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'''Dhaka''' ([[Geographical renaming|previously]] '''Dacca'''; {{lang-bn|ঢাকা}} ''Ḍhākā''; {{IPA2|ɖʱaka}}) is the [[capital]] of [[Bangladesh]] and the principal city of [[Dhaka District]]. Located on the banks of the [[Buriganga River]], Dhaka, along with its [[metropolitan area]], has a population of 11 million, making it the largest city in Bangladesh and one of the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|most populous]] in the world. | '''Dhaka''' ([[Geographical renaming|previously]] '''Dacca'''; {{lang-bn|ঢাকা}} ''Ḍhākā''; {{IPA2|ɖʱaka}}) is the [[capital]] of [[Bangladesh]] and the principal city of [[Dhaka District]]. Located on the banks of the [[Buriganga River]], Dhaka, along with its [[metropolitan area]], has a population of 11 million, making it the largest city in Bangladesh and one of the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|most populous]] in the world. | ||
| − | Under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]] in the 17th century, the city was also known as [[Jahangir Nagar]], and was both a provincial capital and a | + | Under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]] in the 17th century, the city was also known as [[Jahangir Nagar]], and was both a provincial capital and a center of the world-wide [[muslin]] trade. The modern city, however, was developed chiefly under [[British Raj|British rule]] in the 19th century, and soon became the second-largest city in [[Bengal]] after [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. With the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Dhaka became the administrative capital of [[East Pakistan]], and later, in 1972, the capital of an independent Bangladesh. During the intervening period, the city witnessed widespread turmoil; this included many impositions of [[martial law]], the declaration of Bangladesh's independence, [[Operation Searchlight|military suppression]], devastation during war, and natural calamities. |
| − | Modern Dhaka is the | + | Modern Dhaka is the center of [[Politics of Bangladesh|political]], [[Culture of Bangladesh|cultural]] and [[Economy of Bangladesh|economic]] life in Bangladesh. It has both the highest [[List of countries by literacy rate|literacy rate]] and the most diverse economy amongst Bangladeshi cities. Although its urban infrastructure is the most developed in the country, it nonetheless faces challenges such as [[pollution]], [[traffic congestion|congestion]], supply shortages, [[poverty]] and [[crime]]. In recent decades, Dhaka has seen modernization of [[Transport in Bangladesh|transport]], communications and public works. The city is attracting considerable foreign investment and greater volumes of commerce and trade. It is also experiencing an increasing influx of people from across the nation. |
==History== | ==History== | ||
| − | + | [[Image:Dhaka Lalbagh Fort 5.JPG|thumb|[[Lalbagh Fort]], constructed in the mid 17th century by Shaista Khan.]] | |
| − | [[Image:Dhaka Lalbagh Fort 5.JPG|thumb|[[Lalbagh Fort]], constructed in the mid 17th century by Shaista Khan.]] | + | The existence of urbanized settlements in the area that is now Dhaka dates from the 7th century. The area was ruled by the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] kingdom of [[Kamarupa (History)|Kamarupa]] and the [[Pala Empire]] before passing to the control of the [[Hindu]] [[Sena dynasty]] in the 9th century.<ref name="PMH">{{cite web |
| − | The existence of | ||
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| − | }}</ref> Many believe that the name of the city was derived after the establishment of the Goddess [[Dhakeshwari]]'s temple by [[Ballal Sena]] in the 12th century. Dhaka and its surrounding area was identified as ''Bengalla'' around that period. The town itself consisted of a few market centers like Lakshmi Bazar, Shankhari Bazar, Tanti Bazar, Patuatuli, Kumartuli, Bania Nagar and Goal Nagar. After the Sena dynasty, Dhaka was successively ruled by | + | }}</ref> Many believe that the name of the city was derived after the establishment of the Goddess [[Dhakeshwari]]'s temple by [[Ballal Sena]] in the 12th century. Dhaka and its surrounding area was identified as ''Bengalla'' around that period. The town itself consisted of a few market centers like Lakshmi Bazar, Shankhari Bazar, Tanti Bazar, Patuatuli, Kumartuli, Bania Nagar and Goal Nagar. After the Sena dynasty, Dhaka was successively ruled by [[Turkic peoples|Turkish]] and [[Pashtun people|Afghan]] governors descending from the [[Delhi Sultanate]] until the arrival of the Mughals in 1608.<ref name="PMH">{{cite web |
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | + | After the city was proclaimed the capital of Bengal under Mughal rule in 1608, townships developed and there was a significant growth in population. Mughal [[subahdar]] [[Islam Khan]] was the first administrator of the city.<ref name="UMR">{{cite web | |
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| − | }}</ref> Khan named the town "Jahangir Nagar" ''(City of Jahangir)'' in | + | }}</ref> Khan named the town "Jahangir Nagar" ''(City of Jahangir)'' in honor of the Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]], although this name was dropped soon after Jahangir's death. The main expansion of the city took place under Mughal general [[Shaista Khan]]. The city then measured 19 by 13 [[kilometer]]s (12 by 8 [[mile|mi]]), with a population of nearly a million people.<ref name="UMR">{{cite web |
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| − | }}</ref> The city passed to the control of the [[British East India Company]] in 1765 after the [[Battle of Plassey]]. The city's population shrank dramatically during this period as the prominence of [[Kolkata]] rose,<ref name="EIC">{{cite web | + | }}</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | The historical [[Chawk Mosque]], located in the bazaar area of the old town of Dhaka, south of the current city centre, was originally built during the rule of the [[Mughals]] in the 17th century and may be the earliest dated mosque built on a high vaulted [[Foundation (architecture)|foundation]] in [[Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web | ||
| + | |url=http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/C_0169.htm | ||
| + | |title=Chawk Mosque (Dhaka) | ||
| + | |accessdate=2007-07-06 | ||
| + | }}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===British Rule=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | The city passed to the control of the [[British East India Company]] in 1765 after the [[Battle of Plassey]]. The city's population shrank dramatically during this period as the prominence of [[Kolkata]] rose,<ref name="EIC">{{cite web | ||
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| − | }}</ref> but substantive development and | + | }}</ref> but substantive development and modernization eventually followed. Under British rule, many modern educational institutions, public works and townships were developed. A modern civic water supply system was introduced in 1874 and electricity supply launched in 1878.<ref name="BR">{{cite web |
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[[Image:Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban (Roehl).jpg|thumb|[[Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban]] houses the national parliament.]] | [[Image:Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban (Roehl).jpg|thumb|[[Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban]] houses the national parliament.]] | ||
| − | During the abortive [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1905, Dhaka was declared to be the capital of the newly established state of [[East Bengal#First partition, 1905–1912|Eastern Bengal and Assam]], but Bengal was reunited in 1911. Following the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of India]] in 1947, Dhaka became the capital of [[East Bengal]] as a part of the new [[Islamism|Muslim state]] of [[Pakistan]]. The city witnessed communal violence that left thousands of people dead. A large proportion of the city's [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindu]] population departed for [[India]], while the city received hundreds of thousands of [[Islam in Bangladesh|Muslim]] immigrants. The city's population rose dramatically in a very short period of time, | + | During the abortive [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1905, Dhaka was declared to be the capital of the newly established state of [[East Bengal#First partition, 1905–1912|Eastern Bengal and Assam]], but Bengal was reunited in 1911. |
| + | |||
| + | ===Capital of Bangladesh=== | ||
| + | Following the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of India]] in 1947, Dhaka became the capital of [[East Bengal]] as a part of the new [[Islamism|Muslim state]] of [[Pakistan]]. The city witnessed communal violence that left thousands of people dead. A large proportion of the city's [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindu]] population departed for [[India]], while the city received hundreds of thousands of [[Islam in Bangladesh|Muslim]] immigrants. The city's population rose dramatically in a very short period of time, creating severe shortages and infrastructural problems.<ref name="EP">{{cite web | ||
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| − | }}</ref> As the | + | }}</ref> As the center of regional politics, Dhaka saw an increasing number of political strikes and incidents of violence. The adoption of [[Urdu]] as the sole [[official language]] of Pakistan led to protest marches involving large crowds. Known as the [[Bengali Language Movement]], the protests resulted in police firing on and killing students who were demonstrating peacefully.<ref name="CALC">{{cite web |
| url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4014/is_200201/ai_n9028755/pg_2 | | url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4014/is_200201/ai_n9028755/pg_2 | ||
| title = Calcutta and Dhaka: A tale of two cities | | title = Calcutta and Dhaka: A tale of two cities | ||
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}}</ref> Throughout the 1950s and '60s, Dhaka remained a hotbed of political activity, and the demands for autonomy for the Bengali population gradually gained momentum. | }}</ref> Throughout the 1950s and '60s, Dhaka remained a hotbed of political activity, and the demands for autonomy for the Bengali population gradually gained momentum. | ||
| − | + | In 1970, the Bhola cyclone devastated much of the region, killing an estimated 500,000 people. More than half the city of Dhaka was flooded and millions of people were marooned.<ref name="Bhola">{{cite web | |
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| − | }}</ref> With public anger growing against ethnic discrimination and | + | }}</ref> With public anger growing against ethnic discrimination, and frustration with the inadequate cyclone relief efforts of the central government, Bengali politician [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] held a nationalist gathering on March 7, 1971, at the [[Suhrawardy Udyan|Race Course Ground]]. An estimated one million people attended the gathering, which lead to the March 26 declaration of Bangladesh's independence.<ref name="REF">{{cite web |
| url = http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/R_0022.HTM | | url = http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/R_0022.HTM | ||
| title = Mujib, (Bangabandhu) Sheikh Mujibur | | title = Mujib, (Bangabandhu) Sheikh Mujibur | ||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | ==Geography and | + | ==Geography and Climate== |
Dhaka is located in central Bangladesh at {{coor dms|23|42|0|N|90|22|30|E|type:city_region:BD}}, on the eastern banks of the [[Buriganga River]]. The city lies on the lower reaches of the [[Ganges Delta]] and covers a total area of 815.85 [[square kilometre]]s (315 [[square mile|sq mi]]).<ref name="Geo">{{cite web | Dhaka is located in central Bangladesh at {{coor dms|23|42|0|N|90|22|30|E|type:city_region:BD}}, on the eastern banks of the [[Buriganga River]]. The city lies on the lower reaches of the [[Ganges Delta]] and covers a total area of 815.85 [[square kilometre]]s (315 [[square mile|sq mi]]).<ref name="Geo">{{cite web | ||
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| − | }}</ref> [[Tropics|Tropical]] vegetation and moist soils | + | }}</ref> [[Tropics|Tropical]] vegetation and moist soils characterize the land, which is flat and close to sea level. This leaves Dhaka susceptible to flooding during the [[monsoon]] seasons owing to heavy rainfall and [[cyclone]]s. |
Dhaka experiences a hot, wet and humid tropical climate. The city is within the monsoon climate zone, with an annual average temperature of 25 [[Celsius|°C]] (77 [[Fahrenheit|°F]]) and monthly means varying between 18 °C (64 °F) in January and 29 °C (84 °F) in August.<ref name="Geo">{{cite web | Dhaka experiences a hot, wet and humid tropical climate. The city is within the monsoon climate zone, with an annual average temperature of 25 [[Celsius|°C]] (77 [[Fahrenheit|°F]]) and monthly means varying between 18 °C (64 °F) in January and 29 °C (84 °F) in August.<ref name="Geo">{{cite web | ||
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| − | }}</ref> | + | }}</ref> Dhaka is facing serious environmental threats from pollution caused by the city's rapid expansion, congestion and industrial activities. Increasing air and water pollution emanating from traffic congestion and industrial waste is affecting public health and the quality of life in the city.<ref name="Geo2">{{cite news |
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| − | }}</ref> Water bodies and [[wetland]]s around Dhaka are facing extinction as | + | }}</ref> Water bodies and [[wetland]]s around Dhaka are facing extinction as they are filled in to construct multi-storied buildings and other real estate developments. Coupled with pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy much of the regional biodiversity.<ref name="Geo2">{{cite news |
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| colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|''Source: [http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=032914&refer=/ WeatherBase.Com] | | colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|''Source: [http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=032914&refer=/ WeatherBase.Com] | ||
|} | |} | ||
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==Civic administration== | ==Civic administration== | ||
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| − | }}</ref> The [[Dhaka Education Board]] is responsible for administering all [[Education in Bangladesh|public schools]] and most private schools with the exception of English-medium schools and [[madrasah|madrassah]]s. All madrassahs in Bangladesh are governed by a central board while English-medium schools separate educational and governance structures. | + | }}</ref> The [[Dhaka Education Board]] is responsible for administering all [[Education in Bangladesh|public schools]] and most private schools with the exception of English-medium schools and [[madrasah|madrassah]]s. All madrassahs in Bangladesh are governed by a central board, while English-medium schools have separate educational and governance structures. |
Dhaka suffers from a chronically high crime rate and frequent incidences of political and religious violence.<ref name="Rel1">{{cite news | Dhaka suffers from a chronically high crime rate and frequent incidences of political and religious violence.<ref name="Rel1">{{cite news | ||
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| − | }}</ref> Only two-thirds of households in Dhaka are served by the city water supply system. More than 9.7 million | + | }}</ref> Only two-thirds of households in Dhaka are served by the city water supply system. More than 9.7 million tons of solid wastes are produced in Dhaka city each year. While private and government efforts have succeeded in collecting garbage city-wide and using it as [[manure]], most solid wastes are often dumped untreated in nearby low-lying areas and water bodies.<ref name="Geo2">{{cite news |
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| − | }}</ref> [[Hawker | + | }}</ref> [[Hawker center|Hawkers]], peddlers, small shops, [[rickshaw]]s transport, roadside vendors and stalls employ a large segment of the population<ref name="EDemo1">{{cite web |
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| − | }}</ref> Half the workforce is employed in household and | + | }}</ref> Half the workforce is employed in household and unorganized labour, while about 800,000 work in the [[textile]] industry. Even so, unemployment remains high at 23%.<ref name="Ecn">{{cite web |
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| − | }}</ref> According to ''CityMayors Statistics''[http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2005.html], Dhaka's GDP registered at $52 billion in 2005 with an annual growth rate of 6.1%. Its | + | }}</ref> According to ''CityMayors Statistics''[http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2005.html], Dhaka's GDP registered at $52 billion in 2005 with an annual growth rate of 6.1%. Its projected GDP for the year 2020 is $126 billion. The annual per capita income of Dhaka is estimated at $550, although a large segment of the population lives below the [[poverty line]], with many surviving on less than $3 a day.<ref name="CiE">{{cite news |
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[[Image:Durga puja in Dhakeshwari temple.jpg|thumb|Durga Puja at the [[Dhakeshwari Temple]]]] | [[Image:Durga puja in Dhakeshwari temple.jpg|thumb|Durga Puja at the [[Dhakeshwari Temple]]]] | ||
| − | As the most populous city of the nation, Dhaka has a vibrant cultural life. Annual celebrations for [[Bangladeshi Independence Day|Independence Day]] (March 26), [[Language Movement Day|Language Martyrs' Day]] (February 21) and [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)|Victory Day]] (December 16) are prominently held across the city. Dhaka's people congregate at the [[Shaheed Minar]] and the [[Jatiyo Smriti Soudho]] to celebrate the national heroes of the liberation war. These occasions are observed with public ceremonies and rallies in public grounds. Many schools and colleges | + | As the most populous city of the nation, Dhaka has a vibrant cultural life. Annual celebrations for [[Bangladeshi Independence Day|Independence Day]] (March 26), [[Language Movement Day|Language Martyrs' Day]] (February 21) and [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)|Victory Day]] (December 16) are prominently held across the city. Dhaka's people congregate at the [[Shaheed Minar]] and the [[Jatiyo Smriti Soudho]] to celebrate the national heroes of the liberation war. These occasions are observed with public ceremonies and rallies in public grounds. Many schools and colleges organize festivals and concerts.<ref name="Cul">{{cite web |
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| − | }}</ref> Large crowds of people gather on the streets of [[Shahbag]], [[Ramna Park]] and the campus of the [[University of Dhaka]] for celebrations. The most popular | + | }}</ref> Large crowds of people gather on the streets of [[Shahbag]], [[Ramna Park]] and the campus of the [[University of Dhaka]] for celebrations. The most popular style of dress for women is ''[[sari|sarees]]'' or ''[[salwar kameez]],'' while men usually prefer western clothing to the traditional ''[[lungi]]''. The ''[[Durga Puja]]'' is the most important Hindu festival of the year. Large processions of Hindus perform devotional songs, dances, prayers and ceremonies for Goddess [[Durga]].<ref name="Col">{{cite web |
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| − | }}</ref> The Muslim festivals of [[Eid ul-Fitr]] and [[Eid ul-Adha]] | + | }}</ref> The Muslim festivals of [[Eid ul-Fitr]] and [[Eid ul-Adha]] involve widespread celebrations, with large numbers of Muslims attending prayers in mosques across the city; Dhaka being known as the 'City of Mosques'.<ref name="Mos">{{cite news |
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
[[Image:Pohela boishakh 2.jpg|thumb|Bangla New Year celebration in Ramna park.]] | [[Image:Pohela boishakh 2.jpg|thumb|Bangla New Year celebration in Ramna park.]] | ||
| − | For much of recent history, Dhaka was | + | For much of recent history, Dhaka was characterized by roadside markets and small shops that sold a wide variety of goods. Recent years have seen the widespread construction of shopping malls, [[multiplex]]es, hotels and restaurants attracting Dhaka's growing middle-class and wealthy residents. Along with [[Cuisine of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi cuisine]] and [[South Asian cuisine|South Asian variants]], a large variety in [[Western cuisine|Western]] and [[Chinese cuisine]] are served at numerous restaurants and eateries.<ref name="CiE">{{cite news |
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| − | }}</ref> The [[ghazal]] songs of artists like [[Runa Laila]] and the works of the national poet [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore]] also widespread following across Dhaka.<ref name="Col">{{cite web | + | }}</ref> The [[ghazal]] songs of artists like [[Runa Laila]] and the works of the national poet [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] and of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] also have a widespread following across Dhaka.<ref name="Col">{{cite web |
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}}</ref> Indian and Pakistani music and films are popular with large segments of Dhaka's population. | }}</ref> Indian and Pakistani music and films are popular with large segments of Dhaka's population. | ||
| − | [[Bangladesh Betar]] is the state-run primary provider of radio services, and broadcasts a variety of programming in Bangla and English. In recent years many private radio networks have been established in the city. [[Bangladesh Television]] is the state-run broadcasting network that provides a wide variety of | + | [[Bangladesh Betar]] is the state-run primary provider of radio services, and broadcasts a variety of programming in Bangla and English. In recent years many private radio networks have been established in the city. [[Bangladesh Television]] is the state-run broadcasting network that provides a wide variety of programs in Bangla and English. Cable and satellite networks such as [[Channel I]], [[ATN Bangla]], [[RTV (Bangladesh)|RTV]], [[NTV (Bangladesh)|NTV]] and [[STAR TV (Asia)|STAR TV]] are amongst the most popular channels. The main offices of most publishing houses in Bangladesh are based in Dhaka. The ''[[Prothom Alo]]'' and ''[[Ittefaq|The Daily Ittefaq]]'' are the most popular amongst the large number of Bangla language dailies, periodicals and other publications in the city. ''[[Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'' and ''[[The Independent (Bangladesh)|The Independent]]'' are the largest English-language dailies published in the city. Although [[mobile phone|cellular phone]]s are gaining popularity, less than 10% of households have telephone access.<ref name="EDemo1">{{cite web |
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | The [[Dhaka College]] is the oldest institution of higher education in the city and amongst the earliest established in [[British Raj|British India]], founded in 1840. Since independence, Dhaka has seen the establishment of a large number of public and private colleges and universities that offer undergraduate and graduate degrees as well as a variety of doctoral programmes. The [[University of Dhaka]] is the largest public university in the nation with more than 30,000 students and 1,300 faculty staff. The university also boasts 18 research | + | The [[Dhaka College]] is the oldest institution of higher education in the city and amongst the earliest established in [[British Raj|British India]], founded in 1840. Since independence, Dhaka has seen the establishment of a large number of public and private colleges and universities that offer undergraduate and graduate degrees as well as a variety of doctoral programmes. The [[University of Dhaka]] is the largest public university in the nation with more than 30,000 students and 1,300 faculty staff. The university also boasts 18 research centers and 70 departments, faculties and institutes.<ref name="DhakaU">{{cite web |
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| − | }}</ | + | }}</refInstitutions of higher education include the [[Jahangirnagar University]] and the [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology]], which is the premier technical university in the nation. The [[Dhaka Medical College and Hospital|Dhaka Medical College]] and the [[Sir Salimullah Medical College]] are among the largest and most respected medical schools in the nation. Dhaka's college campuses are often hotbeds of political conflict.<ref name="DhakaU4">{{cite news |
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| − | }}</ref> | + | }}</ref>, and college campuses are frequently disrupted by protests, strikes and violence initiated by student activists.<ref name="DhakaU2">{{cite news |
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</div> | </div> | ||
| − | == | + | ==References== |
{{Portal|Bangladesh|COA of Bangladesh.svg}} | {{Portal|Bangladesh|COA of Bangladesh.svg}} | ||
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[[Category:Dhaka|*]] | [[Category:Dhaka|*]] | ||
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Revision as of 17:18, 11 October 2007
| Dhaka | |
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| Nickname: City of Mosques and Shrines | |
| Location of Dhaka in Bangladesh | |
| Coordinates: {{#invoke:Coordinates|coord}}{{#coordinates:23|42|0|N|90|22|30|E|type:city | |
|---|---|
| name= }} | |
| Country | Bangladesh |
| Administrative District | Dhaka District |
| Government | |
| - Mayor | Sadeque Hossain Khoka |
| Area | |
| - City | 815.85 km² (315 sq mi) |
| Population (2006 est.)[1] | |
| - City | 6,724,976 |
| - Density | 14,608/km² (37,834.5/sq mi) |
| - Metro | 11,918,442 |
| Time zone | BST (UTC+6) |
Dhaka (previously Dacca; Bengali: ঢাকা Ḍhākā; IPA: [ɖʱaka]) is the capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka District. Located on the banks of the Buriganga River, Dhaka, along with its metropolitan area, has a population of 11 million, making it the largest city in Bangladesh and one of the most populous in the world.
Under Mughal rule in the 17th century, the city was also known as Jahangir Nagar, and was both a provincial capital and a center of the world-wide muslin trade. The modern city, however, was developed chiefly under British rule in the 19th century, and soon became the second-largest city in Bengal after Calcutta. With the partition of India in 1947, Dhaka became the administrative capital of East Pakistan, and later, in 1972, the capital of an independent Bangladesh. During the intervening period, the city witnessed widespread turmoil; this included many impositions of martial law, the declaration of Bangladesh's independence, military suppression, devastation during war, and natural calamities.
Modern Dhaka is the center of political, cultural and economic life in Bangladesh. It has both the highest literacy rate and the most diverse economy amongst Bangladeshi cities. Although its urban infrastructure is the most developed in the country, it nonetheless faces challenges such as pollution, congestion, supply shortages, poverty and crime. In recent decades, Dhaka has seen modernization of transport, communications and public works. The city is attracting considerable foreign investment and greater volumes of commerce and trade. It is also experiencing an increasing influx of people from across the nation.
History
The existence of urbanized settlements in the area that is now Dhaka dates from the 7th century. The area was ruled by the Buddhist kingdom of Kamarupa and the Pala Empire before passing to the control of the Hindu Sena dynasty in the 9th century.[2] Many believe that the name of the city was derived after the establishment of the Goddess Dhakeshwari's temple by Ballal Sena in the 12th century. Dhaka and its surrounding area was identified as Bengalla around that period. The town itself consisted of a few market centers like Lakshmi Bazar, Shankhari Bazar, Tanti Bazar, Patuatuli, Kumartuli, Bania Nagar and Goal Nagar. After the Sena dynasty, Dhaka was successively ruled by Turkish and Afghan governors descending from the Delhi Sultanate until the arrival of the Mughals in 1608.[2]
After the city was proclaimed the capital of Bengal under Mughal rule in 1608, townships developed and there was a significant growth in population. Mughal subahdar Islam Khan was the first administrator of the city.[3] Khan named the town "Jahangir Nagar" (City of Jahangir) in honor of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, although this name was dropped soon after Jahangir's death. The main expansion of the city took place under Mughal general Shaista Khan. The city then measured 19 by 13 kilometers (12 by 8 mi), with a population of nearly a million people.[3]
The historical Chawk Mosque, located in the bazaar area of the old town of Dhaka, south of the current city centre, was originally built during the rule of the Mughals in the 17th century and may be the earliest dated mosque built on a high vaulted foundation in Bengal.[4]
British Rule
The city passed to the control of the British East India Company in 1765 after the Battle of Plassey. The city's population shrank dramatically during this period as the prominence of Kolkata rose,[5] but substantive development and modernization eventually followed. Under British rule, many modern educational institutions, public works and townships were developed. A modern civic water supply system was introduced in 1874 and electricity supply launched in 1878.[6] The Dhaka Cantonment was established near the city, serving as a base for British and Indian soldiers.
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During the abortive Partition of Bengal in 1905, Dhaka was declared to be the capital of the newly established state of Eastern Bengal and Assam, but Bengal was reunited in 1911.
Capital of Bangladesh
Following the partition of India in 1947, Dhaka became the capital of East Bengal as a part of the new Muslim state of Pakistan. The city witnessed communal violence that left thousands of people dead. A large proportion of the city's Hindu population departed for India, while the city received hundreds of thousands of Muslim immigrants. The city's population rose dramatically in a very short period of time, creating severe shortages and infrastructural problems.[7][8] As the center of regional politics, Dhaka saw an increasing number of political strikes and incidents of violence. The adoption of Urdu as the sole official language of Pakistan led to protest marches involving large crowds. Known as the Bengali Language Movement, the protests resulted in police firing on and killing students who were demonstrating peacefully.[9] Throughout the 1950s and '60s, Dhaka remained a hotbed of political activity, and the demands for autonomy for the Bengali population gradually gained momentum.
In 1970, the Bhola cyclone devastated much of the region, killing an estimated 500,000 people. More than half the city of Dhaka was flooded and millions of people were marooned.[10] With public anger growing against ethnic discrimination, and frustration with the inadequate cyclone relief efforts of the central government, Bengali politician Sheikh Mujibur Rahman held a nationalist gathering on March 7, 1971, at the Race Course Ground. An estimated one million people attended the gathering, which lead to the March 26 declaration of Bangladesh's independence.[11][12] In response, the Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight, which led to the arrests, torture and killing of hundreds of thousands of people, mainly Hindus and Bengali intellectuals.[13] The fall of the city to the Indian Army on December 16 marked the creation of the independent state of Bangladesh. The post-independence period has seen a rapid and massive growth of the city population, attracting migrant workers from rural areas across Bangladesh.[8] A real estate boom has followed the expansion of city limits and the development of new settlements such as Gulshan, Banani and Motijheel.[8]
Geography and Climate
Dhaka is located in central Bangladesh at {{#invoke:Coordinates|coord}}{{#coordinates:23|42|0|N|90|22|30|E|type:city_region:BD | |name= }}, on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River. The city lies on the lower reaches of the Ganges Delta and covers a total area of 815.85 square kilometres (315 sq mi).[14] It consists of seven principal thanas — Dhanmondi, Kotwali, Motijheel, Paltan, Ramna, Mohammadpur, Sutrapur, Tejgaon — and 14 auxiliary thanas — Gulshan, Lalbagh, Mirpur, Pallabi, Sabujbagh, Dhaka Cantonment, Demra, Hazaribagh, Shyampur, Badda, Kafrul, Kamrangir char, Khilgaon and Uttara. In total the city has 130 wards and 725 mohallas.[15] Dhaka district has an area of 1463.60 square kilometres (565 sq mi); and is bounded by the districts of Gazipur, Tangail, Munshiganj, Rajbari, Narayanganj, Manikganj.[15] Tropical vegetation and moist soils characterize the land, which is flat and close to sea level. This leaves Dhaka susceptible to flooding during the monsoon seasons owing to heavy rainfall and cyclones.
Dhaka experiences a hot, wet and humid tropical climate. The city is within the monsoon climate zone, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C (77 °F) and monthly means varying between 18 °C (64 °F) in January and 29 °C (84 °F) in August.[14] Nearly 80% of the annual average rainfall of 1,854 millimetres (73 in) occurs between May and September.[14] Dhaka is facing serious environmental threats from pollution caused by the city's rapid expansion, congestion and industrial activities. Increasing air and water pollution emanating from traffic congestion and industrial waste is affecting public health and the quality of life in the city.[16] Water bodies and wetlands around Dhaka are facing extinction as they are filled in to construct multi-storied buildings and other real estate developments. Coupled with pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy much of the regional biodiversity.[16]
| Climate in Dhaka | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
| Avg high temperature (°F) | 76° | 80° | 87° | 89° | 89° | 88° | 87° | 88° | 87° | 87° | 83° | 77° | |
| Avg low temperature (°F) | 58° | 63° | 72° | 77° | 79° | 81° | 81° | 81° | 80° | 77° | 69° | 61° | |
| Average Precipitation (inches) | 0.3" | 0.8" | 2.3" | 4.6" | 10.5" | 14.1" | 15.7" | 12.5" | 10.1" | 6.4" | 1.2" | 0.2" | |
| Source: WeatherBase.Com | |||||||||||||
Civic administration
The Dhaka municipality was founded on August 1 1864 and upgraded to "corporation" status in 1978.[17] The Dhaka City Corporation is a self-governing corporation which runs the affairs of the city. The incorporated area is divided into several wards, which have elected commissioners. The mayor of the city is elected by popular vote every five years, and the post is presently held by Sadeque Hossain Khoka.[18] The Dhaka Education Board is responsible for administering all public schools and most private schools with the exception of English-medium schools and madrassahs. All madrassahs in Bangladesh are governed by a central board, while English-medium schools have separate educational and governance structures.
Dhaka suffers from a chronically high crime rate and frequent incidences of political and religious violence.[19] An undermanned and ill-equipped police force has caused governments to occasionally deploy the Bangladesh Army and paramilitary forces in major efforts to curb crime.[20][21] Aside from Chittagong, Dhaka is the only city in the country with a water-borne sewage system, but this serves only 25% of the population while another 30% are served with septic tanks.[16] Only two-thirds of households in Dhaka are served by the city water supply system. More than 9.7 million tons of solid wastes are produced in Dhaka city each year. While private and government efforts have succeeded in collecting garbage city-wide and using it as manure, most solid wastes are often dumped untreated in nearby low-lying areas and water bodies.[16][22] Dhaka has one of the highest rates of death from infectious disease of any city in Asia.[23]
The city is divided into 10 parliamentary constituencies. The two main political parties are the Awami League and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Ramna contains the Secretariat, which houses most of the government ministries. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh and the Dhaka High Court are located in the city. The Bangabhaban palace has served as the official residence of the Viceroy of India, the governor of East Pakistan and presently the President of Bangladesh. The Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban, designed by renowned architect Louis Kahn,[24] houses the unicameral national parliament. The Baitul Mukarram, developed with a design resembling the Kaaba of Mecca, is the national mosque. Other historical monuments in the city include the Bara Katra palace, the Lalbagh Fort, the Hoseni Dalan and the Ahsan Manzil.
Economy
Dhaka is the commercial heart of Bangladesh.[25] The city has a large middle class population, increasing the market for modern consumer and luxury goods.[26] [27][28] Many skilled workers are employed in the businesses and industries located in the Dhaka metropolitan area. The city has historically attracted a large number of migrant workers.[23] Hawkers, peddlers, small shops, rickshaws transport, roadside vendors and stalls employ a large segment of the population[23][29] — rickshaw-drivers alone number as many as 400,000.[27] Half the workforce is employed in household and unorganized labour, while about 800,000 work in the textile industry. Even so, unemployment remains high at 23%.[30] According to CityMayors Statistics[1], Dhaka's GDP registered at $52 billion in 2005 with an annual growth rate of 6.1%. Its projected GDP for the year 2020 is $126 billion. The annual per capita income of Dhaka is estimated at $550, although a large segment of the population lives below the poverty line, with many surviving on less than $3 a day.[27]
The main business districts of the city include Motijheel, Panthapath and Gulshan. Bashundhara City is a recently developed economic area that houses many high-tech industries and corporations and a shopping mall that is one of the largest in Southeast Asia, frequented daily by more than 25,000 people.[27] The Export Processing Zone in Dhaka was set up to encourage the export of garments, textiles and other goods. The EPZ is home to 80 factories, which employ mostly women.[31] The Dhaka Stock Exchange is based in the city, as are most of the large companies and banks of Bangladesh, including the Bangladesh Bank, HSBC, Citibank and the Grameen Bank. Urban developments have sparked a widespread construction boom, causing new high-rise buildings and skyscrapers to change the city landscape.[27] Growth has been especially strong in the finance, banking, manufacturing, telecommunications and services sectors, while tourism, hotels and restaurants continue as important elements of the Dhaka economy.[23][27]
Demographics
The population of Dhaka city (areas under the jurisdiction of the Dhaka city corporation) stands at approximately 6.7 million. The city, in combination with localities forming the wider metropolitan area, is home to an estimated 11.9 million. The population is growing by an estimated 4.2% per annum, one of the highest rates amongst Asian cities.[23] The continuing growth reflects ongoing migration from rural areas to the Dhaka urban region, which accounted for 60% of the city's growth in the 1960s and 1970s. More recently, the city's population has also grown with the expansion of city boundaries, a process that added more than a million people to the city in the 1980s.[23]
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The population literacy rate of the city is estimated at 62.3%.[15]
The city population is composed of peoples from virtually every region of Bangladesh. The long-standing inhabitants of the old city are known as Dhakaia and have a distinctive dialect and culture. Between 15,000 to 20,000 of the Rohingya, Santal, Khasi, Garo, Chakma and Mandi tribal peoples reside in the city.[33]
Most residents of Dhaka speak Bengali, the national language. Many distinctive Bengali dialects and regional languages such as Chittagonian and Sylheti are also spoken by segments of the population. English is also spoken by a large segment of the population, especially for business purposes. Urdu is spoken by members of several non-Bengali communities, including the Biharis.
Islam is the predominant religion of Dhaka's people, with a majority belonging to the Sunni sect. There are also significant Shia and Ahmadiya communities. Hinduism is the second-largest religion and smaller communities practice Buddhism and Christianity. In recent years there have been rising acts of religious violence, especially from radical Islamic groups.[19][34] Islamic groups have been blamed for targeting Hindus, Christians and Ahmadiyas as well as police and state authorities.[35][36]
Culture
As the most populous city of the nation, Dhaka has a vibrant cultural life. Annual celebrations for Independence Day (March 26), Language Martyrs' Day (February 21) and Victory Day (December 16) are prominently held across the city. Dhaka's people congregate at the Shaheed Minar and the Jatiyo Smriti Soudho to celebrate the national heroes of the liberation war. These occasions are observed with public ceremonies and rallies in public grounds. Many schools and colleges organize festivals and concerts.[37]
Pohela Baishakh, the Bengali New Year, falls annually on April 14 and is popularly celebrated across the city.[37] Large crowds of people gather on the streets of Shahbag, Ramna Park and the campus of the University of Dhaka for celebrations. The most popular style of dress for women is sarees or salwar kameez, while men usually prefer western clothing to the traditional lungi. The Durga Puja is the most important Hindu festival of the year. Large processions of Hindus perform devotional songs, dances, prayers and ceremonies for Goddess Durga.[38] The Muslim festivals of Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha involve widespread celebrations, with large numbers of Muslims attending prayers in mosques across the city; Dhaka being known as the 'City of Mosques'.[39][38]
For much of recent history, Dhaka was characterized by roadside markets and small shops that sold a wide variety of goods. Recent years have seen the widespread construction of shopping malls, multiplexes, hotels and restaurants attracting Dhaka's growing middle-class and wealthy residents. Along with Bangladeshi cuisine and South Asian variants, a large variety in Western and Chinese cuisine are served at numerous restaurants and eateries.[27] Despite the growing popularity of music groups and rock bands, traditional folk music remains widely popular.[38] The ghazal songs of artists like Runa Laila and the works of the national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam and of Rabindranath Tagore also have a widespread following across Dhaka.[38] The Baily Road area is known as Natak Para (Theater Neighborhood) which is the center of Dhaka's thriving theater movement.[38] Indian and Pakistani music and films are popular with large segments of Dhaka's population.
Bangladesh Betar is the state-run primary provider of radio services, and broadcasts a variety of programming in Bangla and English. In recent years many private radio networks have been established in the city. Bangladesh Television is the state-run broadcasting network that provides a wide variety of programs in Bangla and English. Cable and satellite networks such as Channel I, ATN Bangla, RTV, NTV and STAR TV are amongst the most popular channels. The main offices of most publishing houses in Bangladesh are based in Dhaka. The Prothom Alo and The Daily Ittefaq are the most popular amongst the large number of Bangla language dailies, periodicals and other publications in the city. The Daily Star and The Independent are the largest English-language dailies published in the city. Although cellular phones are gaining popularity, less than 10% of households have telephone access.[23]
Transport
Cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws are the main mode of transport for the inhabitants of the city, with close to 400,000 rickshaws running each day — the largest number for any city in the world.[29][27] However, only about 80,000 rickshaws are licensed by the city government.[40][23] Relatively low-cost and non-polluting, cycle rickshaws nevertheless cause traffic congestion and have been banned from many parts of the city. Public buses are operated by the state-run Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) and by private companies and operators. Scooters, taxis and privately-owned automobiles are becoming increasingly popular with the city's growing middle-class. The government has overseen the replacement of two-stroke engine taxis with "Green taxis," which run on compressed natural gas.
Dhaka has 1,868 kilometres (1,161 mi) of paved roads.[40] It is connected by highways and railway links to Chittagong, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Faridpur and Sylhet. Highway links to the Indian cities of Kolkata and Agartala have been established by the BRTC which also runs regular bus services to those cities from Dhaka.[41] The Kamalapur Railway Station and the Airport (Biman Bandar) Railway Station are the main railway stations providing trains on suburban and national routes operated by the state-run Bangladesh Railway. The Sadarghat Port on the banks of the Buriganga River serves the transportation of goods and passengers upriver and to other ports in Bangladesh, and South Asia. The Zia International Airport is the largest and busiest in the nation. The state-run Biman Bangladesh Airlines is the primary airline corporation based at the airport, although private carriers are gaining popularity.
Education
Dhaka has the largest number of schools, colleges and universities of any Bangladeshi city. The education system is divided into 4 levels: Primary (from grades 1 to 5), Secondary (from grades 6 to 10), Higher Secondary (from grades 11 to 12) and tertiary.[42] The five years of lower secondary education concludes with a Secondary School Certificate (SSC) examination. Students who pass this examination proceed to two years of Higher Secondary or intermediate training, which culminate in a Higher Secondary School (HSC) examination.[42] Education is mainly offered in Bangla, but English is also commonly taught and used. A large number of Muslim families send their children to attend part-time courses or even to pursue full-time religious education, which is imparted in Bangla and Arabic in madrasahs.[42]
The Dhaka College is the oldest institution of higher education in the city and amongst the earliest established in British India, founded in 1840. Since independence, Dhaka has seen the establishment of a large number of public and private colleges and universities that offer undergraduate and graduate degrees as well as a variety of doctoral programmes. The University of Dhaka is the largest public university in the nation with more than 30,000 students and 1,300 faculty staff. The university also boasts 18 research centers and 70 departments, faculties and institutes.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag, and college campuses are frequently disrupted by protests, strikes and violence initiated by student activists.[43][44]
Sports
Cricket and football are the two most popular sports in Dhaka and across the nation. Teams are fielded in intra-city and national competitions by a large number of schools, colleges and private entities. The Mohammedan Sports Club and Abahani are the largest football and cricket teams, maintaining a fierce rivalry. Many Bangladeshi cricketers and football players such as Sheikh Aslam, Athar Ali Khan, Kaiser Hamid, and Mohammad Ashraful hail from Dhaka. The Bangladesh cricket team's victories over Pakistan in 1999, India in 2004 and even the overseas win against Australian cricket team in 2005 were celebrated by thousands of people who congregated on the streets of the city.[45]
Dhaka has the distinction of having hosted the first official test cricket match of the Pakistan cricket team in 1954 against India.[46] The Bangabandhu National Stadium was formerly the main venue for domestic and international cricket matches, but now exclusively hosts football matches.[46] It is a potential host for the opening ceremony of the 2011 Cricket World Cup as well being host to 6 matches to be played in Bangladesh.[47] The newly-built Fatullah Khan Saheb Osman Ali Stadium hosts most of the domestic and international fixtures of cricket with an audience capacity of 15,000. The Bangladesh Sports Control Board, responsible for promoting sports activities across the nation is based in Dhaka. Dhaka also has stadiums largely used for domestic events such as the Sher-e-Bangla Mirpur Stadium (in Mirpur), the Dhanmondi Cricket Stadium and the Outer Stadium Ground. The Dhaka University Ground hosts many intercollegiate tournaments.[48]
See also
| Dhaka related topics | |
|---|---|
| History | History of Dhaka, History of Bangladesh, History of Bengal, Kamarupa, Dhakeshwari, Sena dynasty, Islam Khan, Jahangir Nagar, Mughal Empire, British Raj, East Bengal, Partition of India, East Pakistan, 1970 Bhola cyclone, Bangladesh Liberation War |
| Government and Localities | Dhaka City Corporation, Dhaka High Court, Mohakhali, Ramna, Motijheel, Shahbag, Nilkhet, Uttara (Dhaka), Dhaka Cantonment, Banani, Mohammadpur, Dhanmondi, Kotwali, Sutrapur, Tejgaon, Gulshan, Lalbagh, Mirpur, Pallabi, Sabujbagh, Demra, Hazaribagh, Shyampur, Badda, Kafrul, Kamrangir char and Khilgaon |
| Buildings and Landmarks | Jatiyo Sangshad Bhagban, Supreme Court of Bangladesh, Martyred Intellectuals Memorial, Dhakeshwari Temple, Shaheed Minar, Star Mosque, Curzon Hall, Ahsan Manzil, Lal Bagh Fort, Bara Katra, Baitul Mukarram, Chandrima Uddan and Hoseni Dalan |
| Economy and Transport | Dhaka Stock Exchange, Sadarghat Port, Zia International Airport, Kamalapur Railway Station, Bailey Road, Sonali Bank, Rupali Bank, Bangladesh Bank, Basundhara City, Airport (Biman Bandar) Railway Station, Auto rickshaw, Cycle rickshaw, Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation, Bangladesh Railway |
| Education | University of Dhaka, Independent University,Bangladesh, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Eden Girls' College, Dhaka College, East West University, Notre Dame College (Dhaka), Manarat International University, The University of Asia Pacific, BIRDEM and Dhaka Zoo |
| Culture and Sports | Suhrawardy Udyan, Dhakeshwari, Dhaka Zoo, Durga Puja, Pohela Baisakh, Victory Day, Independence Day, Fatullah Khan Saheb Osman Ali Stadium, Abahani Krira Chakra and Bangabandhu National Stadium, Outer Stadium Ground, Sher-e-Bangla National Stadium, Dhaka University Ground, Dhanmondi Cricket Stadium,Dhaka Nanak Shahi Gurdwara |
| Other topics | List of cities in Bangladesh, Buildings and structures, Educational institutions, Large Cities Climate Leadership Group |
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ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
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This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text. |
- ↑ World Gazetteer, 2006.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 History (PHP) (2006-09-05). Retrieved 2006-09-05.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 History (PHP) (2006-09-05). Retrieved 2006-09-05.
- ↑ Chawk Mosque (Dhaka). Retrieved 2007-07-06.
- ↑ History (PHP) (2006-09-05). Retrieved 2006-09-05.
- ↑ History (PHP) (2006-09-05). Retrieved 2006-09-05.
- ↑ History (PHP) (2006-09-05). Retrieved 2006-09-05.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 History of Dhaka (PHP) (2006-09-27). Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ Richards, John. Calcutta and Dhaka: A tale of two cities (HTML). Inroads. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ 1970 Bhola cyclone (PHP) (2006-09-27). Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ Rashid, Harun-or. Mujib, (Bangabandhu) Sheikh Mujibur (HTML). Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 2006-07-06.
- ↑ Richards, John. Calcutta and Dhaka: A tale of two cities (HTML). Inroads. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ Blood, Archer,
PDF, Department of State, United States
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Geography and climate (PHP) (2006-09-10). Retrieved 2006-09-10.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Dhaka Division (PHP) (2006-09-27). Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Mondal, M. Abdul Latif, "Our Cities: 15th Anniversary Special (The Daily Star)", 2006-09-27. Retrieved 2006-09-27. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Geo2" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "Geo2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ City Corporation (PHP) (2006-09-05). Retrieved 2006-09-05.
- ↑ Mayor (PHP) (2006-09-10). Retrieved 2006-09-10.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 BBC, World News, "Four killed in Dhaka riot", 2001-02-13. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ Lawson, Alistair, "Dhaka police fear crime wave", 2003-05-09. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ World News, BBC, "'Troop trials' in Dhaka crime fight", 2003-02-20. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ Mondal, M. Abdul Latif, "Our Cities: 15th Anniversary Special (The Daily Star)", 2006-09-27. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 McGee, Terry (2006-09-27). Urbanization Takes on New Dimensions in Asia's Population Giants (PHP). Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ Richards, John. Calcutta and Dhaka: A tale of two cities (HTML). Inroads. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ Dhaka. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
- ↑ Chowdhury, A.M. (2007-04-23). Dhaka. Banglapedia. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 27.7 Lawson, Alistair, "Good times for bourgeois Bangladeshis", 2002-06-01. Retrieved 2006-10-02. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "CiE" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "CiE" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "CiE" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "CiE" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "CiE" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Buerk, Roland, "Shoppers flock to Dhaka mega-mall", 2004-11-02. Retrieved 2006-10-02.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 BBC, World News, "Does Dhaka need rickshaws?", 1998-07-20. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ Economy (PHP) (2006-09-27). Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ BBC, World News, "Dhaka clothes factories to reopen", 2006-06-06. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ NASA, Scientific Visualization Studio (2001-12-12). Dhaka, Bangladesh Urban Growth (MPEG). Retrieved 2007-04-30.
- ↑ Gain, Phillip (2006-09-27). Adivasis in the capital (PHP). Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ Ahmed, Kamal, "US condemns Bangladesh violence", 2001-06-19. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ Ahmed, Kamal, "Violent Dhaka rally against sect", 2005-12-23. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ Rahman, Waliur, "Bangladesh Hindus seek protection", 2001-10-10. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Ahmed, Dr. Nizamuddin (2006-09-27). Happy 400th anniversary, Dhaka! (HTML). Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 Bangladeshi Art and Culture (HTML) (2006-10-02). Retrieved 2006-10-02.
- ↑ Williams, Archbishop Dr. Rowan, "Some of this week's religious news", 2004-06-12. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Rickshaws", Dhaka City Corporation, 2006-09-07. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
- ↑ "Passengers shun Dhaka-India bus", BBC World News, 2003-10-13. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Education in Bangladesh (HTML) (2006-10-02). Retrieved 2006-10-02.
- ↑ Hossain, Moazzem, "Bangladesh students call strike", 2002-09-02. Retrieved 2006-10-03.
- ↑ Hossain, Moazzem, "Protests shut Bangladeshi university", 2002-09-02. Retrieved 2006-10-03.
- ↑ BBC SPORT, "Dhaka celebrations", 2006-09-07. Retrieved 2006-05-26.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 Cricinfo, "Stadium", 2006-09-07. Retrieved 2006-05-26. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "First test" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ India lands 2011 World Cup final, from BBC, retrieved 9 July 2006.
- ↑ Stadiums (PHP) (2006-09-07). Retrieved 2006-05-26.
References
|
Dhaka Portal |
- Pryer, Jane. Poverty and Vulnerability in Dhaka Slums: The Urban Livelihood Study. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-1864-1.
- Rabbani, Golam (1997), Dhaka, from Mughal outpost to metropolis, University Press, ISBN 9840513745
- Ahmed, Sharifuddin. Dhaka: Past, Present and Future. Dhaka, 1991.
- Sarkar, Sir Jadunath. History of Bengal (II). Dhaka, 1948.
- Karim, Abdul. History of Bengal, Mughal Period (I). Rajshahi, 1992.
External links
- Dhaka City Corporation
- Dhaka Stock Exchange
- University of Dhaka
- Virtual Bangladesh
- Dhaka.com
- Dhaka at BangladeshOnline
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- Mapping from Multimap or GlobalGuide or Google Maps
- Satellite image from WikiMapia
- Mapping from OpenStreetMap
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