Illinois

Template:US state

The State of Illinois is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Illinois is the most populous state in the Midwest and the fifth most populous in the nation, and has a large and cosmopolitan population. Its balance of vast suburbs and the great metropolis of Chicago in the northeast, rural areas, small industrial cities, renowned agricultural productivity in central and western Illinois, and the coal mines of the south give it a highly diverse economic base. Its central location, connecting the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River via the Illinois River and the I and M Canal, have made it a transportation hub for 150 years. It is this mixture of factory and farm, urban and rural, that makes Illinois a microcosm of the United States. An Associated Press analysis of 21 demographic factors determined Illinois was the "most average state. "

About 2,000 Native American hunters and a small number of French villagers inhabited the area at the time of the American Revolution. American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1810s; they achieved statehood in 1818. Later settlers arrived and dominated the north, founding Chicago in the 1830s. The coming of the railroads in the 1850s made highly profitable the rich prairie farmlands in central Illinois, attracting large numbers of immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden. Northern Illinois provided major support for Illinoisans Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant during the American Civil War. By 1900, factories were being rapidly built in the northern cities, along with coal mines in central and southern areas. This industrialization attracted large numbers of immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe, and also led to the state's material contribution as a major arsenal in both world wars. In addition to immigrants from Europe, large numbers of African Americans left the cotton fields of the South to work in Chicago's factories and foundries.

Geography

Chicago, the largest city in Illinois

The state is named for the French adaptation of an Algonquian language (perhaps Miami) word apparently meaning "s/he speaks normally" (Miami ilenweewa, Proto-Algonquian *elen-, "ordinary" and -wē, "to speak"). Alternately, the name is often associated with the indigenous Illiniwek people, a consortium of Algonquian tribes that thrived in the area. The name Illiniwek is frequently said to mean "tribe of superior men"; in reality, it only means "men".

The northeastern border of Illinois is Lake Michigan. Its eastern border with Indiana is the Wabash River north to Vincennes, Indiana, and a north-south line above Post Vincennes at 87° 31′ 30″ west longitude. The northern border with Wisconsin is fixed at 42° 30' north latitude. The Mississippi River forms the western border with Missouri and Iowa. The Ohio River to the south is the border with Kentucky]. A boundary line through Lake Michigan represents Illinois's border with Michigan, but only via a water boundary in Lake Michigan.

Illinois has three major geographical divisions. The first, Northern Illinois, is dominated by the Chicago metropolitan area, including the city of Chicago, its suburbs, and the adjoining exurban area. As defined by the federal government, the Chicago metro area includes a few counties in Indiana and Wisconsin and stretches across much of northeastern Illinois. The region is cosmopolitan, densely populated, industrialized, and settled by a wide variety of ethnic groups.

The second major division is Central Illinois, an area of mostly flat prairie, south and west of the metropolitan area, characterized by small towns and mid-sized cities. The western section (west of the Illinois River) was originally part of the Military Tract of 1812 and forms the distinctive western bulge of the state. Agriculture, particularly corn and soybeans, as well as educational institutions and manufacturing centers, figure prominently. Cities include Peoria (the third largest metropolitan area in Illinois at 370,000), Springfield (the state capital), Quincy, Decatur, Bloomington-Normal, and Champaign-Urbana.

Illinois, showing major cities and roads

The third division is Southern Illinois, all of the area south of U.S. Route 50, including Little Egypt, near the confluence of the Mississippi River and Ohio River. This region has a warmer climate, a different mix of crops (including some cotton farming in the past), and more rugged topography. The southern tip of Illinois was unglaciated; most of the rest of the state was glaciated during the Illinoian Age and earlier ages. There are small-scale oil deposits and coal mining as well. The area is a little more populated than the central part of the state with the population centered in two areas. First, the Illinois suburbs of St. Louis comprise the second most populous metropolitan area in Illinois with nearly 600,000 inhabitants, and are known collectively as the Metro-East. The second area is Williamson County, Jackson County, Franklin County, Saline County and Perry County, home to around 210,000 residents.

In extreme northwestern Illinois lies the Driftless Zone, a second small region of unglaciated, more rugged topography. Charles Mound, located in this region, has the state's highest elevation at 1,235 feet (376 m). Some argue that the highest elevation in Illinois is at the top of the Sears Tower, approximately 2,030 feet (619 m) above sea level. [Chicago elevation (580 ft. or 177 m) + tower height (1450, or 442 m) = 2030 (619 m).]

The ancient city of Cahokia sits on the floodplain of the Mississippi River, between Alton and the Kaskaskia. It was a region of early French settlement, as well as the site of the first state capital, at Kaskaskia which is separated from the rest of the state by the Mississippi River.

See also List of Illinois counties, List of Illinois county name etymologies

Climate

Because of its nearly 400 mile (640 km) length and mid-continental situation, Illinois has a widely varying climate. Most of Illinois has a humid continental climate (Koppen climate classification Dfa) with hot, humid summers and cool to cold winters. The southernmost part of the state, from about Carbondale southward, borders on a humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa) with more moderate winters. Average yearly precipitation for Illinois varies from just over 48 inches (1,220 mm) at the southern tip to around 35 inches (890 mm) in the northern portion of the state. Normal annual snowfall exceeds 38 inches (96 cm) in Chicagoland, while the southern portion of the state normally receives less than 14 inches (35 cm). The highest temperature recorded in Illinois was 117°F (47°C), recorded on July 14, 1954, at East St. Louis, while the lowest temperature was -36°F (-38°C), recorded on January 5, 1999, at Congerville.

Illinois averages around 50 days of thunderstorm activity a year putting it somewhat above the average for the United States. Illinois is vulnerable to tornadoes with an average of 35 annually, meaning there are around 5 tornadoes per 10,000 square miles. The deadliest tornado on record in the nation struck largely in Illinois. The Tri-State Tornado of 1925 killed 695 people in three states; 613 of the victims lived in Illinois.

Recreation

Illinois has many museums, including the Burpee Museum of Natural History in Rockford featuring the dinosaur fossil "Jane the Rockford T-Rex". The state of the art Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield is the largest presidential library in the country. And many museums in Chicago are considered some of the best in the world. These include the John G. Shedd Aquarium, the Field Museum of Natural History, the Art Institute of Chicago, and the Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago). The Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) is the only building remaining from the 1893 Columbian Exposition held in Chicago to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Columbus' discovery of the new world.

The Illinois state park system began in 1908 with what is now Fort Massac State Park. The Illinois state parks system encompasses over 60 parks and about the same number of recreational and wildlife areas.

Areas under the protection and control of the National Park Service include the Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor near Lockport, the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail, the Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield, the Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail, and the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail.

History

Evening sky over a grain elevator west of Champaign

Pre-Columbian

Copper plates found at pre-Columbian burial sites in Illinois.

Cahokia, the center of the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture that, at its height, reached from present-day Minnesota to Florida, was located near present-day Collinsville, Illinois. Cahokia had a population of over 20,000 around 800 to 900 BP and spread over 6 square miles (15.5 km²) ref: http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/cahokia.html That civilization vanished in the 15th century for unknown reasons. The next major power in the region was the Illiniwek Confederation, or Illini, a political alliance among several tribes. There were about 25,000 Illinois in 1700, but systematic attacks resulted in genocide by the Iroquois reducing their numbers by 90%. Members of the Potawatomi, Miami, Sauk, and other tribes came in from the east and north. During the American Revolution, the Illinois and Potawatomi supported the American cause.

European exploration

French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet explored the Illinois River in 1673. As a result of their exploration, Illinois was part of the French empire until 1763, when it passed to the British. The small French settlements continued; a few British soldiers were posted in Illinois but there were no British or American settlers. In 1778 George Rogers Clark claimed the Illinois Country for Virginia. The area was ceded by Virginia to the new United States in 1783 and became part of the Northwest Territory.

19th century

The Illinois-Wabash Company was an early claimant to much of Illinois. The Illinois Territory was created on February 3 1809, with its capital at Kaskaskia. In 1818, Illinois became the 21st U.S. state after exaggerating its population totals. The new state debated slavery then rejected it, as settlers poured into southern Illinois from Kentucky.

Thanks to Nathaniel Pope, the delegate from Illinois, Congress shifted the northern border 41 miles north to 42° 30' north, which added 8,500 square miles to the state, including Chicago, Galena and the lead mining region. The capital remained at Kaskaskia, but in 1819 it was moved to Vandalia. In the 1832 Black Hawk War tribes that had removed to Iowa attempted to return, but were defeated by the militia and forced back to Iowa.

The winter of 1830-1831 is called the "Winter of the Deep Snow." A sudden, deep snowfall blanketed the state, making travel impossible for the rest of the winter. Many travelers perished. Several severe winters followed, including the "Winter of the Sudden Freeze." On December 20 1836, a fast-moving cold front passed through, freezing standing water in minutes and killing many travelers who could not reach shelter. The adverse weather resulted in crop failures in the northern part of the state. The southern part of the state shipped food north and this may have contributed to its name: "Little Egypt," after the Biblical story of Joseph in Egypt supplying grain to his brothers.

Illinois is known as the "Land of Lincoln" because the 16th President spent most of his life here, practicing law and living in Springfield. In 1837, with Lincoln's support and urging, the General Assembly voted to move the capital to Springfield. Illinois was not a strong anti-slavery state. In 1853, led by Democrat John A. Logan, the legislature passed a Black Code designed to keep free blacks out of the state.

By 1839 the Mormon utopian city of Nauvoo, located on the Mississippi River, was created and settled, and flourished. In 1844 the Mormon leader Joseph Smith was killed in the Carthage, Illinois jail. After nearly six years of rapid development, Nauvoo, which rivaled Chicago as Illinois' largest city, saw a rapid decline. In 1846 the Mormons had left Illinois for the West in a mass exodus.

Chicago gained prominence as a Great Lakes port and then as an Illinois and Michigan Canal port after 1848, and as a rail hub soon afterward. By 1857, Chicago was Illinois' largest city. Its location was a major factor in Chicago's rapid growth. Natural resources and raw materials poured into Chicago from the central plains and were transformed into finished goods to be shipped to the population centers in the East. Grain, lumber, and livestock were the foundation to the 19th century Chicago; the expansion of the railroads and innovations like refrigerator railcars meant that Chicago could ship food products farther and capture new markets. ref: Cronon, W. Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. 1991. ISBN 0-393-30873-1. Emigrants provided the labor; poor working conditions and exploitation exposed by so-called Muckrakers like Upton Sinclair led to labor activism. The Haymarket Riots of May 1 - 4, 1886, a mass demonstration demanding an eight hour work day resulted in the death of a police officer. Eight participants were convicted and sentenced to death for inciting the riots; four were hanged, one committed suicide in prison, and the three remaining had their sentences commuted to life imprisonment. The brutal treatment of the demonstrators led to worldwide calls for clemency for those convicted; May 1 was designated as International Workers Day to commemorate the events of May 1886. ref: http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/timeline/haymarket.html

Further information: History of Chicago

American Civil War

During the American Civil War, over 250,000 Illinois men served in the Union Army, more than any other northern state except New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Beginning with President Lincoln's first call for troops and continuing throughout the war, Illinois mustered 150 infantry regiments, which were numbered from the 7th to the 156th regiments. Seventeen cavalry regiments were also gathered, as well as two light artillery regiments.

Twentieth century

In the 20th century, Illinois emerged as one of the most important states in the union with a population of nearly 5 million. By the end of the century, the population would reach 12.4 million. The Century of Progress world's fair was held at Chicago in 1933. Oil strikes in Marion County and Crawford County lead to a boom in 1937, and, by 1939, Illinois ranked 4th in U.S. oil production.

Following World War II, Argonne National Laboratory, near Chicago, activated the first experimental nuclear power generating system in United States in 1957. By 1960, the first privately financed nuclear plant in United States, Dresden 1, was dedicated near Morris. Chicago became an ocean port with the opening of the Saint Lawrence Seaway, in 1959. The seaway and the Illinois Waterway connected Chicago to both the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Ocean. In 1960, Ray Kroc opened the first McDonald's franchise in Des Plaines.

In 1970, the state's sixth constitutional convention authored a new constitution to replace the 1870 version. It was ratified in December. The first Farm Aid concert was held in Champaign to benefit American farmers, in 1985. The worst upper Mississippi River flood of the century, the Great Flood of 1993, inundated many towns and thousands of acres of farmland.

Demographics

Illinois Population Density Map

As of 2006, Illinois has an estimated population of 12,831,970, which is an increase of 65,200 from the prior year and an increase of 412,323, or 3.3%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase of 481,799 people (that is 1,138,398 births minus 656,599 deaths) since the last census and a decrease due to net migration out of the state of 71,456 people. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in an increase of 402,257 people, and migration within the country produced a loss of 473,713 people.

As of 2004 there were 1,682,900 foreign-born (13.3%).

At the northern edge of the state on Lake Michigan lies Chicago, the nation's third largest city. In 2000, 23.3% of the population lived in the city of Chicago, 43.3% in Cook County and 65.6% in the counties of the Chicago metro area; Will, DuPage, Kane, Lake, and McHenry Counties as well as Cook County. The rest of the population lives in the smaller cities and in the rural areas that dot the state's plains. According to the 2000 census, the state population center was 41.278216° N 88.380238° W in Grundy County northeast of Mazon.

The five largest ancestry groups in Illinois are: German American (19.6%), African American (15.1%), Irish American (12.2%), Mexican American (9.2%), and Polish-American (7.5%). Nearly three in ten whites in Illinois claimed at least partial German ancestry on the Census. Blacks are present in large numbers in the city of Chicago, East St. Louis, and the southern tip of the state. Residents citing American and British ancestry are especially concentrated in the southeastern part of the state. Metropolitan Chicago has the greatest numbers of people of Irish, Mexican, and Polish ancestry.

7.1% of Illinois' population was reported as under age 5, 26.1% under age 18, and 12.1% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51% of the population.

According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 10.85% of the population aged 5 and older speak Spanish at home, while 1.60% speak Polish [13].

Religion

Protestants are the largest religious group in Illinois. However, Illinois is not as heavily Protestant as neighboring states are. Roman Catholics, who are heavily concentrated in and around Chicago, account for 30% of the population. Chicago and its suburbs are also home to a large population of Hindus, Jews, Muslims and Sikhs. Willmette is home to one of the seven Baha'i temples in the world, the Baha'i House of Worship for the North American Continent. ref:http://www.bahai.us/bahai-temple.

Economy

The 2004 total gross state product for Illinois was nearly $522 billion USD, placing it 5th highest in the nation. The 2004 per capita income was $34,721 USD.

Illinois's state income tax is calculated by multiplying net income by a flat rate, currently 3%. There are two rates for state sales tax: 6.25% for general merchandise and 1% for qualifying food, drugs and medical appliances. The property tax is the largest single tax in Illinois, and is the major source of tax revenue for local government taxing districts. The property tax is a local—not state—tax, imposed by local government taxing districts. The property tax in Illinois is imposed only on real property.

Agricultural and industry

Illinois's agricultural outputs are corn, soybeans, hogs, cattle, dairy products, and wheat. In most years Illinois is the leading state for the production of soybeans [14], with a harvest of 500 million bushels in 2004. Illinois is ranked second in total corn production. Illinois' universities are actively researching alternative crops.

As of 2004, the leading manufacturing industries in Illinois, based upon value-added, were chemical manufacturing ($16.6 billion), food manufacturing ($14.4 billion), machinery manufacturing ($13.6 billion), fabricated metal products ($10.5 billion), plastics and rubber products ($6.8 billion), transportation equipment ($6.7 billion), and computer and electronic products ($6.4 billion). Important non-manufacturing industries include financial services, publishing, petroleum, and coal.

Energy

Illinois is a net importer of fuels for energy, despite large coal resources and some minor oil production. The state is ranked fifth among states in electricity production and seventh in electricity consumption.

Coal

About 68% of Illinois has coal-bearing strata of the Pennsylvanian geologic period. According to the Illinois State Geological Survey, 211 billion tons of bituminous coal are estimated to lie under the surface, having a total heating value greater than the estimated oil deposits in the Arabian Peninsula. However, this coal has a high sulfur content, which causes acid rain unless special equipment is used to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions. Many Illinois power plants are not equipped to burn high-sulfur coal. In 1999, Illinois produced 40.4 million tons of coal, but only 17 million tons (42%) of Illinois coal was consumed in Illinois. Most of the coal produced in Illinois is exported to other states, while much of the coal burned for power in Illinois (21 million tons in 1998) is mined in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming.

Mattoon and Tuscola, Illinois are being considered as sites for the Department of Energy's FutureGen project, a 275 megawatt experimental zero emission coal-burning power plant.

Petroleum

Illinois is a leading refiner of petroleum in the American Midwest, with a combined crude oil distillation capacity of nearly 0.9 million barrels per day. However, Illinois has very limited crude oil proved reserves that account for less than 1% of U.S. crude oil proved reserves. Residential heating is 81% natural gas compared to less than 1% heating oil. Illinois is ranked 14th in oil production among states, with a daily output of approximately 28,000 barrels in 2005.

Nuclear power

File:Byron Nuclear Generating Station.jpg

Byron Nuclear Generating Station, in Ogle County.

It could be said that nuclear power began in Illinois with the Chicago Pile-1, the world's first artificial self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction in the world's first nuclear reactor, built on the University of Chicago campus. As of 2006, Illinois has 6 nuclear power plants that contain 11 electricity producing reactors. As of January 1, 2005, Illinois ranked 1st among the 31 States with nuclear capacity.

Wind power

Illinois has seen growing interest in the use of wind power for electrical generation. Most of Illinois is rated "fair" for wind energy production by the Department of Energy, with some western sections rated "good" and parts of the south rated "poor." Currently, there are four major wind farms in Illinois; the two largest farms each have a production capacity over 50 megawatts. A number of larger projects have also been proposed. Although it currently represents only a negligible part of Illinois' energy production, it is estimated that wind power could provide 5-10% of the state's energy needs.[15]

Biofuels

Illinois is ranked second in corn production among U.S. states, and Illinois corn is used to produce 40% of the ethanol consumed in the United States. The Archer Daniels Midland corporation in Decatur, Illinois is the world's leading producer of ethanol from corn.

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is one of the partners in the Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI), a $500 million biofuels research project funded by petroleum giant BP. Illinois Gov. Rod Blagojevich recently announced a $25 million grant program to fund the construction of five new ethanol and biodiesel plants in Illinois.

Transportation

File:CurrentIllinoisPlate.gif

The sample version of the current Illinois passenger license plate introduced in 2001.

Because of its central location and its proximity to the Rust Belt and Grain Belt, Illinois is a national crossroads for rail, auto, and truck traffic.

Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD) is one of the busiest airports in the world, with 62 million domestic and 12 million international passengers annually. See [16]</ref> Chicago Midway International Airport (MDW) is the secondary airport serving metro Chicago, with 19 million passengers in 2006.

Illinois has an extensive rail network transporting both passengers and freight. Chicago is a national Amtrak hub. Nearly every North American railway meets at Chicago, making it one of the largest and most active rail hubs in the world. Extensive commuter rail is provided in the city proper and immediate northern suburbs by the Chicago Transit Authority's 'L' system. The largest suburban commuter rail system in the United States, operated by Metra, uses existing rail lines to provide direct commuter rail access for hundreds of suburbs to the city and beyond.

Major U.S. Interstate highways crossing the state include: I-24, I-39, I-55, I-57, I-64, I-70, I-72, I-74, I-80, I-88, I-90, and I-94.

In addition to the state's rail lines, the Mississippi River and Illinois River provide major routes for the state's agricultural interests. Lake Michigan connects Illinois to all waterways east.

Law and government

Illinois Government
Governor of Illinois	Rod Blagojevich (D)
Lieutenant Governor of Illinois:	Pat Quinn (D)
Attorney General of Illinois:	Lisa Madigan (D)
Secretary of State of Illinois:	Jesse White (D)
Comptroller of Illinois:	Daniel Hynes (D)
Treasurer of Illinois:	Alexi Giannoulias (D)
Senior United States Senator:	Richard J. Durbin (D)
Junior United States Senator:	Barack Obama (D)

Illinois Symbols
State animal:	White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
State amphibian:	Eastern Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum)
State bird:	Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)
State capital:	Springfield
State dance:	Square dance
State fish:	Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)
State flower:	Purple violet (Viola sororia)
State fossil:	Tully Monster (Tullimonstrum gregarium)
State insect:	Monarch Butterfly
State mineral:	Fluorite
State motto:	"State sovereignty, national union"
State Nickname:	The Prairie State
State prairie grass:	Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii)
State reptile:	Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta)
State slogan:	"Land of Lincoln"
State snack:	Popcorn
State soil:	Drummer Silty Clay Loam
State song:	"Illinois"
State tree:	White oak (Quercus alba)
Source:	Illinois Symbols. Accessed on April 20, 2006.

The state government of Illinois is modeled after the Kentucky model with some adaptations. As codified in the state constitution, there are three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. The executive branch is led by the Governor of Illinois. Legislative functions are given to the Illinois General Assembly, composed of the 118-member Illinois House of Representatives and the 59-member Illinois Senate. The judiciary is comprised of the Supreme Court of Illinois, which oversees the lower appellate and circuit courts.

The dome on the Illinois State Capitol in Springfield is taller than the dome on the United States Capitol.

Politics

Historically, Illinois has been a major battleground state between the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. As evidenced by increasing Democratic margins in recent elections, it has gradually shifted more Democratic at the national and state level, and now leans solidly Democratic in national elections to become the most Democratic state in the Midwest. Traditionally Cook, Rock Island, Madison, and St. Clair (near St. Louis) counties have been Democratic strongholds, while the suburbs of Chicago and most of the rest of the state have been historically Republican. Both Lake County and DuPage County, locally referred to as the "collar counties," while still mostly Republican, have been trending towards the Democrats. Small cities and towns are typically Republican strongholds. Illinois voted for Democratic presidential candidates in the last four elections. John Kerry easily won the state's 21 electoral votes in 2004 by a margin of 11 percentage points with 54.8% of the vote despite winning outright in only 15 of 102 counties.

Politics in the state (primarily in Chicago) have been famous for over a century for high visibility corruption cases, as well as for crusading reformers. In 2006, former Governor George Ryan (R) was convicted of racketeering and bribery. In the late 20th century Congressman Dan Rostenkowski (Dem) was imprisoned for mail fraud; former governor and federal judge Otto Kerner, Jr. (D) was imprisoned for bribery; and State Auditor of Public Accounts (Comptroller) Orville Hodge (R) was imprisoned for embezzlement. In 1912 William Lorimer, the GOP boss of Chicago, was expelled from the U.S. Senate for bribery, and in 1921 Governor Len Small (R) was found to have defrauded the state of a million dollars.

Illinois has the unique distinction of having popularly elected two of the five African-Americans who have served in the US Senate: Carol Moseley-Braun and Barack Obama.

Largest cities

Chicago is the largest city in the state and the third most populous city in the United States. The US Bureau of the Census currently lists six other cities with populations of over 100,000 within Illinois. Based upon the Bureau's official 2005 scientific estimates, [17] they are: Aurora, a Chicago suburb which at 168,181 has recently (2002) eclipsed Rockford for the title of "Second City" of Illinois. However, at 152,916, Rockford is not only the number three city, but also remains the largest city in the state not located within the Chicago metropolitan area. Naperville, another suburb located west of Chicago, is the fourth largest city in the state, with a population of 141,579. Joliet, a city southwest of Chicago, is fifth with 136,208. Springfield, the state capital of Illinois, comes in sixth with 115,668. The final city in the 100,000 club is Peoria, which decades ago was actually the second largest city in the state; its 2005 population was 112,685.

Chicago's skyline

Education

Rockefeller Chapel, constructed in 1928, is the tallest structure on the University of Chicago campus.

Illinois State Board of Education

The Illinois State Board of Education or ISBE, autonomous of the governor and the state legislature, administers public education in the state. Local municipalities and their respective school districts operate individual public schools but the ISBE audits performance of public schools with the Illinois School Report Card. The ISBE also makes recommendations to state leaders concerning education spending and policies.

Primary and secondary schools

The main quad at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Education is compulsory from kindergarten through the twelfth grade in Illinois, often divided into three tiers of primary and secondary education: elementary school, middle school or junior high school and high school. District territories are often complex in structure.

Colleges and universities

Education has always been a high priority in Illinois, as attested by the large number of colleges and universities in the state. The three most prominent research universities are the University of Chicago, Northwestern University, and the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, the latter being the only public university of the three. Other public universities include the University of Illinois at Chicago and Springfield (which are branches of the University of Illinois System), as well as Illinois State University (1857), Southern Illinois University (1869), Northern Illinois University (1895), Eastern Illinois University (1895), and Western Illinois University (1899). Illinois supports 49 public community colleges in the Illinois Community College System, as well as dozens of private colleges and universities.

Sports

Soldier Field following renovation.

Because of its large population, Chicago is the focus of most professional sports in Illinois; outside of the Chicago area, professional teams in St. Louis and Indianapolis are also supported. Chicago is home of 15 different professional sports teams, some of which have national followings.

The Chicago Cubs of the National League play in the second-oldest major league stadium and are renowned as "lovable losers" whose fans are nevertheless famously dedicated. They won the World Series in 1907 and 1908. The Chicago White Sox of the American League won the World Series championship in 2005, their first since 1917. The Chicago Bears football team has won 9 total NFL Championships, the last occurring in Super Bowl XX. The city's Arena Football League team, the Chicago Rush, won ArenaBowl XX. The Chicago Bulls of the NBA are one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world, thanks to the heroics of Michael Jordan, often cited as the best ever. He led the team to six championships in eight seasons in the 1990s. The Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL began playing in 1926 as a member of the Original Six and have won several Stanley Cups. The Chicago Fire soccer club are members of MLS and are one of the league's most successful and best-supported since its founding in 1997. Chicago also has a professional Lacrosse team, the Chicago Machine.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Biles, Roger. 2005. Illinois a history of the land and its people. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0875803490 and ISBN 9780875803494
• Bridges, Roger D., and Rodney O. Davis. 1984. Illinois its history & legacy. St. Louis, Mo: River City Publishers. ISBN 0933150865 and ISBN 9780933150867
• Cole, Arthur Charles. 1971. The era of the Civil War, 1848-1870. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press. ISBN 083695646X and ISBN 9780836956467
• Cronon, William. 1991. "Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West". W.W. Norton:New York. ISBN 0393308731.
• Davis, James Edward. 1998. Frontier Illinois. A history of the trans-Appalachian frontier. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253334233 and ISBN 9780253334237
• Gove, Samuel Kimball, and James Dunlap Nowlan. 1996. Illinois politics & government the expanding metropolitan frontier. Politics and governments of the American states. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803270143 and ISBN 9780803270145
• Grossman, James R., Ann Durkin Keating, and Janice L. Reiff. 2004. The encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226310159 and ISBN 9780226310152
• Hallwas, John E. 1986. Illinois literature the nineteenth century. Macomb, Ill. (P.O. Box 25, Macomb 61455): Illinois Heritage Press.
• Howard, Robert P. 1972. Illinois; a history of the Prairie State. Grand Rapids, Mich: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. ISBN 0802870252 and ISBN 9780802870254
• Jensen, Richard J. 2001. Illinois a history. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252070216 and ISBN 9780252070211
• Keiser, John H. 1977. Building for the centuries Illinois, 1865 to 1898. The Sesquicentennial history of Illinois, v. 4. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252006178 and ISBN 9780252006173
• Meyer, Douglas K. 2000. Making the heartland quilt a geographical history of settlement and migration in early-nineteenth-century Illinois. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 058537905X and ISBN 9780585379050
• Kilduff, Dorrell, and C. H. Pygman. 1962. Illinois; history, government, geography. Chicago: Follett.
• Kleppner, Paul. 1988. Political atlas of Illinois. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0875801366 and ISBN 9780875801360
• Peck, John Mason. 1993. A gazetteer of Illinois. A Heritage classic. Bowie, MD: Heritage Books. ISBN 1556137826 and ISBN 9781556137822
• Sutton, Robert P. 1976. The Prairie State ; a documentary history of Illinois. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. ISBN 0802816517 and ISBN 9780802816511
• Walton, Clyde C. 1970. An Illinois reader. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0875800149 and ISBN 9780875800141
• United States, and Federal Writers' Project. 1983. The WPA guide to Illinois the Federal Writers' Project guide to 1930s Illinois. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0394721950 and ISBN 9780394721958

External links

• United States Geological Survey. Science In Your Backyard: Illinois. Retrieved October 28, 2007.
• U.S. Census Bureau. Illinois. Retrieved October 28, 2007.
• United States Department of Agriculture. State Fact Sheets: Illinois. Retrieved October 28, 2007.

Political divisions of the United States

States Alabama | Alaska | Arizona | Arkansas | California | Colorado | Connecticut | Delaware | Florida | Georgia | Hawaii | Idaho | Illinois | Indiana | Iowa | Kansas | Kentucky | Louisiana | Maine | Maryland | Massachusetts | Michigan | Minnesota | Mississippi | Missouri | Montana | Nebraska | Nevada | New Hampshire | New Jersey | New Mexico | New York | North Carolina | North Dakota | Ohio | Oklahoma | Oregon | Pennsylvania | Rhode Island | South Carolina | South Dakota | Tennessee | Texas | Utah | Vermont | Virginia | Washington | West Virginia | Wisconsin | Wyoming Federal district District of Columbia Insular areas American Samoa | Baker Island | Guam | Howland Island | Jarvis Island | Johnston Atoll | Kingman Reef | Midway Atoll | Navassa Island | Northern Mariana Islands | Palmyra Atoll | Puerto Rico | Virgin Islands | Wake Island

Credits

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• Illinois  ^history

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• History of "Illinois"

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