), Hoover Institution (February 7, 2021).</ref> Shultz was chairman of [[JPMorgan Chase]]'s international advisory council.<ref name=Arnold /> He was co-chairman of the conservative [[Committee on the Present Danger]].<ref name=Arnold />
 
  
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He was an honorary director of the [[Institute for International Economics]]. He was a member of the [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] (WINEP) board of advisors, the New Atlantic Initiative, the Mandalay Camp at the [[Bohemian Grove]], and the [[Committee for the Liberation of Iraq]]. He served as an advisory board member for the [[Partnership for a Secure America]] and Citizens' Climate Lobby.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://citizensclimatelobby.org/about-ccl/advisory-board/| title=Advisory Board – Citizens' Climate Lobby| access-date=January 21, 2018| archive-date=May 17, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517085416/https://citizensclimatelobby.org/about-ccl/advisory-board/| url-status=live}}</ref> He was honorary chairman of the [[Israel Democracy Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|title=International Advisory Council|publisher=The Israel Democracy Institute|url=http://en.idi.org.il/about-idi/international-advisory-council|access-date=November 12, 2013|archive-date=November 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112073507/http://en.idi.org.il/about-idi/international-advisory-council|url-status=live}}</ref> Shultz was a member of the advisory board of [[Spirit of America (charity)|Spirit of America]], a [[501(c)(3) organization]].<ref>{{cite web |title=George P. Shultz |url=https://spiritofamerica.org/about/team/george-shultz |website=[[Spirit of America (charity)]] |access-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154121/https://spiritofamerica.org/about/team/george-shultz |url-status=live }}</ref>
+
==Legacy==
 +
Shultz is one of only two individuals to have served in four [[United States Cabinet]] positions within the [[United States government]]. Diplomatic historian [[Walter LaFeber]] stated that Shultz' 1993 memoir, ''Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State,'' "is the most detailed, vivid, outspoken, and reliable record we probably shall have of the 1980s until the documents are opened."<ref>Walter LaFeber, Reviewed Work: ''Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State'' by George P. Shultz ''American Historical Review'' 98(4) (October, 1993): 1203.</ref>
  
−
Shultz served on the board of directors of the [[Bechtel Corporation]] until 1996.<ref name=Lee /> He served on the board of [[Gilead Sciences]] from 1996 to 2005.<ref>[https://www.gilead.com/news-and-press/press-room/press-releases/2005/12/dr-george-p-shultz-resigns-from-gilead-sciences-board-of-directors Dr. George P. Shultz Resigns from Gilead Sciences Board of Directors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154034/https://www.gilead.com/news-and-press/press-room/press-releases/2005/12/dr-george-p-shultz-resigns-from-gilead-sciences-board-of-directors |date=February 8, 2021 }} (press release), Gilead Sciences, Inc. (December 15, 2005).</ref> Shultz sat on the board of directors of [[Xyleco]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Neil Woodford's very patient pals|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]]|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/neil-woodfords-very-patient-pals-9fqtkknhh|date=June 16, 2019|last=Meddings|first=Sabah|access-date=February 7, 2021|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304055545/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/neil-woodfords-very-patient-pals-9fqtkknhh|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Accretive Health]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Jack|last=Bouboushian|url=https://www.courthousenews.com/shareholder-slams-it-to-accretive-health/|title=Shareholder Slams it to Accretive Health|agency=[[Courthouse News Service]]|date=June 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026132826/https://www.courthousenews.com/shareholder-slams-it-to-accretive-health/ |archive-date=October 26, 2020 }}</ref>
+
President [[Joe Biden]] reacted to Shultz's death by saying:
 +
<blockquote>He was a gentleman of honor and ideas, dedicated to public service and respectful debate, even into his 100th year on Earth. That’s why multiple presidents, of both political parties, sought his counsel. I regret that, as president, I will not be able to benefit from his wisdom, as have so many of my predecessors.<ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/02/07/statement-of-president-joe-biden-on-the-passing-of-former-secretary-george-shultz/ Statement of President Joe Biden on the Passing of Former Secretary George Shultz] ''The White House'', February 7, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</ref></blockquote>
  
−
Together again with former Secretary of Defense [[William J. Perry|William Perry]], Shultz was serving on the board of Acuitus at the time of his death.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Our Leadership Team|url=https://www.acuitus.com/about-us#ourLeadershipTeam|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112213219/https://www.acuitus.com/about-us#ourLeadershipTeam|archive-date=January 12, 2021|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=ACUITUS}}</ref> And he has been member of the advisory board of the [[The Peter G. Peterson Foundation|Peter G. Peterson Foundation]].
+
Others responded with praise and gratitude for his service which benefited not only the United States but the whole world:<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-george-shultz-quotes/reaction-to-death-of-former-u-s-secretary-of-state-george-shultz-idUSKBN2A8022 Reaction to death of former U.S. Secretary of State George Shultz] ''Reuters'', February 7, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</ref>
 +
 +
<blockquote>America has lost one of its finest statesmen with the passing of George Shultz. He was a person of deep intellect, talent, and patriotism. He took on a wide range of important jobs and did them all well. George Shultz was a great public servant, and America is better because of that service ([[George W. Bush]]).
  
−
==Legacy==
+
George Shultz was a great man who both witnessed and made history in the course of a remarkable 100 years. We have lost a champion of diplomacy, an advocate of American leadership, and a model of public service ([[Madeleine Albright]]).
  
−
Shultz is one of only two individuals to have served in four [[United States Cabinet]] positions within the [[United States government]], the other having been [[Elliot Richardson]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andrew Glass|title=George Shultz born in New York City, December 13, 1920|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/12/this-day-in-politics-december-13-1920-216597|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=POLITICO|language=en|archive-date=December 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213170656/https://www.politico.com/story/2015/12/this-day-in-politics-december-13-1920-216597|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=George Shultz|url=http://www.limmudfsu.org/spec/george-shultz|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=www.limmudfsu.org|archive-date=December 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202114754/https://www.limmudfsu.org/spec/george-shultz|url-status=live}}</ref>
+
As Secretary of State for six and a half of President Reagan’s eight years, Secretary Shultz personally shaped world history for the better. He kept U.S.-Soviet relations peaceful but purposeful as the free world defeated communism ([[Mitch McConnell]]).</blockquote>
  
−
Diplomatic historian [[Walter LaFeber]] states that Shultz' 1993 memoir, ''Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State,'' "is the most detailed, vivid, outspoken, and reliable record we probably shall have of the 1980s until the documents are opened".<ref>Walter LaFeber, review in ''American Historical Review'' (Oct. 1993), p. 1203.</ref>
+
===Honors and Awards===
 +
Shultz received numerous awards during his long years of service.
  
−
President [[Joe Biden]] reacted to Shultz's death by saying, "He was a gentleman of honor and ideas, dedicated to public service and respectful debate, even into his 100th year on Earth. That’s why multiple presidents, of both political parties, sought his counsel. I regret that, as president, I will not be able to benefit from his wisdom, as have so many of my predecessors."<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of President Joe Biden on the Passing of Former Secretary George Shultz |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/02/07/statement-of-president-joe-biden-on-the-passing-of-former-secretary-george-shultz/ |publisher=The White House |access-date=5 December 2021 |date=8 February 2021}}</ref>
+
Honorary degrees were conferred on Shultz from the universities of Columbia, Notre Dame, Loyola, Pennsylvania, Rochester, Princeton, Carnegie Mellon, City University of New York, Yeshiva, Northwestern, Technion, Tel Aviv, Weizmann Institute of Science, Baruch College of New York, Williams College, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tbilisi State University in the Republic of Georgia, and Keio University in Tokyo.<ref name="hoover1" />
−
 
 
−
===Honors and prizes===
 
  
−
* 2016 – Presidential Medal of Honor, San Francisco State University<ref>{{Cite web|title=Renowned U.S. statesman George Shultz to receive SF State's President's Medal {{!}} SF State News|url=https://news.sfsu.edu/releases/renowned-us-statesman-george-shultz-receive-sf-states-presidents-medal|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=news.sfsu.edu|archive-date=November 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128231552/https://news.sfsu.edu/releases/renowned-us-statesman-george-shultz-receive-sf-states-presidents-medal|url-status=live}}</ref>
+
Following are a selection of awards he received:
−
* 2014 – Honorary Reagan Fellow Award of [[Eureka College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eureka.edu/news/shultz-reagan-endowed-scholarsip/|title=Former Secretary of State George Shultz to be Honorary Reagan Fellow at EC Endowed scholarship created in his name|publisher=Eureka College|access-date=December 12, 2014|archive-date=December 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219001331/http://www.eureka.edu/news/shultz-reagan-endowed-scholarsip/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+
* 2016 –San Francisco State University's President's Medal <ref>Renowned U.S. statesman George Shultz to receive SF State's President's Medal ''SF State News''.</ref>
−
* 2013 – Honorary Silver Medal of Jan Masaryk<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.krajane.net/articleDetail.view?id=2885|title=Bývalý americký ministr zahraničí USA dostane medaili Jana Masaryka - Krajane.net|website=www.krajane.net}}</ref>
+
* 2012 – [[Henry A. Kissinger Prize]] of the [[American Academy in Berlin]]<ref>[https://www.americanacademy.de/events/henry-a-kissinger-prize/ The Henry A. Kissinger Prize 2012] ''The American Academy in Berlin''. Retrieved April 16, 2022.</ref>
−
* 2012 – [[Henry A. Kissinger Prize]] of the [[American Academy in Berlin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanacademy.de/home/about-us/kissinger-prize/|title=The American Academy in Berlin – The Henry A. Kissinger Prize 2012|access-date=May 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523191423/http://www.americanacademy.de/home/about-us/kissinger-prize/|archive-date=May 23, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+
* 2010 – [[California Hall of Fame]]<ref>[https://www.hoover.org/news/california-hall-fame-inducts-george-p-shultz-0 California Hall of Fame Inducts George P. Shultz] ''Hoover Institution'',  December 14, 2010. Retrieved April 16, 2022.</ref>
−
* 2011 – Honorary Officer of the [[Order of Australia]]<ref>[http://www.ag.gov.au/portal/govgazonline.nsf/BEFEB28791845B7ECA25790A007E1BA4/$file/S%20134.pdf Commonwealth of Australia Gazette] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124230834/http://www.ag.gov.au/portal/govgazonline.nsf/BEFEB28791845B7ECA25790A007E1BA4/$file/S%20134.pdf |date=January 24, 2012 }}, No. S134, September 14, 2011.</ref>
+
* 2007 – [[Truman Medal for Economic Policy]]<ref name="hoover1">[https://www.hoover.org/profiles/george-p-shultz George P. Shultz] ''Hoover Foundation''. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</ref>
−
* 2010 – [[California Hall of Fame]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=California Hall of Fame Inducts George P. Shultz|url=https://www.hoover.org/news/california-hall-fame-inducts-george-p-shultz-0|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=Hoover Institution|language=en|archive-date=December 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212055439/https://www.hoover.org/news/california-hall-fame-inducts-george-p-shultz-0|url-status=live}}</ref>
+
* 2008 – [[Rumford Prize]]<ref>[https://www.amacad.org/news/nuclear-arms-control-leaders-receive-prestigious-rumford-prize-american-academy Nuclear Arms Control Leaders Receive Prestigious Rumford Prize from the American Academy] ''American Academy of Arts and Sciences'', October 9, 2008. Retrieved April 16, 2022.</ref>
−
* 2007 – [[Truman Medal for Economic Policy]]<ref name="hoover1">Hoover Foundation: [http://www.hoover.org/profiles/george-p-shultz Fellow, bio notes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510222256/http://www.hoover.org/profiles/george-p-shultz |date=May 10, 2016 }}.</ref>
+
* 2007 – [[Emma Lazarus]] [[Statue of Liberty]] Award<ref>[https://ajhs.org/emma-lazarus-award Emma Lazarus Statue of Liberty Award] ''American Jewish Historical Society''. Retrieved April 16, 2022.</ref>
−
* 2008 – [[Rumford Prize]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Nuclear Arms Control Leaders Receive Prestigious Rumford Prize from the American Academy |url=https://www.amacad.org/news/nuclear-arms-control-leaders-receive-prestigious-rumford-prize-american-academy |website=[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] |access-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154035/https://www.amacad.org/news/nuclear-arms-control-leaders-receive-prestigious-rumford-prize-american-academy |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
−
* 2007 – [[Emma Lazarus]] [[Statue of Liberty]] Award<ref>{{Cite web|title=AJHS {{!}} Emma Lazarus Award|url=https://ajhs.org/emma-lazarus-award|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=American Jewish Historical Society|language=en|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208014819/https://ajhs.org/emma-lazarus-award|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
 
* 2006 – [[National World War II Museum]], American Spirit Award<ref name="hoover1" />
 
* 2006 – [[National World War II Museum]], American Spirit Award<ref name="hoover1" />
−
* 2005 – [[Lead21]], Lifetime Achievement Award<ref>{{Cite web|title=Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor and Lead 21|url=http://www.aa4a.org/event101706.htm|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=www.aa4a.org|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154039/http://www.aa4a.org/event101706.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
+
* 2005 – [[Lead21]], Lifetime Achievement Award<ref>[http://www.aa4a.org/event101706.htm The 2006 Lead21 Annual Awards Ceremony] ''Asians and Americans for Action''. Retrieved April 16, 2022.</ref>
−
* 2004 – [[American Whig-Cliosophic Society]], [[James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.university-media.com/university/princeton-university/news/whig-clio-to-honor-shultz-for-public-service/9285.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=May 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305234429/http://university-media.com/university/princeton-university/news/whig-clio-to-honor-shultz-for-public-service/9285.html |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+
* 2004 – [[American Economic Association]], Distinguished Fellow<ref>[https://www.aeaweb.org/about-aea/honors-awards/distinguished-fellows Distinguished Fellows] ''American Economic Association''. Retrieved April 16, 2022.</ref>
−
* 2004 – [[American Economic Association]], Distinguished Fellow<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aeaweb.org/honors_awards/disting_fellows.php|title=American Economic Association|website=www.aeaweb.org|access-date=March 17, 2012|archive-date=September 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905164612/http://www.aeaweb.org/honors_awards/disting_fellows.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
+
* 2003 – Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award, [[American Foreign Service Association]]<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2003/21925.htm Secretary Powell to Present American Foreign Service Association Award to George P. Shultz - June 26] ''US Department Of State Archive'', June 25, 2003. Retrieved April 16, 2022.</ref>
−
* 2003 – Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award, [[American Foreign Service Association]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information|first=Bureau of Public Affairs|title=Secretary Powell to Present American Foreign Service Association Award to George P. Shultz - June 26|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2003/21925.htm|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=2001-2009.state.gov|language=en|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117172654/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2003/21925.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
 
* 2002 – [[Reagan Distinguished American Award]]<ref name="hoover1" />
 
* 2002 – [[Reagan Distinguished American Award]]<ref name="hoover1" />
−
* 2002 – [[Ralph Bunche Award]]<ref name="who2004">Sleeman, Elizabeth. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jn_GG55gKm8C&pg=PA1547 ''The International Who's Who 2004,'' p. 1547.]</ref>
+
* 2002 – [[Ralph Bunche Award]]<ref name="who2004"> Elizabeth Sleeman (ed.), ''The International Who's Who 2004'' (Routledge, 2003, ISBN 978-1857432176), 1547.</ref>
−
 
 
−
* [[American Philosophical Society]]<ref name="hoover1" />
 
−
* [[James H. Doolittle Award]]<ref name="hoover1" />
 
−
* [[Elliot Richardson Prize]]<ref name="hoover1" />
 
−
* [[John Witherspoon Medal]]<ref name="hoover1" />
 
−
 
 
 
* 2001 – [[Eisenhower Medal for Leadership]]<ref name="hoover1" />
 
* 2001 – [[Eisenhower Medal for Leadership]]<ref name="hoover1" />
 
* 2000 – [[Woodrow Wilson]] Award for Public Service
 
* 2000 – [[Woodrow Wilson]] Award for Public Service
 
* 1996 – [[Koret Prize]]<ref name="hoover1" />
 
* 1996 – [[Koret Prize]]<ref name="hoover1" />
 
* 1992 – [[Seoul Peace Prize]] (Korea)<ref name="hoover1" />
 
* 1992 – [[Seoul Peace Prize]] (Korea)<ref name="hoover1" />
−
* 1992 – [[United States Military Academy]], [[Sylvanus Thayer Award]]
 
 
* 1989 – [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]<ref name="hoover1" />
 
* 1989 – [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]<ref name="hoover1" />
 
* 1989 – [[Order of the Rising Sun|Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers, Grand Cordon]] (Japan)<ref name="who2004" />
 
* 1989 – [[Order of the Rising Sun|Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers, Grand Cordon]] (Japan)<ref name="who2004" />
 
* 1986 – [[Freedoms Foundation]], George Washington Medal<ref name="hoover1" />
 
* 1986 – [[Freedoms Foundation]], George Washington Medal<ref name="hoover1" />
−
* 1986 – U.S. Senator John Heinz Award ([[Jefferson Awards for Public Service|Jefferson Awards]]) For Public Service<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|title=National – Jefferson Awards Foundation|access-date=August 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|archive-date=November 24, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
−
* 1970 – Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter S|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterS.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=April 13, 2011|archive-date=October 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005022307/http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterS.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
−
 
−
===Honorary degrees===
 
−
Honorary degrees were conferred on Shultz from the universities of Columbia, Notre Dame, Loyola, Pennsylvania, Rochester, Princeton, Carnegie Mellon, City University of New York, Yeshiva, Northwestern, Technion, Tel Aviv, Weizmann Institute of Science, Baruch College of New York, Williams College, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tbilisi State University in the Republic of Georgia, and Keio University in Tokyo.<ref name="hoover1" />
 
  
 
==Selected works==
 
==Selected works==
Line 258: Line 224:
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
* Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky. ''KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev''. Harpercollins, 1990. ISBN 978-0060166052
 
* Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky. ''KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev''. Harpercollins, 1990. ISBN 978-0060166052
 +
* Carreyrou, John. ''Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup''. Knopf, 2018. ISBN 978-1524731656
 
* van Dijk, Ruud, William Glenn Gray, Svetlana Savranskaya, Jeremi Suri, and Qiang Zhaivan (eds.). ''Encyclopedia of the Cold War Vol. 1. New York: Routledge, 2008. ISBN 978-0415975155
 
* van Dijk, Ruud, William Glenn Gray, Svetlana Savranskaya, Jeremi Suri, and Qiang Zhaivan (eds.). ''Encyclopedia of the Cold War Vol. 1. New York: Routledge, 2008. ISBN 978-0415975155
 
* Frum, David. ''How We Got Here: The '70s''. New York: Basic Books, 2000. ISBN 978-0465041954
 
* Frum, David. ''How We Got Here: The '70s''. New York: Basic Books, 2000. ISBN 978-0465041954
Line 264: Line 231:
 
* Reagan, Ronald. ''An American Life''. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990. ISBN 978-0671691981
 
* Reagan, Ronald. ''An American Life''. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990. ISBN 978-0671691981
 
* Sela, Avraham (ed.). ''The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East''. New York: Continuum, 2002. ISBN 978-0826414137
 
* Sela, Avraham (ed.). ''The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East''. New York: Continuum, 2002. ISBN 978-0826414137
−
 
+
* Sleeman, Elizabeth (ed.). ''The International Who's Who 2004''. Routledge, 2003. ISBN 978-1857432176
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
* Christison, Kathleen. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2537632?seq=1 "The Arab-Israeli Policy of George Shultz"]. ''Journal of Palestine Studies'' 18.2 (1989): 29–47.
 
−
* Coleman, Bradley Lynn and Kyle Longley, eds. ''Reagan and the World: Leadership and National Security, 1981–1989'' (University Press of Kentucky, 2017), 319 pp.  essays by scholars
 
−
* Hopkins, Michael F. "Ronald Reagan's and George HW Bush's Secretaries of State: Alexander Haig, George Shultz and James Baker." ''Journal of Transatlantic Studies'' 6.3 (2008): 228–245.
 
−
* Kieninger, Stephan. ''The diplomacy of détente: cooperative security policies from Helmut Schmidt to George Shultz'' (Routledge, 2018).
 
−
* {{cite journal |last1=LaFranchi |first1=Howard |title=The World According to George Shultz |journal=The Christian Science Monitor Weekly |date=March 9, 2010 |volume=112 |issue=16 |pages=3, 22–28 |publisher=The Christian Science Publishing Society |location=Harklan, IA |issn=2166-3262}}
 
−
* Laham, Nicholas. ''Crossing the Rubicon: Ronald Reagan and US Policy in the Middle East'' (Routledge, 2018).
 
−
* Matlock Jr, Jack, et al. ''Reagan and the World: Leadership and National Security, 1981–1989'' (UP of Kentucky, 2017).
 
−
* {{cite book |last= Matlock |first= Jack |title= Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended |year= 2004 |publisher= Random House |location= New York |isbn= 0-679-46323-2 |url= https://archive.org/details/reagangorbachevh00matl }}
 
−
* Pee, Robert, and William Michael Schmidli, eds. ''The Reagan administration, the cold war, and the transition to democracy promotion'' (Springer, 2018).
 
−
* Preston, Andrew. "A Foreign Policy Divided Against Itself: George Shultz versus Caspar Weinberger." in Andrew L. Johns, ed., ''A Companion to Ronald Reagan'' (2015): 546–564.
 
−
* [[Dan Rather|Rather, Dan]] and Gary Paul Gates, ''The Palace Guard'' (1974)
 
−
* [[William Safire|Safire, William]], ''Before the Fall: An Inside Look at the Pre-Watergate White House'' (1975)
 
−
* Skoug, Kenneth N. ''The United States and Cuba Under Reagan and Shultz: A Foreign Service Officer Reports''. (Praeger, 1996).
 
−
* Wallis, W. Allen. [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/261899 "George J. Stigler: In memoriam"]. ''Journal of Political Economy'' 101.5 (1993): 774–779.
 
−
* Williams, Walter. "George Shultz on managing the White House." ''Journal of Policy Analysis and Management'' 13.2 (1994): 369–375. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3325019 online]
 
−
* {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=James Graham|title=The Triumph of Improvisation: Gorbachev's Adaptability, Reagan's Engagement, and the End of the Cold War|url=http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100037580|location=Ithaca | publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2014|isbn= 978-0801452291}}
 
−
 
 
−
=== Primary sources===
 
−
* Shultz, George P. ''Turmoil and Triumph My Years As Secretary of State'' (1993) [https://archive.org/details/turmoiltriumphmy0000shul_u0o4 online]
 
−
* Shultz, George P. and James Timbie. ''A Hinge of History: Governance in an Emerging New World'' (2020) [https://www.amazon.com/Hinge-History-Governance-Emerging-World/dp/0817924345/ excerpt]
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
All links retrieved  
+
All links retrieved April 16, 2022.
  
 
* [http://www.turmoilandtriumph.org Turmoil & Triumph: The George Shultz Years] ''Free To Choose Network''
 
* [http://www.turmoilandtriumph.org Turmoil & Triumph: The George Shultz Years] ''Free To Choose Network''

Latest revision as of 08:10, 23 January 2023

George Shultz
George Shultz

Shultz in the 1980s

60th United States Secretary of State
In office
July 16, 1982 – January 20, 1989
Deputy Walter J. Stoessel Jr.
Kenneth W. Dam
John C. Whitehead
President Ronald Reagan
Preceded by Alexander Haig
Succeeded by James Baker
62nd United States Secretary of the Treasury
In office
June 12, 1972 – May 8, 1974
President Richard Nixon
Preceded by John Connally
Succeeded by William E. Simon
19th Director of the Office of Management and Budget
In office
July 1, 1970 – June 11, 1972
President Richard Nixon
Preceded by Bob Mayo (Bureau of the Budget)
Succeeded by Caspar Weinberger
11th United States Secretary of Labor
In office
January 22, 1969 – July 1, 1970
President Richard Nixon
Preceded by W. Willard Wirtz
Succeeded by James Day Hodgson
Personal details
Born December 13 1920(1920-12-13)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Died February 6 2021 (aged 100)
Stanford, California, U.S.
Political party Republican
Spouse Helena O'Brien
(m. 1946; died 1995)

Charlotte Mailliard (m.1997)

Children 5
Signature George Shultz's signature

George Pratt Shultz (/ʃʊlts/; December 13, 1920 – February 6, 2021) was an American economist, diplomat, and businessman. He served in various positions under three different Republican presidents and is one of only two people to have held four different Cabinet-level posts, the being Elliot Richardson.

In 1970, he became the first director of the Office of Management and Budget under Richard Nixon, serving in that position until his appointment as United States Secretary of the Treasury in 1972. In that role, Shultz supported abolishing the gold standard, and presided over the end of the Bretton Woods system. From 1974 to 1982, he was an executive of the Bechtel Group, an engineering and services company. He then accepted President Ronald Reagan's offer to serve as United States Secretary of State, holding that office from 1982 to 1989, playing a major role in shaping the foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration. Shultz pushed for Reagan to establish relations with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, which led to a thaw between the United States and the Soviet Union.

After retiring from public office Shultz remained active, notably promoting nuclear arms control calling on governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons as well as advocating efforts to fight anthropogenic climate change. Shultz' life of public service was not just for the sake of his country but he sought to create a world of freedom for all people.

Life

Shultz was born December 13, 1920, in New York City, the only child of Margaret Lennox (née Pratt) and Birl Earl Shultz. He grew up in Englewood, New Jersey.[1] His great-grandfather was an immigrant from Germany who arrived in the United States in the middle of the nineteenth century. Contrary to common assumption, Shultz was not a member of the Pratt family associated with John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Trust.[2]

After attending the local public school, he transferred to the Englewood School for Boys (now Dwight-Englewood School), through his second year of high school.[3] In 1938, Shultz graduated from the private preparatory boarding high school Loomis Chaffee School in Windsor, Connecticut.

He earned a bachelor's degree, cum laude, at Princeton University in economics with a minor in public and international affairs. His senior thesis, "The Agricultural Program of the Tennessee Valley Authority", examined the Tennessee Valley Authority's effect on local agriculture, for which he conducted on-site research.[4] He graduated with honors in 1942.[1]

From 1942 to 1945, Shultz was on active duty in the U.S. Marine Corps. He was an artillery officer, attaining the rank of captain. He was attached to the U.S. Army 81st Infantry Division during the Battle of Angaur (Battle of Peleliu).

While on a rest and recreation break in Hawaii from serving in the Marines in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater during World War II, Shultz met military nurse lieutenant Helena Maria O'Brien (1915–1995). They married on February 16, 1946, and had five children: Margaret Ann Tilsworth, Kathleen Pratt Shultz Jorgensen, Peter Milton Shultz, Barbara Lennox Shultz White, and Alexander George Shultz.[1] O'Brien died of pancreatic cancer in 1995.[5]

In 1949, Shultz earned a Ph.D. in industrial economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From 1948 to 1957, he taught in the MIT Department of Economics and the MIT Sloan School of Management, with a leave of absence in 1955 to serve on President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisers as a Senior Staff Economist. In 1957, Shultz left MIT and joined the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business as a professor of industrial relations, and he served as the Graduate School of Business Dean from 1962 to 1968.[6] During his time in Chicago, he was influenced by Nobel Laureates Milton Friedman and George Stigler, who reinforced Shultz's view of the importance of a free-market economy.[7] He left the University of Chicago to serve under President Richard Nixon in 1969.

In 1997, Shultz married Charlotte Mailliard Swig, a prominent San Francisco philanthropist and socialite.[8] They remained married until his death.

Shultz died at age 100 at his home in Stanford, California, on February 6, 2021.[9] He was buried next to his first wife at Dawes Cemetery in Cummington, Massachusetts.[10]

Nixon Administration

Shultz with Richard Nixon and labor leaders at the signing of Executive Order 11491 on October 29, 1969
Treasury Secretary Shultz (back row, fourth from left) with the rest of the Nixon cabinet, June 1972
A meeting of Nixon Administration economic advisors and cabinet members on May 7, 1974. Clockwise from Richard Nixon: George P. Shultz, James T. Lynn, Alexander M. Haig, Jr., Roy L. Ash, Herbert Stein, and William E. Simon.

Secretary of Labor

Shultz was President Richard Nixon's Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Nixon's first choice for Secretary of Labor, was deemed unacceptable by AFL–CIO President George Meany, which pushed to fill the position with Shultz, then Dean of University of Chicago's School of Business]], (with prior experience in another GOP administration, on President Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisers).[11]

Shultz soon faced the crisis of the Longshoremen's Union strike. The Lyndon B. Johnson Administration had delayed the walkout with a Taft Hartley injunction that expired, and the press pressed him to describe his approach. He applied the theory he had developed in academia: he let the parties work it out, which they did quickly. He also imposed the Philadelphia Plan, which required Pennsylvania construction unions to admit a certain number of black members by an enforced deadline - a break with their past policy of largely discriminating against such members. This marked the first use of racial quotas in the federal government.[12]

Office of Management and Budget

Shultz became the first director of the Office of Management and Budget, the renamed and reorganized Bureau of the Budget, on July 1, 1970.[13] He was the agency's 19th director.[14]

Secretary of the Treasury

Shultz was United States Secretary of the Treasury from June 1972 to May 1974. During his tenure, he was concerned with two major issues, namely the continuing domestic administration of Nixon's "New Economic Policy," begun under Secretary John Connally (Shultz privately opposed its three elements), and a renewed dollar crisis that broke out in February 1973.[2]

Domestically Shultz enacted the next phase of the NEP, lifting price controls begun in 1971. This phase was a failure, resulting in high inflation, and price freezes were reestablished five months later.[15]

Meanwhile, Shultz's attention was increasingly diverted from the domestic economy to the international arena. In 1973, he participated in an international monetary conference in Paris that grew out of the 1971 decision to abolish the gold standard, a decision Shultz and Paul Volcker had supported. The conference formally abolished the Bretton Woods system, causing all currencies to float. During this period Shultz co-founded the "Library Group," which became the G7. Shultz resigned shortly before Nixon to return to private life.[15]

Business executive

In 1974, Shultz left government service to become executive vice president of Bechtel Group, a large engineering and services company. He was later its president and a director.[16]

Under Shultz's leadership, Bechtel received contracts for many large construction projects, including from Saudi Arabia. In the year before he left Bechtel, the company reported a 50 percent increase in revenue.[17]

Reagan Administration - Secretary of State

On July 16, 1982, Shultz was appointed by President Ronald Reagan as the 60th U.S. Secretary of State, replacing Alexander Haig, who had resigned. Shultz served for six and a half years, the longest tenure since Dean Rusk.[18] The possibility of a conflict of interest in his position as Secretary of State after being in the upper management of the Bechtel Group was raised by several senators during his confirmation hearings. Shultz briefly lost his temper in response to some questions on the subject, stating “I resent what I regard as a kind of smear on Bechtel.” He was nevertheless unanimously confirmed by the Senate.[19]

Shultz relied primarily on the Foreign Service to formulate and implement Reagan's foreign policy. As reported in the State Department's official history:

By the summer of 1985, Shultz had personally selected most of the senior officials in the Department, emphasizing professional over political credentials in the process [...] The Foreign Service responded in kind by giving Shultz its 'complete support,' making him one of the most popular Secretaries since Dean Acheson.[18]

Shultz's success came from not only the respect he earned from the bureaucracy but the strong relationship he forged with Reagan, who trusted him completely.[20]

Shultz with President Reagan outside the Oval Office, December 1986

Relations with China

Shultz inherited negotiations with the People's Republic of China over Taiwan from his predecessor. Under the terms of the Taiwan Relations Act, the United States was obligated to assist in Taiwan's defense, which included the sale of arms. The Administration debate on Taiwan, especially over the sale of military aircraft, resulted in a crisis in relations with China, which was alleviated only in August 1982, when, after months of arduous negotiations, the United States and the PRC issued a joint communiqué on Taiwan in which the United States agreed to limit arms sales to the island nation and China agreed to seek a "peaceful solution."[21]

Relations with Europe and the Soviet Union

By the summer of 1982, relations were strained not only between Washington and Moscow but also between Washington and key capitals in Western Europe. In response to the imposition of martial law in Poland the previous December, the Reagan administration had imposed sanctions on a pipeline between West Germany and the Soviet Union. European leaders vigorously protested sanctions that damaged their interests but not U.S. interests in grain sales to the Soviet Union. Shultz resolved this "poisonous problem" in December 1982, when the United States agreed to abandon sanctions against the pipeline and the Europeans agreed to adopt stricter controls on strategic trade with the Soviets.[22]

A more controversial issue was the NATO Ministers' 1979 "dual track" decision: if the Soviets refused to remove their SS-20 medium range ballistic missiles within four years, then the Allies would deploy a countervailing force of cruise and Pershing II missiles in Western Europe. When negotiations on these intermediate nuclear forces (INF) stalled, 1983 became a year of protest. Shultz and other Western leaders worked hard to maintain allied unity amidst anti-nuclear demonstrations in Europe and the United States. In spite of Western protests and Soviet propaganda, the allies began deployment of the missiles as scheduled in November 1983.[22]

U.S.–Soviet tensions were raised by the announcement in March 1983 of the Strategic Defense Initiative, and exacerbated by the Soviet shoot-down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 near Moneron Island on September 1. Tensions reached a high with the Able Archer 83 exercises in November 1983, during which the Soviets feared a pre-emptive American attack.[23]

Following the missile deployment and the exercises, both Shultz and Reagan resolved to seek further dialogue with the Soviets.[24]

When President Mikhail Gorbachev of Russia came to power in 1985, Shultz advocated that Reagan pursue a personal dialogue with him. Reagan gradually changed his perception of Gorbachev's strategic intentions in 1987, when the two leaders signed the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.[25] The treaty, which eliminated an entire class of missiles in Europe, was a milestone in the history of the Cold War. Although Gorbachev took the initiative, Reagan was well prepared by the State Department to negotiate.[26]

Shultz was instrumental in gaining freedom for Soviet Jewry, making freedom for Soviet Jews a key issue in his talks with Russian leaders. For example, he campaigned directly for the release of Natan Sharansky, with the strong support of President Ronald Reagan. [27]

Two more events in 1988 persuaded Shultz that Soviet intentions were changing. First, the Soviet Union's initial withdrawal from Afghanistan indicated that the Brezhnev Doctrine was dead. "If the Soviets left Afghanistan, the Brezhnev Doctrine would be breached, and the principle of 'never letting go' would be violated," Shultz reasoned.[25] The second event happened during the 19th Communist Party Conference, "at which Gorbachev proposed major domestic reforms such as the establishment of competitive elections with secret ballots; term limits for elected officials; separation of powers with an independent judiciary; and provisions for freedom of speech, assembly, conscience, and the press."[25] The proposals indicated that Gorbachev was making revolutionary and irreversible changes.

Middle East diplomacy

In response to the escalating violence of the Lebanese civil war, Reagan sent a Marine contingent to protect the Palestinian refugee camps and support the Lebanese Government. The October 1983 bombing of the Marine barracks in Beirut killed 241 U.S. servicemen, after which the deployment came to an ignominious end.[18] Shultz subsequently negotiated an agreement between Israel and Lebanon and convinced Israel to begin partial withdrawal of its troops in January 1985 despite Lebanon's contravention of the settlement.[28]

During the First Intifada, Shultz "proposed ... an international convention in April 1988 ... on an interim autonomy agreement for the West Bank and Gaza Strip, to be implemented as of October for a three-year period."[29] By December 1988, after six months of shuttle diplomacy, Shultz had established a diplomatic dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization, which was picked up by the next Administration.[18]

Latin America

Shultz was known for outspoken opposition to the "arms for hostages" scandal that would eventually become known as the Iran-Contra Affair.[30] In 1983 testimony before Congress, he said that the Sandinista government in Nicaragua was "a very undesirable cancer in the area."[31] He was also opposed to any negotiation with the government of Daniel Ortega: "Negotiations are a euphemism for capitulation if the shadow of power is not cast across the bargaining table."[32]

Later life

Shultz retired from public office in 1989 but remained active in business and politics; he "retained an iconoclastic streak" and publicly opposed some positions taken by fellow Republicans. For example, he called the War on Drugs a failure,[33] and added his signature to an advertisement printed in The New York Times in 1998, headlined "We believe the global war on drugs is now causing more harm than drug abuse itself." In 2011, he was part of the Global Commission on Drug Policy, which called for a public health and harm reduction approach towards drug abuse, alongside Kofi Annan, Paul Volcker, and George Papandreou.[34]

Shultz (far left) at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library July 17, 2007, with the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński and Mrs. Kaczyński as well as former First Lady Nancy Reagan (center, second from right)

Shultz was an early advocate of the presidential candidacy of George W. Bush, whose father, George H. W. Bush, was Reagan's vice president. In April 1998, Shultz hosted a meeting at which George W. Bush discussed his views with policy experts including Michael Boskin, John Taylor, and Condoleezza Rice, who were evaluating possible Republican candidates to run for president in 2000. At the end of the meeting, the group felt they could support Bush's candidacy, and Shultz encouraged him to enter the race.

He then served as an informal advisor for Bush's presidential campaign during the 2000 election.[33] Shultz has been called the father of the "Bush Doctrine" and generally defended the Bush administration's foreign policy.[35] Shultz supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq, writing in support of U.S. military action months before the war began.[36]

Shultz continued to be a strong advocate for nuclear arms control, saying in a 2008 interview: "Now that we know so much about these weapons and their power, they're almost weapons that we wouldn't use, so I think we would be better off without them."[33] In January 2008, Shultz co-authored (with William Perry, Henry Kissinger, and Sam Nunn) an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal that called on governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons.[37] The four created the Nuclear Threat Initiative to advance this agenda, focused on both preventing nuclear terrorist attacks and a nuclear war between world powers. In 2010, the four were featured in the documentary film Nuclear Tipping Point, which discussed their agenda.[38]

Shultz was a prominent advocate of efforts to fight anthropogenic climate change.[33] He favored a revenue-neutral carbon tax (that is, a carbon fee and dividend program, in which carbon dioxide emissions are taxed and the net funds received are rebated to taxpayers) as the most economically efficient means of mitigating climate change.[39] In April 2013, he co-wrote, with economist Gary Becker, an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal that concluded that this plan would "benefit all Americans by eliminating the need for costly energy subsidies while promoting a level playing field for energy producers."[40] He repeated this call in a September 2014 talk at MIT.[41] In 2014, Shultz joined the advisory board of the Citizens' Climate Lobby, and in 2017, Shultz co-founded the Climate Leadership Council, along with George H. W. Bush's Secretary of State James Baker and George W. Bush's Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson. The group advocated for taxing carbon pollution produced by burning fossil fuels as "a conservative climate solution" based on free-market principles.[42] In 2017, these Republican elder statesmen, along with Martin S. Feldstein and N. Gregory Mankiw, urged conservatives to embrace a carbon fee and dividend program.[43]

Theranos scandal

From 2011 to 2015, Shultz was a member of the board of directors of Theranos, a health technology company that became known for its false claims to have devised revolutionary blood tests.[44] He was a prominent figure in the ensuing scandal.

After joining the company's board in November 2011, Shultz recruited other political figures, including former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, former Secretary of Defense William Perry, and former U.S. Senator Sam Nunn. Shultz also promoted Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes at major forums, including Stanford University's Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), and was on record supporting her in major media publications.

Shultz's grandson, Tyler Shultz, joined Theranos in September 2013 after graduating from Stanford University with a degree in biology. Tyler was forced to leave the company in 2014 after raising concerns about its testing practices with Holmes and his grandfather. George Shultz initially did not believe Tyler's warnings and pressured him to keep quiet.[45] Tyler eventually contacted reporter John Carreyrou (who went on to expose the scandal in The Wall Street Journal), but as summarized by ABC Nightline, "it wasn’t long before Theranos got wind of it and attempted to use George Shultz to silence his grandson."[46] Despite pressure, Tyler refused to back down. Theranos was shut down on September 4, 2018.[47] In a 2019 media statement, Shultz praised his grandson for not having shrunk "from what he saw as his responsibility to the truth and patient safety, even when he felt personally threatened and believed that I had placed allegiance to the company over allegiance to higher values and our family. ... Tyler navigated a very complex situation in ways that made me proud."[46]

Memberships

Shultz with Mike Pompeo and Condoleezza Rice in 2020

Shultz had a long affiliation at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, where he was a distinguished fellow and, beginning in 2011, the Thomas W. and Susan B. Ford Distinguished Fellow; from 2018 until his death, Shultz hosted events on governance at the institution.[48] Shultz was chairman of JPMorgan Chase's international advisory council.[36] He was co-chairman of the conservative Committee on the Present Danger.[36]

He was an honorary director of the Institute for International Economics. He was a member of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) board of advisors, the New Atlantic Initiative, the Mandalay Camp at the Bohemian Grove, and the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq. He served as an advisory board member for the Partnership for a Secure America and Citizens' Climate Lobby.[49] He was honorary chairman of the Israel Democracy Institute, and a member of the advisory board of Spirit of America, a 501(c)(3) organization.

Together again with former Secretary of Defense William Perry, Shultz was serving on the board of Acuitus at the time of his death.[50]

Legacy

Shultz is one of only two individuals to have served in four United States Cabinet positions within the United States government. Diplomatic historian Walter LaFeber stated that Shultz' 1993 memoir, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State, "is the most detailed, vivid, outspoken, and reliable record we probably shall have of the 1980s until the documents are opened."[51]

President Joe Biden reacted to Shultz's death by saying:

He was a gentleman of honor and ideas, dedicated to public service and respectful debate, even into his 100th year on Earth. That’s why multiple presidents, of both political parties, sought his counsel. I regret that, as president, I will not be able to benefit from his wisdom, as have so many of my predecessors.[52]

Others responded with praise and gratitude for his service which benefited not only the United States but the whole world:[53]

America has lost one of its finest statesmen with the passing of George Shultz. He was a person of deep intellect, talent, and patriotism. He took on a wide range of important jobs and did them all well. George Shultz was a great public servant, and America is better because of that service (George W. Bush).

George Shultz was a great man who both witnessed and made history in the course of a remarkable 100 years. We have lost a champion of diplomacy, an advocate of American leadership, and a model of public service (Madeleine Albright).

As Secretary of State for six and a half of President Reagan’s eight years, Secretary Shultz personally shaped world history for the better. He kept U.S.-Soviet relations peaceful but purposeful as the free world defeated communism (Mitch McConnell).

Honors and Awards

Shultz received numerous awards during his long years of service.

Honorary degrees were conferred on Shultz from the universities of Columbia, Notre Dame, Loyola, Pennsylvania, Rochester, Princeton, Carnegie Mellon, City University of New York, Yeshiva, Northwestern, Technion, Tel Aviv, Weizmann Institute of Science, Baruch College of New York, Williams College, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tbilisi State University in the Republic of Georgia, and Keio University in Tokyo.[54]

Following are a selection of awards he received:

  • 2016 –San Francisco State University's President's Medal [55]
  • 2012 – Henry A. Kissinger Prize of the American Academy in Berlin[56]
  • 2010 – California Hall of Fame[57]
  • 2007 – Truman Medal for Economic Policy[54]
  • 2008 – Rumford Prize[58]
  • 2007 – Emma Lazarus Statue of Liberty Award[59]
  • 2006 – National World War II Museum, American Spirit Award[54]
  • 2005 – Lead21, Lifetime Achievement Award[60]
  • 2004 – American Economic Association, Distinguished Fellow[61]
  • 2003 – Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award, American Foreign Service Association[62]
  • 2002 – Reagan Distinguished American Award[54]
  • 2002 – Ralph Bunche Award[63]
  • 2001 – Eisenhower Medal for Leadership[54]
  • 2000 – Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service
  • 1996 – Koret Prize[54]
  • 1992 – Seoul Peace Prize (Korea)[54]
  • 1989 – Presidential Medal of Freedom[54]
  • 1989 – Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers, Grand Cordon (Japan)[63]
  • 1986 – Freedoms Foundation, George Washington Medal[54]

Selected works

  • Shultz, George P., and James F. Goodby. The War that Must Never be Fought. Hoover Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0817918453
  • Shultz, George P. Issues on My Mind: Strategies for the Future. Hoover Institution Press, 2013. ISBN 9780817916244
  • Shultz, George P., and John B. Shoven. Putting Our House in Order: A Guide to Social Security and Health Care Reform. New York: W.W. Norton, 2008. ISBN 9780393069617
  • Shultz, George P. Economics in Action: Ideas, Institutions, Policies, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace. Stanford University Press, 1995. ISBN 9780817956332
  • Shultz, George P. Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State. New York: Scribner's, 1993. ISBN 9781451623116
  • Shultz, George P. Risk, Uncertainty, and Foreign Economic Policy. D. Davies Memorial Institute of International Studies, 1981.
  • Shultz, George P., and Kenneth W. Dam. Economic Policy beyond the Headlines. W.W. Norton, 1978. ISBN‎ 978-0226755991
  • Shultz, George P. Leaders and Followers in an Age of Ambiguity. New York University Press, 1975. ISBN 0814777651
  • Shultz, George P., and Albert Rees. Workers and Wages in an Urban Labor Market. University of Chicago Press, 1970. ISBN 0226707059
  • Shultz, George P., and Arnold R. Weber. Strategies for the Displaced Worker: Confronting Economic Change. Harper, 1966. ISBN 9780837188553
  • Shultz, George P., and George Benedict Baldwin. Automation, a new dimension to old problems. Washington: Public Affairs Press 1955).
  • Shultz, George P., and John R. Coleman. Labor Problems: Cases and Readings. McGraw-Hill, 1953.
  • Shultz, George P. Pressures on Wage Decisions: A Case Study in the Shoe Industry. John Wiley & Sons, 1951.
  • Shultz, George P., and Charles Andrew Myers. The Dynamics of a Labor Market: A Study of the Impact of Employment Changes on Labor Mobility, Job Satisfaction, and Company and Union Policies. Prentice-Hall, 1951.

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Bernard S. Katz and C. Daniel Vencill, Biographical Dictionary of the United States Secretaries of the Treasury, 1789–1995 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, ISBN 978-0313280122), 320–332.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Robert Vellani, "George P. Shultz" in William L. O'Neill (ed.) The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Thematic Series: The 1960's (Charles Scribner & Sons, 2002, ISBN 978-0684806662).
  3. ↑ Paul Burnett, Problems and Principles: George P. Shultz and the Uses of Economic Thinking Economist Life Stories, November 20, 2016. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  4. ↑ George Pratt Shultz, The Agricultural Program of the Tennessee Valley Authority Princeton University Library. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  5. ↑ Helena Maria Shultz; Former Nurse, Wife of Ex-Diplomat Los Angeles Times, September 9, 1995. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  6. ↑ Ronald Reagan: Nomination of George P. Shultz To Be Secretary of State The American Presidency Project, June 25, 1982. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  7. ↑ The Chicago School and Its Impact Commanding Heights: George Shultz, October 2, 2000. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  8. ↑ Trish Donnally, Swig Tames Her Tiger SFGate, August 16, 1997. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  9. ↑ Matthew S. Schwartz, George P. Shultz, Giant Of 20th Century American Politics, Dies At 100 NPR, February 7, 2021.
  10. ↑ George Pratt Shultz (1920-2021) Find a Grave. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  11. ↑ John Gizzi, Remembering George Shultz: Washington Insider and Infighter NewsMax, February 7, 2021.
  12. ↑ David Frum, How We Got Here: The '70s (New York: Basic Books, 2000, ISBN 978-0465041954).
  13. ↑ Richard J. Ellis, The Development of the American Presidency (Routledge, 2022, ISBN 978-1032070018).
  14. ↑ Former Directors of OMB and BOB Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 George P. Shultz (1972 - 1974) United States Department of the Treasury. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  16. ↑ Bechtel, Business and the Board of Directors Free To Choose Network. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  17. ↑ Thomas J. Lueck, Bechtel Loses Another Officer to Reagan's Cabinet The New York Times, June 26, 1982. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Secretary Shultz Takes Charge A Short History of the Department of State, United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  19. ↑ William Greider, The Boys From Bechtel Rolling Stone, September 2, 1982. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  20. ↑ Ruud van Dijk, William Glenn Gray, Svetlana Savranskaya, Jeremi Suri, and Qiang Zhaivan (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Cold War Vol. 1, (New York: Routledge, 2008, ISBN 978-0415975155), 787.
  21. ↑ Reagan's Foreign Policy A Short History of the Department of State, United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 The United States in Europe A Short History of the Department of State, United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  23. ↑ Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (Harpercollins, 1990, ISBN 978-0060166052).
  24. ↑ Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990, ISBN 978-0671691981).
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Keren Yarhi-Milo, In the Eye of the Beholder: How Leaders and Intelligence Communities Assess the Intentions of Adversaries International Security 38(1) (Summer 2013): 31. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  26. ↑ Gorbachev and Perestroika A Short History of the Department of State, United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  27. ↑ George Shultz Cleveland Jewish News, April 23, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  28. ↑ Biographies of the Secretaries of State: George Pratt Shultz (1920–2021) United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  29. ↑ Avraham Sela (ed.), The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East (New York: Continuum, 2002, ISBN 978-0826414137).
  30. ↑ George Shultz Secretary of State Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs - The Legal Aftermath. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  31. ↑ Lawrence L Knutson, Shultz Says U.S. Has Moral Duty To Support Contras AP NEWS, March 4, 1986. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  32. ↑ John Hanna, Preceed Washington AP NEWS, April 14, 1986. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Matthew Lee, Longtime Reagan Secretary of State George Shultz dies at 100 Associated Press, February 7, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  34. ↑ Commissioners Global Commission on Drug Policy. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  35. ↑ Daniel Henninger, Father of the Bush Doctrine The Wall Street Journal, April 29, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Laurence Arnold, George Shultz, Who Led Reagan's Cold-War Diplomacy, Dies Bloomberg News, February 7, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  37. ↑ George Schultz, William J. Perry, Henry Kissinger, and Sam Nunn, Toward a Nuclear-Free World The Wall Street Journal, January 15, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  38. ↑ Nuclear Tipping Point Documentary 'Nuclear Threat Initiative. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  39. ↑ George Shultz, A Reagan approach to climate change The Washington Post, March 13, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  40. ↑ Why We Support a Revenue-Neutral Carbon Tax The Wall Street Journal, April 7, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  41. ↑ Peter Dizikes, George Shultz: “Climate is changing,” and we need more action MIT News, October 1, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  42. ↑ John Schwartz, 'A Conservative Climate Solution': Republican Group Calls for Carbon Tax The New York Times, February 7, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  43. ↑ The Conservative Case for Carbon Dividends Climate Leadership Council, February 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  44. ↑ John Carreyrou, Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup (Knopf, 2018, ISBN 978-1524731656).
  45. ↑ John Carreyrou, Theranos Whistleblower Shook the Company—and His Family The Wall Street Journal, November 18, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Taylor Dunn, Victoria Thompson, Rebecca Jarvis, and Ashley Louszko, Ex-Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes says 'I don't know' 600-plus times in never-before-broadcast deposition tapes ABC News, January 23, 2019. April 15, 2022.
  47. ↑ John Carreyou, Blood-Testing Firm Theranos to Dissolve The Wall Street Journal, September 5, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  48. ↑ Distinguished American Statesman, 60th US Secretary of State George P. Shultz, Dies at 100 Hoover Institution, February 7, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  49. ↑ Advisory Board Citizens' Climate Lobby. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  50. ↑ Our Leadership Team Acuitus. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  51. ↑ Walter LaFeber, Reviewed Work: Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State by George P. Shultz American Historical Review 98(4) (October, 1993): 1203.
  52. ↑ Statement of President Joe Biden on the Passing of Former Secretary George Shultz The White House, February 7, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  53. ↑ Reaction to death of former U.S. Secretary of State George Shultz Reuters, February 7, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.5 54.6 54.7 54.8 George P. Shultz Hoover Foundation. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  55. ↑ Renowned U.S. statesman George Shultz to receive SF State's President's Medal SF State News.
  56. ↑ The Henry A. Kissinger Prize 2012 The American Academy in Berlin. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  57. ↑ California Hall of Fame Inducts George P. Shultz Hoover Institution, December 14, 2010. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  58. ↑ Nuclear Arms Control Leaders Receive Prestigious Rumford Prize from the American Academy American Academy of Arts and Sciences, October 9, 2008. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  59. ↑ Emma Lazarus Statue of Liberty Award American Jewish Historical Society. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  60. ↑ The 2006 Lead21 Annual Awards Ceremony Asians and Americans for Action. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  61. ↑ Distinguished Fellows American Economic Association. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  62. ↑ Secretary Powell to Present American Foreign Service Association Award to George P. Shultz - June 26 US Department Of State Archive, June 25, 2003. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Elizabeth Sleeman (ed.), The International Who's Who 2004 (Routledge, 2003, ISBN 978-1857432176), 1547.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky. KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev. Harpercollins, 1990. ISBN 978-0060166052
  • Carreyrou, John. Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup. Knopf, 2018. ISBN 978-1524731656
  • van Dijk, Ruud, William Glenn Gray, Svetlana Savranskaya, Jeremi Suri, and Qiang Zhaivan (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Cold War Vol. 1. New York: Routledge, 2008. ISBN 978-0415975155
  • Frum, David. How We Got Here: The '70s. New York: Basic Books, 2000. ISBN 978-0465041954
  • Katz, Bernard S., and C. Daniel Vencill. Biographical Dictionary of the United States Secretaries of the Treasury, 1789–1995. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN 978-0313280122
  • O'Neill, William L. (ed.). The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Thematic Series: The 1960's. Charles Scribner & Sons, 2002. ISBN 978-0684806662
  • Reagan, Ronald. An American Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990. ISBN 978-0671691981
  • Sela, Avraham (ed.). The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. New York: Continuum, 2002. ISBN 978-0826414137
  • Sleeman, Elizabeth (ed.). The International Who's Who 2004. Routledge, 2003. ISBN 978-1857432176

External links

All links retrieved April 16, 2022.


Academic offices
Preceded by:
W. Allen Wallis 		Dean of the Booth School of Business
1962–1969 		Succeeded by: Sidney Davidson
Political offices
Preceded by:
W. Willard Wirtz 		United States Secretary of Labor
1969–1970 		Succeeded by: James Day Hodgson
Preceded by:
Bob Mayo 		Director of the Office of Management and Budget
1970–1972 		Succeeded by: Caspar Weinberger
Preceded by:
John Connally 		United States Secretary of the Treasury
1972–1974 		Succeeded by: William E. Simon
Preceded by:
Alexander Haig 		United States Secretary of State
1982–1989 		Succeeded by: James Baker
 
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