Ballroom dance

Standard dancing (prechampionship final) at the 2006 MIT Ballroom Dance Competition.

Ballroom dance refers to a set of learned partner dances, which are enjoyed socially and engaged in competitively around the globe. While the waltz is credited with having been "invented" in Austria, the foxtrot is a purely American creation, and the tango is known to have originated in Argentina. No matter its origins or various adaptations and styles, ballroom dance can be said to enjoy a truly international following.

In recent years Ballroom Dance has experienced a resurgence of popularity, in stage, film, and on television as it often does during times of war and economic depression. Its structure, grace, and elegance affords people not only social contact and recreation, but the added benefit of exerise combined with physical expression. Ballroom dance has a broad based appeal that reaches young and old alike making it a popular past time that crosses gender and generational boundaries.

After a review by the International Olympic Committee, ballroom dancing received the categorization of DanceSport and will be considered as an additional sport offering for the 2016 Olympics.

Definition and history

The term "ballroom dancing" is derived from the word ball, which in turn originates from the Latin word ballare which means "to dance." Its evolution most likely came from simple folk dancing enjoyed by the peasant classes which were then formalized by the upper class nobility during the time of the Enlightenment.

Ballroom dance dates back to at least the era of court balls lavishly conducted by the Ancien Regime of France under Louis XVI in the 1700s and of the other European aristocracy of England, Austria and Russia. In her memoirs, Souvenirs Madame Elisabeth Vigee Le Brun, official portraitist to Marie Antoinette, said of dance in her era, They danced the waltz with such frenzy that I could not imagine how all these people, spinning around at such rate, did not get giddy and fall down; but men and women are so accustomed to this violent exercise that they did not take a single break as long as the ball lasted. They also frequently danced the Polanaise, far less fatiguing, for it is nothing more than a procession during which twosomes promenade in stately fashion. It marvelously suits pretty women as it affords all the necessary time to admire their figures and faces.

While the Puritans who settled in the New World discouraged dance of any kind, ballroom dance still found a welcome reception among colonists. John Quincy Adams once participated in a dance marathon and George Washington raised eyebrows by dancing with a female partner for three full hours. In fact it is at George Washington's inauguration that the precedent for ballroom dance in the new republic was established.

At 18th century assembly balls participants danced the minuet, the cotillion and the allemande. Of course, gentlemen were instructed to not use coarse language and to lay aside their swords at the door. In 1823 dance was made an official course taught at West Point Academy and in 1885 Alan Dodworth, a preeminent dance teacher, wrote, Dancing and Its Relaion to Education and Social Life, codifying five basic positions of good dancing. Teachers in both England and the United States, from the 1870s on, began to form professional associations and established a ballroom style that was formal, polished,and elegant, and still forms the basis of competitive dancing today.

Today, the term Ballroom Dance may apply to any one of the several dances in which two individuals, a "leader" and a "follower," dance with physical contact through their upper or lower bodies, or simply through their arms depending on the particular dance. Since most social dancing is unchoreographed, this contact is necessary for the leader to communicate the next dance move to the follower, and for the follower to respond to this lead. This stands in stark contrast with the style(s) of dance seen in clubs and other social gatherings where physical contact tends to be optional and the individuals in question can move freely without any such restraints imposed by firm physical contact or by the necessity to follow the rhythmic pattern present in the music. Some knowledge of step patterns is essential for both the leader as well as for the follower to be able to effectively practice the art of ballroom dancing.

Dance historians usually mark the appearance of the twist in the early 1960s as the end of social partner dancing. In the modern dance era, dance became less structured, and less dependent on knowledge and special training. However, during times of economic crisis and war, ballroom dance re-captures some of it popularity as it harkens back to a simpler era when dance could be gracious, formal, and shared by all ages, and both sexes alike.

Astaire and Rogers

Vernon and Irene Castle, c. 1910-1918.

In the 1930s, the on-screen dance pairing of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers greatly influenced ballroom dancing in the USA. Although both actors had separate projects and careers, Astaire and Rogers are perhaps most remembered for their dance sequences together, which included star billing in numerous movies such as Top Hat, Easter Parade and Shall We Dance. Their pairing came at a time when musicals were at their peak in American society and culture. Additionally, peoples' longing for idealism and simpler times were heightened by the effects of World War Is.

One of Astaire and Rogers earlier collaborations involved their portrayal of 20th century ballroom dance pioneers, Vernon and Irene Castle, (The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle, RKO, 1939) whose early work and life reached iconic status after Vernon's heroic death during World War I.

Much of Astaire and Rogers' work portrayed social dancing, although the performances were highly choreographed (often by Astaire or Hermes Pan), and meticulously staged and rehearsed. The musical accompaniment to their dance was often written by renowned composers of the era such as Irving Berlin and George Gershwin.

Competitive dancing

2005 U.S. National Professional Standard Championships, hosted by BYU

In spite of its historical image as a pastime for the privileged, formal competitions, or DanceSport, often allows participation by a range of dancers who are ranked at various proficiency levels.

In the United States, amateur dance proficiency levels are defined by USA Dance (formerly United States Amateur Ballroom Dance Association, USABDA) as Bronze, Silver, or Gold for syllabus dancers, and Novice, Prechampionship and Championship for open competitors. These levels roughly correspond to the "E" to "S" levels used in Europe and Australia. Division dances include the categories: International Style Standard, Latin American, American Style Smooth, Amreican Rhythm, and a Miscellaneous category which includes: West Coast Swing, Salsa and Theater Arts.

Eligibility requirements will vary greatly between countries and sometimes within a country. For instance, in addition to USA Dance competitions, amateur dancers in the United States often participate in competitions sanctioned by the NDCA or YCN (Youth Collegiate Network), each with its own distinct culture in addition to differing definitions of level and eligibility requirements.

Ballroom dancing competitions in the former USSR also included the Soviet Ballroom dances, or Soviet Programme. Australian New Vogue is danced both competitively and socially. On the international arena, the Blackpool Dance Festival, hosted annually at Blackpool, England, is considered the most prestigious event a dancesport competitor can attend.

Ice dancing, which becme a Winter Olympic medal sport in 1976, is a form of figure skating which draws from the tradition of ballroom dancing.

Elements of competition

Intermediate level international style latin dancing at the 2006 MIT ballroom dance competition. A judge stands in the foreground.

In competition ballroom dancers are judged by diverse criteria such as connection, frame, posture, speed, timing, proper body alignment, proper usage of weight, and footwork. Judging performance-oriented sport such as DanceSport is inevitably subjective in nature, and controversy and complaints from competitors over judging placements are not uncommon. The scorekeepers—called scrutineers—will tally the total number recalls accumulated by each couple through each round until the finals, when the Skating system is used to place each couple by ordinals, typically 1-6, though the number of couples in the final can vary.

Medal examinations enable dancers' abilities to be recognized according to conventional standards. In medal exams, each dancer performs two or more dances in a certain genre (e.g., International Standard) in front of a judge. In North America, examination levels include Newcomer, Bronze, Silver, Gold and Championship. Each of these levels may be further subdivided into either two or four separate sections.

Among professional ballroom dancers, levels classify from Rising Star to Open Professional - needs more info.David

Social Dances and DanceSport

With the new definition of dancesport the term 'ballroom dance' can be much narrower in scope, usually referring specifically to the International Standard and International Latin style dances (see dance categories below.) In the United States, two additional variations—"American Smooth" and "American Rhythm"—have also been popularized and are commonly recognized as styles of "ballroom dance."

The dance technique used for both International and American styles is identical, but International Standard allows only closed dance positions, whereas American Smooth allows closed, open and separated dance movements. In addition, different sets of dance patterns are usually taught for the two styles. International Latin and American Rhythm have different styling, and have different dance patterns in their respective syllabi.

Others dances sometimes placed under the umbrella of "ballroom dance" include Nightclub Dances such as Lindy Hop, West Coast Swing, Nightclub Two Step, Hustle, Salsa, and Merengue. The categorization of dances as "ballroom dance" has always been fluid, with new dances or folk dances being added to or removed from the ballroom repertoire occasionally.

In Europe, Latin Swing dances include Argentine Tango, Mambo, Lindy Hop, Swing Boogie (sometimes also known as Nostalgic Boogie), and Disco Fox. One example of this is the subcategory of Cajun dances that originated in New Orleans, with branches reaching both coasts of the United States.

Standard/Smooth dances are normally danced to Western music (often from the mid-twentieth century), and couples dance counter-clockwise around a rectangular floor following the line of dance. In competitions, competitors are costumed as would be appropriate for a white tie affair, with full gowns for the ladies and bow tie and tail coats for the men; though in American Smooth it is now conventional for the men to abandon the tailsuit in favor of shorter tuxedos, vests, and other creative outfits.

Latin/Rhythm dances are commonly danced to contemporary Latin American music, and with the exception of a few traveling dances (e.g. Samba and Paso Doble) couples do not follow the line of dance and perform their routines more or less in one place. In competitions, the women are often dressed in short-skirted latin outfits while the men are outfitted in tight-fitting shirts and pants; The goal of the dance attire is to bring emphasis to the dancers' leg action and body movements.

Filmography

• Mad Hot Ballroom Retrieved January 7, 2009.
• Hollywood Dance Videos January 7, 2009.

International Style

International Standard

Slow Waltz - Tango - Viennese Waltz - Slow Foxtrot - Quickstep

International Latin

Cha Cha - Samba - Rumba - Paso Doble - Jive

American Style

American Smooth

Waltz - Tango - Foxtrot - Viennese Waltz

American Rhythm

Cha Cha - Rumba - East Coast Swing - Bolero - Mambo

Historical/Vintage Dance

Waltz - Polka - Schottische - Tango - One-Step - Foxtrot

Other dances occasionally categorized as ballroom

Nightclub

Nightclub Two-step - Hustle - Modern Jive / LeRoc / Ceroc - and the whole swing variety: West Coast Swing / East Coast Swing (always included in the "Rhythm-Swing" category) / Carolina Shag / Collegiate Shag

Latin nightclub

Salsa - Merengue - Cumbia - Bachata - Cha cha - Samba

Brazilian Dances

Forró - Pagode - Samba - Lambada

Country/Western

Polka - Cha-cha-cha - Two-step - Waltz...

also referred to as "Country and Western" or C/W:

C/W Polka - C/W Cha-cha - C/W Two-step - C/W Waltz...

Cajun dances

Cajun One Step or Cajun Jig - Cajun Two Step - Zydeco - Cajun Waltz - Cajun Jitterbug

Other

Argentine tango

Peabody

Cabaret.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Buckman, Peter. Let's Dance: Social Ballroom & Folk Dancing. New York: Paddington Press, 1978 ISBN 0709200463
• Gallafent, Edward. Astaire and Rogers. New York: Columbia University Press ISBN 0231126263
• Laird, Walter. The Ballroom Dance Pack. ISBN 978-1564584830
• Vigée-Le Brun, Louise-Élisabeth, and Claudine Herrmann. 1984. Souvenirs. 2. Paris: Des Femmes. OCLC 79301947

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Ballroom dance

• Home Page. International DanceSport Federation.
• Home Page. USA Dance.
• Ballroom dancing gaining favor as next potential Olympic sport
• Home Page. Canadian Amateur DanceSport Association.
• Learn to Ballroom Dance online
• The History of Ballroom Dancing
• Ballroom Dancing Is Hot to Fox Trot
• Ballroom Dancing Is Back in the Swing Again
• ArthurMurray.com Retrieved January 10, 2009

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