Watermelon

Watermelon
Citrullus lanatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Cucurbitales Family: Cucurbitaceae Genus: Citrullus Species: C. lanatus
Binomial name
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai, family Cucurbitaceae) refers to both fruit and plant of a vine-like (climber and trailer) herb originally from southern Africa and one of the most common types of melon. This flowering plant produces a special type of fruit known by botanists as a pepo, which has a thick rind (exocarp) and fleshy center (mesocarp and endocarp); pepos are derived from an inferior ovary and are characteristic of the Cucurbitaceae. The watermelon fruit, loosely considered a type of melon (although not in the genus Cucumis), has a smooth exterior rind (green and yellow) and a juicy, sweet, usually red or yellow, but sometimes orange, interior flesh. The flesh consists of highly developed placental tissue within the fruit. The former name Citrullus vulgaris (vulgaris meaning "common" — Shosteck, 1974), is now a synonym of the accepted scientific name for watermelon, Citrullus lanatus.

Food and drink

File:2005watermelon.PNG

Watermelon output in 2005

Fresh watermelon may be eaten in a variety of ways and is also often used to flavor summer drinks and smoothies.

A one-cup serving of watermelon will provide around 48 calories. Watermelon is an excellent source of vitamin C and vitamin A, with one serving containing 14.59 mg of vitamin C and 556.32 IU of vitamin A. Watermelon also provides significant amounts of vitamin B6 and vitamin B1, as well as the minerals potassium and magnesium. Pink watermelon is also a source of the potent carotenoid antioxidant, lycopene.

Grilled watermelon, known as watermelon steak due to its visual similarity to raw steak, has started to become a popular item in restaurants.

Watermelon rinds are also edible, and sometimes used as a vegetable. In China, they are stir-fried, stewed, or more often pickled. When stir-fried, the de-skinned and de-fruited rind is cooked with olive oil, garlic, chili peppers, scallions, sugar and rum (and provides a great way to utilize the whole watermelon). Pickled watermelon rind is also widespread in Russia, Ukraine, and Romania.^{[citation needed]}

Watermelon seeds are rich in fat and protein, and are widely eaten as a snack, added to other dishes, or used as an oilseed. Specialized varieties are grown which have little watery flesh but concentrate their energy into seed production. In China watermelon seeds are one of the most common snack foods, popular especially with women, competing with sunflower seeds, and sold roasted and seasoned. In West Africa, they are pressed for oil, and are popular in egusi soup and other dishes. There can be some confusion between seed-specialized watermelon varieties and the colocynth, a closely-related species with which they share many characteristics, uses, and similar or identical names.

Watermelon is 92 percent water by weight, the highest percentage of any fruit. In the United States and South Africa, one may also find an alcoholic novelty known as a hard watermelon, or a watermelon that has been enhanced with an alcoholic beverage. This process involves boring a hole into the watermelon, then pouring the liquor inside and allowing it to mix with the flesh of the fruit. The watermelon is then cut and served as normal.

Varieties

• Orangeglo: This variety has a very sweet orange pulp, and is a large oblong fruit weighing 9-14kg (20-30 pounds). It has a light green rind with jagged dark green stripes. It takes about 90-100 days from planting to harvest (SSE1 2007).

• Moon and Stars: This variety has been around since at least the 1930s. The rind is purple/black and has many small yellow circles (stars) and one or maybe two large yellow circles (moon). The flesh is pink or red and has brown seeds. The foliage is also spotted. The time from planting to harvest is about 90 days (SSE2 2007).

• Cream of Saskatchewan: This variety consists of small round fruits, around 25cm (10 inches) in diameter. It has a quite thin, light green with dark green striped rind, with sweet white flesh and black seeds. It can grow well in cool climates. It was originally brought to Saskatchewan, Canada by Russian immigrants. These melons take 80-85 days from planting to harvest (SSE3 2007).

• Melitopolski: This variety has small round fruits roughly 28-30cm (11-12 inches) in diameter. It is an early ripening variety that originated from the Volga River region of Russia, an area known for cultivation of watermelons. The Melitopolski watermelons are seen piled high by vendors in Moscow in summer. This variety takes around 95 days from planting to harvest (SSE4 2007).

History

David Livingstone, an explorer of Africa, described watermelon as abundant in the Kalahari Desert, where it is believed to have originated. There, the ancestral melon grows wild and is known as the Tsamma melon (Citrullus lanatus var citroides).^{[citation needed]} It is recognizable by its pinnatifid leaves and prolific fruit, up to 100 melons on a single vine. For this reason it is a popular source of water in the diet of the indigenous people. The flesh is similar to the rind of a watermelon and is often known as citron melon (distinct from the actual citron, of the citrus family); it is used for making pickles, and because of its high content of pectin is popular as a constituent of jams, jellies, and other gelled preserves. It has established itself in the wild in Baja California.

Triangular Watermelon slices

It is not known when the plant was first cultivated, but Zohary and Hopf note evidence of its cultivation in the Nile Valley from at least as early as the second millennium B.C.E. Finds of the characteristically large seed are reported in Twelfth dynasty sites; numerous watermelon seeds were recovered from the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun (Zohary and Hopf 2000).

By the 10th century AD, watermelons were being cultivated in China, which is today the world's single largest watermelon producer. By the 13th century, Moorish invaders had introduced the fruit to Europe; and, according to John Mariani's The Dictionary of American Food and Drink, "watermelon" made its first appearance in an English dictionary in 1615.

Museums Online South Africa list watermelons as having been introduced to North American Indians in the 1500s. Early French explorers found Native Americans cultivating the fruit in the Mississippi Valley. Many sources list the watermelon as being introduced in Massachusetts as early as 1629. Southern food historian John Egerton has said he believes African slaves helped introduce the watermelon to the United States. Texas Agricultural Extension horticulturalist Jerry Parsons, Ph.D., lists African slaves and European colonists as having distributed watermelons to many areas of the world. Parsons also mentions the crop being farmed by Native Americans in Florida (by 1664) and the Colorado River area (by 1799). Other early watermelon sightings include the Midwestern states (1673), Connecticut (1747), and the Illiana region (1822).

small seedless watermelon

Watermelon with yellow flesh

Until the 1940s, however, it was hard to find watermelons in good condition at grocery stores. Melon lovers had to grow their own, which tended not to keep for long, purchase them from local grocers supplied by truck farmers, or purchase them from roadside produce stands. Now they can be found in most any local grocery store, and if preferred in slices or whole, with seeds or without.

Then Charles Fredric Andrus, a horticulturist at the USDA Vegetable Breeding Laboratory in Charleston, South Carolina, set out to produce a disease-resistant and wilt-resistant watermelon. The result was "that gray melon from Charleston." Its oblong shape and hard rind made it easy to stack and ship. Its adaptability meant it could be grown over a wide geographical area. It produced high yields and was resistant to the most serious watermelon diseases: anthracnose and fusarium wilt. Today, farmers in approximately 44 states in the U.S. grow watermelon commercially, and almost all these varieties have some Charleston Gray in their lineage. Georgia, Florida, Texas, California and Arizona are the USA's largest watermelon producers.

This now-common watermelon is large enough that groceries often sell half or quarter melons. There are also some smaller, spherical varieties of watermelon, both red- and yellow-fleshed, sometimes called "icebox melons."

Culture

Flower stems of male and female watermelon blossoms, showing ovary (incipient fruit if pollinated) on the female

For commercial plantings, one beehive per acre (4,000 m² per hive) is the minimum recommendation by the US Department of Agriculture for pollination of conventional, seeded varieties. Because seedless hybrids have sterile pollen, pollinizer rows of varieties with viable pollen must also be planted. Since the supply of viable pollen is reduced and pollination is much more critical in producing the seedless variety, the recommended number of hives per acre, or pollinator density, increases to three hives per acre (1,300 m² per hive).

Although so-called "seedless" watermelons have far fewer seeds than the seeded varieties, they generally contain at least a few soft, pale seeds. They are the product of crossing a female tetraploid plant (itself the product of genetic manipulation, using colchicine) with diploid pollen. The resulting triploid plant is sterile, but will produce the seedless fruit if pollenized by a diploid plant. For this reason, commercially available seedless watermelon seeds actually contain two varieties of seeds; that of the triploid seedless plant itself (recognizable because the seed is larger), and the diploid plant which is needed to pollenize the triploid. Unless both plant types are grown in the same vicinity, no seedless fruit will result. This system for growing seedless watermelons was first developed by H. Kihara in Japan and subsequently improved by O J Eigsti in partnership with Kihara. This scientific relationship was begun at the Third International Genetics Congress, held in Stockholm, Sweden in 1948.

Their collaboration lasted for over 20 years until Kihara died in 1986. Eigsti (who was a professor at Goshen College in Goshen, IN) developed a tetraploid hybrid in the 1950s which became the gold standard for all seedless watermelons developed since then. In 1986, Eigsti's company was reorganized and a joint venture (American Sunmelon) was entered into with SunWorld International and in the ensuing eleven years seedless watermelon became a staple in supermarkets around the world. In 1998, Eigsti's tetraploid hybrid along with all of the assets of American Sunmelon were sold to Syngenta, the seed producing arm of Novartis A.G.

In Japan, farmers of the Zentsuji region found a way to grow cubic watermelons, by growing the fruits in glass boxes and letting them naturally assume the shape of the receptacle (BBC News 2001). The square shape supposedly makes the melons easier to stack and store, but the square watermelons are often more than double the price of normal ones. Pyramid shaped watermelons have also been developed.

• 

  A group of watermelon leaves

• Single Watermelon Leaf 2000px.jpg

  A closeup of a watermelon leaf

Symbolism

The watermelon slice is striking and unmistakable in appearance. It looks like a kuku flower in bloom. Art related to the Mexican holiday Dia de los Muertos (Day of the Dead — October 31–November 2) commonly depicts watermelons being eaten by the dead or shown in close conjunction with the dead. This theme appears regularly on ceramics and in other art from the holiday. Watermelons are a frequent subject in Mexican still life art.

The Oklahoma State Senate passed a bill on April 17, 2007 declaring watermelon as the official state vegetable (CBS4Denver 2007).

The image of a watermelon slice being eaten and general references to watermelons sometimes historically have been used derogatorily. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, African Americans often were depicted in racist caricatures as being inordinately fond of watermelon.

Southerners of any race frequently have been lampooned for the fruit's popularity in the South over the years; however, some of the folk humor about Southerners has been gentle self-parody, as seen in the annual watermelon seed-spitting contests at Southern festivals like Georgia's "Redneck Olympics." Musician Fats Waller jokingly referred to watermelon as "Georgia ham" in an ad-libbed aside during a recording of his song "I'm Crazy 'Bout My Baby".

Additionally, the word "watermelon" has been used since the late 20th century as a term describing left-wing Green party members, referring to them as "green on the outside, red on the inside" (red being the color commonly associated with socialism.)

Assuming that character of Pudd'nHead Wilson speaks for the author of the novel of the same name, then Mark Twain was very fond of watermelon indeed. In this novel he wrote, "It is the chief of this world's luxuries, king by the grace of God over all the fruits of the earth. When one has tasted it, he knows what the angels eat. It was not a Southern watermelon that Eve took; we know it because she repented."

Fans of the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League have adopted the 'melonhead' (a carved out watermelon shell used as a hat or football helmet) as a symbol of their 'Rider Pride'. It is widely accepted that this originated primarily because the 'Riders official coulours are green, white, black, and silver, and that the melon shell placed on the head resembles the helmets that the players use. Attempts were made to pioneer the "Wheathead" (Wheat being a more prominent crop in Saskatchewan agriculture) modelled after the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League's, 'Cheesehead' phenomenon, the 'Wheathead' campaign was largely a failure and the 'melonhead' still stands as a symbol of Saskatchewan football fans.

References

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• BBC News. 2001. Square fruit stuns Japanese shoppers. BBC News. Retrieved July 7, 2007.

• Blomber, Marina. 2004. In season: savory summer fruits: picked this morning, on your table tonight. The Gainesville Sun. Retrieved July 7, 2007.

• CBS4Denver. 2007. Oklahoma declares watermelon its state vegetable. CBS4Denver. Retrieved July 7, 2007.

• Cucurbit Breeding Horticultural Science (CBHS). 2006. Charles Fredric Andrus: watermelon breeder. NC State University: Cucurbit Breeding Horticultural Science. Retrieved July 7, 2007.

• George Mateljan Foundation (GMF). 2007. Watermelon. The World's Healthiest Foods. Retrieved July 7, 2007.

• Hamish, Robertson. Citrullus Ianatus (Watermelon, Tsamma). Museums Online South Africa. Retrieved July 7, 2007.

• ISKRA Television (ISKRA). 2007. Redneck olympics. ISKRA Television. Retrieved July 7, 2007.

• Miles, Carol. 2007. Crop production: icebox watermelons. Washington State University. Retrieved July 7, 2007.

• National Watermelon Promotion Board (NWPB). 2007. Watermelon.org. National Watermelon Promotion Board. Retrieved July 7, 2007.

• Motes, J.E., Damicone, John, Roberts, Warren, Duthie, Jim and Edelson, Jonathan. 2007. Watermelon production. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service.

• Parsons, Jerry. 2002. Gardening column: watermelons. Texas Cooperative Extension of the Texas A&M University System. July 7, 2007.

• Seed Savers Exchange (SSE1). 2007. Orangeglo Watermelon. Seed Savers Exchange. Retrieved July 7, 2007.

• Seed Savers Exchange (SSE2). 2007. Moon and Stars Watermelon. Seed Savers Exchange. Retrieved July 7, 2007.

• Seed Savers Exchange (SSE3). 2007. Cream of Saskatchewan Watermelon. Seed Savers Exchange. Retrieved July 7, 2007.

• Seed Savers Exchange (SSE4). 2007. Melitopolski Watermelon. Seed Savers Exchange. Retrieved July 7, 2007.

• Shosteck, Robert. 1974. Flowers and plants; an international lexicon with biographical notes. [New York]: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co. ISBN 0812904532.

• Sundia. 2007. Watermelon production and consumption demographics. SundiaCorp: The Biggest Taste on Earth! Retrieved July 7, 2007.

• Texas A&M University Aggie Horticulture (TAMUAH). 2007. An African native of world popularity. Texas A&M University Aggie Horticulture website. Retrieved July 7, 2007.

• Wolford, Ron and Banks, Drusilla. 2007. Watch your garden grow: watermelon. University of Illinois Extension. Retrieved July 7, 2007.

• Zohary, Daniel, and Hopf, Mari. 2000. Domestication of plants in the old world: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 193. ISBN 0198503571.

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