Difference between revisions of "Tapir" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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Tapirs have brachyodont, or low-crowned, teeth that lack cement. Their [[Dentition|dental formula]] is I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/3-4, M 3/3, totaling 42 to 44 teeth; this [[dentition]] is closer to that of equids (family Equidae), who may differ by one less canine, than their other perissodactyl relatives, rhinoceroses (Ballenger and Myers 2001; Huffman 2007). Their incisors are chisel-shaped, with the third large, conical upper incisor separated by a short gap from the considerably smaller canine. A much longer gap is found between the canines and premolars, the first of which may be absent (LTKCE 1911). Tapirs are lophodonts, and their cheek teeth have distinct lophs (ridges) between protocones, paracones, metacones, and hypocones (Myers et al. 2006a, 2006b).  
 
Tapirs have brachyodont, or low-crowned, teeth that lack cement. Their [[Dentition|dental formula]] is I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/3-4, M 3/3, totaling 42 to 44 teeth; this [[dentition]] is closer to that of equids (family Equidae), who may differ by one less canine, than their other perissodactyl relatives, rhinoceroses (Ballenger and Myers 2001; Huffman 2007). Their incisors are chisel-shaped, with the third large, conical upper incisor separated by a short gap from the considerably smaller canine. A much longer gap is found between the canines and premolars, the first of which may be absent (LTKCE 1911). Tapirs are lophodonts, and their cheek teeth have distinct lophs (ridges) between protocones, paracones, metacones, and hypocones (Myers et al. 2006a, 2006b).  
  
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Tapirs have brown eyes, often with a bluish cast to them which has been identified as [[cornea|corneal]] cloudiness, a condition most commonly found in Malayan tapirs. The exact etiology is unknown, but the cloudiness may be caused by excessive exposure to light or by trauma (TG 2006; Janssen et al. 1996). However, the tapir's sensitive [[ear]]s and strong sense of [[smell]] help to compensate for deficiencies in vision.
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Tapirs have brown eyes, often with a bluish cast to them which has been identified as [[cornea|corneal]] cloudiness, a condition most commonly found in Malayan tapirs. The exact etiology is unknown, but the cloudiness may be caused by excessive exposure to light or by trauma (TG 2007a; Janssen et al. 1996). However, the tapir's sensitive [[ear]]s and strong sense of [[smell]] help to compensate for deficiencies in vision.
  
 
==Lifecycle and behavior==
 
==Lifecycle and behavior==
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[[Image:Tapir hooves.jpg|thumbnail|right|400px|The undersides of the front (left, with four toes) and back (right, with three toes) feet of a Malayan tapir at rest]]
 
[[Image:Tapir hooves.jpg|thumbnail|right|400px|The undersides of the front (left, with four toes) and back (right, with three toes) feet of a Malayan tapir at rest]]
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Although they frequently live in dryland forests, tapirs with access to rivers spend a good deal of time in and under the water, feeding on soft vegetation, taking refuge from [[predator]]s, and cooling off during hot periods. Tapirs near a water source will swim, sink to the bottom and walk along the riverbed to feed, and have been known to submerge themselves under water to allow small fish to pick parasites off their bulky bodies.<ref>Morris, page 36.</ref>  Along with fresh water lounging, tapirs often wallow in mud pits, which also helps to keep them cool and free of insects.
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Although they frequently live in dryland forests, tapirs with access to rivers spend a good deal of time in and under the water, feeding on soft vegetation, taking refuge from [[predator]]s, and cooling off during hot periods. Tapirs near a water source will swim, sink to the bottom, and walk along the riverbed to feed, and have been known to submerge themselves under water to allow small fish to pick parasites off their bulky bodies (Morris 2005). Along with fresh water lounging, tapirs often wallow in mud pits, which also helps to keep them cool and free of [[insect]]s.
  
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In the wild, the tapir’s diet consists of [[fruit]], [[berry|berries]], and [[leaf|leaves]], particularly young, tender growth.  Tapirs will spend many of their waking hours foraging along well-worn trails, snouts to the ground in search of food. Baird’s Tapirs have been observed to eat around 40 kilograms (85 pounds) of vegetation in one day.<ref>[http://www.tapirback.com/tapirgal/tpf-news/2001/tpfn0107.htm TPF News], Tapir Preservation Fund, Vol. 4, No. 7, July 2001.  See section on study by Charles Foerster.</ref>
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In the wild, the tapir’s diet consists of [[fruit]], [[berry|berries]], and [[leaf|leaves]], particularly young, tender growth.  Tapirs will spend many of their waking hours foraging along well-worn trails, snouts to the ground in search of food. Baird’s Tapirs have been observed to eat around 40 kilograms (85 pounds) of vegetation in one day (Todd and Wilson 2001).  
  
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Tapirs are largely [[nocturnal]] and [[crepuscular]], although the smaller Mountain Tapir of the [[Andes]] is generally more active [[diurnal animal|during the day]] than its [[congener]]s. They have monocular vision.
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Tapirs are largely [[nocturnal]] and [[crepuscular]], although the smaller mountain tapir of the [[Andes]] is generally more active [[diurnal animal|during the day]] than its [[congener]]s. They have monocular vision.
 
[[Image:TapirAtSDZ.jpg||thumbnail|275px|left|An adult Malayan Tapir at the San Diego Zoo]]
 
[[Image:TapirAtSDZ.jpg||thumbnail|275px|left|An adult Malayan Tapir at the San Diego Zoo]]
  
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==Habitat, predation, and vulnerability==
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Adult tapirs are large enough that they have few natural predators, and the thick skin on the backs of their necks helps to protect them from threats such as [[jaguar]]s, [[crocodile]]s, [[anaconda]]s, and [[tiger]]s.  The creatures are also able to run fairly quickly, considering their size and cumbersome appearance, finding shelter in the thick undergrowth of the forest or in water.  Hunting for meat and hides has substantially reduced their numbers and, more recently, massive habitat loss has resulted in the conservation watch-listing of all four species: both the Brazilian tapir and the Malayan tapir are classified as vulnerable; and the Baird’s tapir and the mountain tapir are [[endangered species|endangered]]. Tapirs tend to prefer [[old growth forest]]s and the food sources that can be found in them, making the preservation of primary woodlands a top priority for tapir conservationists.
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Adult tapirs are large enough that they have few natural predators, and the thick skin on the backs of their necks helps to protect them from threats such as [[jaguar]]s, [[crocodile]]s, [[anaconda]]s, and [[tiger]]s.  The creatures are also able to run fairly quickly, considering their size and cumbersome appearance, finding shelter in the thick undergrowth of the forest or in water.  Hunting for meat and hides has substantially reduced their numbers and, more recently, massive habitat loss has resulted in the conservation watch-listing of all four species: both the Brazilian Tapir and the Malayan Tapir are classified as vulnerable; and the Baird’s Tapir and the Mountain Tapir are endangered. Tapirs tend to prefer [[old growth forest]]s and the food sources that can be found in them, making the preservation of primary woodlands a top priority for tapir conservationists.
 
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==Natural history==
 
==Natural history==
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The tapir family is old by [[mammal|mammalian]] standards. The earliest fossil tapir dates to the early [[Oligocene]], and [[Eocene]] [[Rock (geology)|rocks]] from as early as 55 million years ago contain a wide range of tapir-like animals, and they have changed little since.[http://www.keltationsart.com/miotapir.htm]  These ungulates could be found world-wide.  Perissodactyls, including tapiroids, became the predominant large terrestrial browsers through the Oligocene, and many members of the group survived until the late [[Pleistocene]].  It is believed that Asian and American tapirs diverged around 20 to 30 million years ago, and that tapir varieties moved from North America to Central and South America around 3 million years ago.<ref>Ashley, M.V., Norman, J.E. and Stross, L.: "Phylogenetic analysis of the perissodactylan family tapiridae using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COII) sequences." ''Mammal Evolution.'' 3:315-326, 1996.</ref>
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The tapir family is old by [[mammal|mammalian]] standards. The earliest [[fossil]] tapir dates to the early [[Oligocene]] (about 30 million years ), and [[Eocene]] [[Rock (geology)|rocks]] from as early as 55 million years ago contain a wide range of tapir-like animals, and they have changed little since (Taylor 2007).   
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Perissodactyls, including tapiroids, became the predominant large terrestrial browsers through the Oligocene, and many members of the group survived until the late [[Pleistocene]].  It is believed that Asian and American tapirs diverged around 20 to 30 million years ago, and that tapir varieties moved from North America to Central and South America around 3 million years ago (Ashley et al. 1996).
  
 
==Genetics==
 
==Genetics==
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</center>
 
</center>
  
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The Malayan tapir, the species most isolated geographically from the rest of the genus, has a significantly smaller number of chromosomes and has been found to share fewer [[Homology (biology)|homologies]] with the three types of American tapirs. A number of conserved [[autosome]]s (13 between karyotypes of the Baird’s Tapir and Brazilian Tapir, and 15 between the Baird’s and Mountain Tapir) have also been found in the American species that are not found in the Asian animal.  However, geographic proximity is not an absolute predictor of genetic similarity; for instance, [[Giemsa|G-banded]] preparations have revealed that Malayan, Baird’s and Brazilian Tapirs have identical [[X chromosome]]s, while Mountain Tapirs are separated by a heterochromatic addition/deletion.<ref>Houck, M.L., S.C. Kingswood, A.T. Kumamoto. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowFulltext&ProduktNr=224037&Ausgabe=225363&ArtikelNr=15587 “Comparative cytogenetics of tapirs, genus ''Tapirus'' (''Perissodactyla, Tapiridae'')].  ''Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics'' 2000; 89: 110-115 (DOI: 10.1159/000015587)</ref>
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The Malayan tapir, the species most isolated geographically from the rest of the genus, has a significantly smaller number of chromosomes and has been found to share fewer [[Homology (biology)|homologies]] with the three types of American tapirs. A number of conserved [[autosome]]s (13 between karyotypes of the Baird’s tapir and Brazilian tapir, and 15 between the Baird’s and mountain tapir) have also been found in the American species that are not found in the Asian animal.  However, geographic proximity is not an absolute predictor of genetic similarity; for instance, [[Giemsa|G-banded]] preparations have revealed that Malayan, Baird’s and Brazilian tapirs have identical [[X chromosome]]s, while mountain tapirs are separated by a heterochromatic addition/deletion (Houck et al. 2000).  
  
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<br>
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Lack of genetic diversity in tapir populations has become a major source of concern for conservationists. Habitat loss has isolated already small populations of wild tapirs, putting each group in greater danger of dying out completely. Even in zoos, genetic diversity is limited; all captive mountain tapirs, for example, are descended from only two founder individuals (CMZ 2006).
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<br>
 
  
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Lack of genetic diversity in tapir populations has become a major source of concern for conservationists. Habitat loss has isolated already small populations of wild tapirs, putting each group in greater danger of dying out completely.  Even in zoos, genetic diversity is limited; all captive mountain tapirs, for example, are descended from only two founder individuals.<ref>[http://www.cmzoo.org/mountaintapir.html Mountain Tapir Conservation at the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo]</ref>
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[[Hybrid]] tapirs from the Baird's tapir and the Brazilian tapir were bred at the [[San Francisco Zoo]] around 1969 and produced a second generation around 1970 (TG 2007b).  
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[[Image:Central American Tapir-Belize20.jpg|thumbnail|300px|left|A [[Baird's Tapir]] in [[Belize]]]]
 
[[Image:Malayan_Tapir_Sitting.jpg|thumbnail|250px|right|An adult Malayan Tapir sitting]]
 
[[Image:Malayan_Tapir_Sitting.jpg|thumbnail|250px|right|An adult Malayan Tapir sitting]]
  
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==Attacks on humans==
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==Tapirs and humans==
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Tapirs are generally shy, but when they are scared they can defend themselves with their very powerful jaws. In 1998, a zookeeper in Oklahoma City was mauled and had an arm severed by a tapir bite, after she attempted to feed the attacking tapir's young.<ref>[http://www.igorilla.com/gorilla/animal/tapir_attack_in_Oklahoma_City_PartTwo.html "Woman's arm bitten off in zoo attack"], Associated Press report by Jay Hughes, 20 Nov 1998</ref>  In 2006, a 46-year-old man (who was the Environmental Minister at the time) who was lost in the [[Corcovado National Park]] at Costa Rica was found by a search party with a "nasty bite" from a wild tapir.<ref>[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N22395861.htm "Lost Costa Rica minister found with tapir bite"], Reuters, 23 Apr 2006 01:11:51 GMT</ref> However, such examples are rare; for the most part, tapirs are likely to avoid confrontation in favor of running from predators, hiding, or, if possible, submerging themselves in nearby water until a threat is gone.<ref>Goudot, Justin.  "Nouvelles observations sur le Tapir Pinchaque (Recent Observations on the Tapir Pinchaque)," ''Comptes Rendus,'' Paris 1843, vol. xvi, pages 331-334.  Available [http://www.tapirback.com/reprints/goudot1.htm online] with English translation by Tracy Metz.  Report contains accounts of wild Mountain Tapirs shying away from human contact at salt deposits after being hunted, and hiding. </ref>
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Tapirs are generally shy, but when they are scared they can defend themselves with their very powerful jaws. In 1998, a zookeeper in Oklahoma City was mauled and had an arm severed by a tapir bite, after she attempted to feed the attacking tapir's young (Hughes 1998). In 2006, a 46-year-old man (who was the Environmental Minister at the time) who was lost in the [[Corcovado National Park]] at Costa Rica was found by a search party with a "nasty bite" from a wild tapir.  
  
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However, such examples are rare; for the most part, tapirs are likely to avoid confrontation in favor of running from predators, hiding, or, if possible, submerging themselves in nearby water until a threat is gone (Goudot 1843).
  
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==Hybrids==
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In [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], and [[Japanese language|Japanese]], the tapir is named after a beast from [[Chinese mythology]]. A feature of this mythical creature is a snout like that of an [[elephant]]. It is said to eat people's [[dream]]s. In Chinese, the name of this beast, subsequently the name of the tapir, is ''mò'' in [[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]] and ''mek'' in [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Cantonese]]. The Korean equivalent is ''maek'', while it is called ''[[baku (spirit)|baku]]'' in Japanese.  
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[[Hybrid]] tapirs from the Baird's Tapir and the Brazilian Tapir were bred at the [[San Francisco Zoo]] around 1969 and produced a second generation around 1970.<ref>[http://www.tapirback.com/tapirgal/tbtap015.htm Pictures of ''T. bairdii x T. terrestris'' cross] taken by Sheryl Todd, The Tapir Gallery, web site of the Tapir Preservation Fund</ref>
 
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[[Image:Central American Tapir-Belize20.jpg|thumbnail|300px|left|A [[Baird's Tapir]] in [[Belize]]]]
 
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==Cultural references==
 
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In [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Korean language|Korean]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]], the tapir is named after a beast from [[Chinese mythology]]. A feature of this mythical creature is a snout like that of an [[elephant]]. It is said to eat people's [[dream]]s. In Chinese, the name of this beast, subsequently the name of the tapir, is ''mò'' in [[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]] and ''mek'' in [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Cantonese]] (貘). The Korean equivalent is ''maek'' ([[Hangul]]: 맥, [[Hanja]]: 貊), while it is called ''[[baku (spirit)|baku]]'' (バク) in Japanese. The Chinese [[file hosting service]] [[Mofile]] has been referred to as the tapir by Chinese-speaking users.
 
  
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[[Image:Bairds_Tapir_lying_down.jpg||thumbnail|275px|left|An adult Baird's tapir at the San Francisco Zoo]]Brazilian tapirs inaccurately appear in the opening section of the movie ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'', set in an [[Africa]]n desert during the [[Pleistocene]] era.
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[[Image:Bairds_Tapir_lying_down.jpg||thumbnail|275px|left|An adult Baird's tapir at the San Francisco Zoo]]
  
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More recently, the opening scene of another feature film, ''[[Apocalypto]],'' involved a tapir hunt.
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==Notes==
  
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In the video game and [[anime]] series ''[[Pokémon]]'', the Pokémon [[Drowzee]] resembles a tapir and is said to eat dreams.
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.<ref>Ashley, M.V., Norman, J.E. and Stross, L.: "Phylogenetic analysis of the perissodactylan family tapiridae using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COII) sequences."  ''Mammal Evolution.'' 3:315-326, 1996.</ref>
  
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In the video game and anime series ''[[Digimon]]'', the Digimon [[Tapirmon]] is modeled after a tapir.
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Cheyenne Mountain Zoo (CMZ). 2006. (.<ref>[http://www.cmzoo.org/mountaintapir.html Mountain Tapir Conservation at the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo]</ref>
  
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==Notes==
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Kelly Taylor
 +
Miotapirus marslandensis[http://www.keltationsart.com/miotapir.htm] 
  
 
).<ref>Witmer, page 249</ref> <ref>Colbert, Dr. Matthew, 2002, [http://digimorph.org/specimens/Tapirus_terrestris/index.phtml ''"Tapirus terrestris"''] (On-line), Digital Morphology. Accessed June 20, 2006</ref>
 
).<ref>Witmer, page 249</ref> <ref>Colbert, Dr. Matthew, 2002, [http://digimorph.org/specimens/Tapirus_terrestris/index.phtml ''"Tapirus terrestris"''] (On-line), Digital Morphology. Accessed June 20, 2006</ref>
  
 
<ref>Gorog, A. 2001.  [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tapirus_terrestris.html ''Tapirus terrestris''], Animal Diversity Web. Accessed June 19, 2006</ref>
 
<ref>Gorog, A. 2001.  [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tapirus_terrestris.html ''Tapirus terrestris''], Animal Diversity Web. Accessed June 19, 2006</ref>
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<ref>Goudot, Justin.  "Nouvelles observations sur le Tapir Pinchaque (Recent Observations on the Tapir Pinchaque)," ''Comptes Rendus,'' Paris 1843, vol. xvi, pages 331-334.  Available [http://www.tapirback.com/reprints/goudot1.htm online] with English translation by Tracy Metz.  Report contains accounts of wild Mountain Tapirs shying away from human contact at salt deposits after being hunted, and hiding. </ref>
  
 
<ref>Ballenger, L. and P. Myers. 2001. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tapiridae.html "Tapiridae"] (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed June 20, 2006</ref> <ref>Huffman, Brent. [http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Perissodactyla.html Order Perissodactyla] at Ultimate Ungulate</ref>  
 
<ref>Ballenger, L. and P. Myers. 2001. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tapiridae.html "Tapiridae"] (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed June 20, 2006</ref> <ref>Huffman, Brent. [http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Perissodactyla.html Order Perissodactyla] at Ultimate Ungulate</ref>  
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<ref>[http://www.igorilla.com/gorilla/animal/tapir_attack_in_Oklahoma_City_PartTwo.html "Woman's arm bitten off in zoo attack"], Associated Press report by Jay Hughes, 20 Nov 1998</ref> 
 +
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<ref>Houck, M.L., S.C. Kingswood, A.T. Kumamoto. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowFulltext&ProduktNr=224037&Ausgabe=225363&ArtikelNr=15587 “Comparative cytogenetics of tapirs, genus ''Tapirus'' (''Perissodactyla, Tapiridae'')].  ''Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics'' 2000; 89: 110-115 (DOI: 10.1159/000015587)</ref>
  
 
<ref>LoveToKnow Classic Encyclopedia"[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PE/PERISSODACTYLA.htm PERISSODACTYLA."] LoveToKnow 1911 Online Encyclopedia</ref>   
 
<ref>LoveToKnow Classic Encyclopedia"[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PE/PERISSODACTYLA.htm PERISSODACTYLA."] LoveToKnow 1911 Online Encyclopedia</ref>   
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<ref>Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006a. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/topics/mammal_anatomy/tooth_diversity.html The Diversity of Cheek Teeth.] The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed June 20, 2006</ref> <ref>Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006b.  [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/topics/mammal_anatomy/cheek_teeth_structure.html The Basic Structure of Cheek Teeth.]  The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed June 20, 2006</ref>
 
<ref>Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006a. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/topics/mammal_anatomy/tooth_diversity.html The Diversity of Cheek Teeth.] The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed June 20, 2006</ref> <ref>Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006b.  [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/topics/mammal_anatomy/cheek_teeth_structure.html The Basic Structure of Cheek Teeth.]  The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed June 20, 2006</ref>
  
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.<ref>Tapir Gallery (TG). 2007. [http://www.tapirback.com/tapirgal/describd.htm Tapirs Described], the Tapir Gallery</ref> <ref>Janssen, Donald L., DVM, Dipl ACZM, Bruce A. Rideout, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACVP, Mark E. Edwards, PhD.  [http://www.tapirback.com/reprints/aazv1.htm "Medical Management of Captive Tapirs ''(Tapirus sp.)''."]  1996 American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Proceedings. Nov 1996. Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. Pp. 1-11</ref>  
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.<ref>Tapir Gallery (TG). 2007a. [http://www.tapirback.com/tapirgal/describd.htm Tapirs Described], the Tapir Gallery</ref>  
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Tapir Gallery (TG). 2007b .http://www.tapirback.com/tapirgal/tbtap015.htm  handsome hybrid
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in the San Francisco Zoo,
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San Francisco, California
 +
 
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<ref>Janssen, Donald L., DVM, Dipl ACZM, Bruce A. Rideout, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACVP, Mark E. Edwards, PhD.  [http://www.tapirback.com/reprints/aazv1.htm "Medical Management of Captive Tapirs ''(Tapirus sp.)''."]  1996 American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Proceedings. Nov 1996. Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. Pp. 1-11</ref>
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Sheryl Todd, tapir@tapirback.com
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Kate Wilson<ref>[http://www.tapirback.com/tapirgal/tpf-news/2001/tpfn0107.htm TPF News], Vol. 4, No. 7 ~ July 2001 Tapir Preservation Fund, Vol. 4, No. 7, July 2001.  See section on study by Charles Foerster.</ref>
  
 
<ref>Witmer, Lawrence, Scott D. Sampson, and Nikos Solounias. [http://www.oucom.ohiou.edu/dbms-witmer/Downloads/Witmer%20et%20al%20-%20tapir.pdf “The proboscis of tapirs (Mammalia: Perissodactyla): a case study in novel narial anatomy”].  Journal of Zoology, 1999, The Zoological Society of London; page 251</ref>
 
<ref>Witmer, Lawrence, Scott D. Sampson, and Nikos Solounias. [http://www.oucom.ohiou.edu/dbms-witmer/Downloads/Witmer%20et%20al%20-%20tapir.pdf “The proboscis of tapirs (Mammalia: Perissodactyla): a case study in novel narial anatomy”].  Journal of Zoology, 1999, The Zoological Society of London; page 251</ref>

Revision as of 18:59, 7 September 2007

Tapir
Brazilian Tapir
Brazilian Tapir
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: Tapiridae
Gray, 1821
Genus: Tapirus
Brünnich, 1772
Species

Tapirus bairdii
Tapirus indicus
Tapirus pinchaque
Tapirus terrestris

Tapir (pronounced as in "taper," or IPA "təˈpɪər," pronounced as in "tap-ear") are large, browsing, mammals with short, prehensile snouts comprising the Tapridae family of the odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla order). Although pig-like in appearance, their closest existing relatives are the horses and rhinoceroses.

There are four extant (living) species, all within the Tapirus genus: Baird's tapir (Tapirus bairdii), Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus), mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque), and Brazilian tapir or lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris). Tapirs inhabit jungle and forest regions of South America, Central America, and Southeast Asia. All four species of tapir are classified as endangered or vulnerable.


Description

As odd-toed ungulates (Order Perissodactyla), the central axis of the foot passes through the third toe. Tapirs have splayed, hoofed toes, with four toes on the front feet and three on the hind feet. The form of the feet helps them walk on muddy and soft ground.

Size varies between species, but most extant tapirs are about 2 meters (7 feet) long, stand about a meter (3 feet) high at the shoulder, and weigh between 150 and 300 kilograms (330 to 700 pounds). Coats are short and range in color from reddish-brown to gray to nearly black, with the notable exceptions of the Malayan tapir, which has a white saddle-shaped marking on its back, and the mountain tapir, which has longer, woolly fur. All tapirs have oval, white-tipped ears, and rounded, protruding rear ends with stubby tails. Baby tapirs of all types have striped-and-spotted coats for camouflage, and while they appear at first glance to be alike, there are some differences among the patterns of different species. Females have a single pair of mammary glands (Gorog 2001).

File:Tapirus.indicus.flehmen.jpg
Flehmen response

The proboscis of the tapir is a highly flexible structure, able to move in all directions, allowing the animals to grab foliage that would otherwise be out of reach. Tapirs often exhibit the flehmen response, a posture in which they raise their snouts and show their teeth, in order to detect scents. This response is frequently exhibited by bulls sniffing for signs of other males or females in oestrus in the area. Proboscis length varies among species; Malayan tapirs have the longest snouts and Brazilian tapirs have the shortest (Witmer et al. 1999). The development of tapir probosces, made up almost entirely of soft tissues rather than bony internal structures, gives the Tapiridae skull a unique form in comparison to other perissodactyls, with a larger sagittal crest, orbits positioned more rostrally, a posteriorly telescoped cranium, and a more elongated and retracted nasoincisive incisure (Witmer et al. 1999; Colbert 2002).

Sketch of the skull of a tapir, compared with a Malayan tapir shown in profile
Malayan Tapir Profile.jpg

Tapirs have brachyodont, or low-crowned, teeth that lack cement. Their dental formula is I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/3-4, M 3/3, totaling 42 to 44 teeth; this dentition is closer to that of equids (family Equidae), who may differ by one less canine, than their other perissodactyl relatives, rhinoceroses (Ballenger and Myers 2001; Huffman 2007). Their incisors are chisel-shaped, with the third large, conical upper incisor separated by a short gap from the considerably smaller canine. A much longer gap is found between the canines and premolars, the first of which may be absent (LTKCE 1911). Tapirs are lophodonts, and their cheek teeth have distinct lophs (ridges) between protocones, paracones, metacones, and hypocones (Myers et al. 2006a, 2006b).

Tapirs have brown eyes, often with a bluish cast to them which has been identified as corneal cloudiness, a condition most commonly found in Malayan tapirs. The exact etiology is unknown, but the cloudiness may be caused by excessive exposure to light or by trauma (TG 2007a; Janssen et al. 1996). However, the tapir's sensitive ears and strong sense of smell help to compensate for deficiencies in vision.

Lifecycle and behavior

Female Malayan tapirs reach sexual maturity between three and four years of age (males at five years of age) (WPZ 2007), with females coming into oestrus every two or three months (WPZ 2007; BBC 2007). Under good conditions, a healthy female tapir can reproduce every two years; a single youngster is born after a gestation of about 13 months. The natural lifespan of a tapir is approximately 25 to 30 years, both in the wild and in zoos. Little is known for sure about tapirs’ mating patterns in the wild: there is some evidence that mature tapirs mate with the same partner for life, but pairs spend little or no time together aside from sexual activity (Morris 2005). Apart from mothers and their young offspring, tapirs lead almost exclusively solitary lives.

The undersides of the front (left, with four toes) and back (right, with three toes) feet of a Malayan tapir at rest

Although they frequently live in dryland forests, tapirs with access to rivers spend a good deal of time in and under the water, feeding on soft vegetation, taking refuge from predators, and cooling off during hot periods. Tapirs near a water source will swim, sink to the bottom, and walk along the riverbed to feed, and have been known to submerge themselves under water to allow small fish to pick parasites off their bulky bodies (Morris 2005). Along with fresh water lounging, tapirs often wallow in mud pits, which also helps to keep them cool and free of insects.

In the wild, the tapir’s diet consists of fruit, berries, and leaves, particularly young, tender growth. Tapirs will spend many of their waking hours foraging along well-worn trails, snouts to the ground in search of food. Baird’s Tapirs have been observed to eat around 40 kilograms (85 pounds) of vegetation in one day (Todd and Wilson 2001).

Tapirs are largely nocturnal and crepuscular, although the smaller mountain tapir of the Andes is generally more active during the day than its congeners. They have monocular vision.

An adult Malayan Tapir at the San Diego Zoo

Adult tapirs are large enough that they have few natural predators, and the thick skin on the backs of their necks helps to protect them from threats such as jaguars, crocodiles, anacondas, and tigers. The creatures are also able to run fairly quickly, considering their size and cumbersome appearance, finding shelter in the thick undergrowth of the forest or in water. Hunting for meat and hides has substantially reduced their numbers and, more recently, massive habitat loss has resulted in the conservation watch-listing of all four species: both the Brazilian tapir and the Malayan tapir are classified as vulnerable; and the Baird’s tapir and the mountain tapir are endangered. Tapirs tend to prefer old growth forests and the food sources that can be found in them, making the preservation of primary woodlands a top priority for tapir conservationists.

Natural history

The tapir family is old by mammalian standards. The earliest fossil tapir dates to the early Oligocene (about 30 million years ), and Eocene rocks from as early as 55 million years ago contain a wide range of tapir-like animals, and they have changed little since (Taylor 2007).

Perissodactyls, including tapiroids, became the predominant large terrestrial browsers through the Oligocene, and many members of the group survived until the late Pleistocene. It is believed that Asian and American tapirs diverged around 20 to 30 million years ago, and that tapir varieties moved from North America to Central and South America around 3 million years ago (Ashley et al. 1996).

Genetics

A baby Brazilian Tapir with spots and stripes characteristic of all juvenile tapirs

The four species of tapir have the following chromosomal numbers:

Malayan tapir, T. indicus2n = 52
Mountain tapir, T. pinchaque2n = 76
Baird's tapir, T. bairdii2n = 80
Brazilian tapir, T. terrestris2n = 80

The Malayan tapir, the species most isolated geographically from the rest of the genus, has a significantly smaller number of chromosomes and has been found to share fewer homologies with the three types of American tapirs. A number of conserved autosomes (13 between karyotypes of the Baird’s tapir and Brazilian tapir, and 15 between the Baird’s and mountain tapir) have also been found in the American species that are not found in the Asian animal. However, geographic proximity is not an absolute predictor of genetic similarity; for instance, G-banded preparations have revealed that Malayan, Baird’s and Brazilian tapirs have identical X chromosomes, while mountain tapirs are separated by a heterochromatic addition/deletion (Houck et al. 2000).

Lack of genetic diversity in tapir populations has become a major source of concern for conservationists. Habitat loss has isolated already small populations of wild tapirs, putting each group in greater danger of dying out completely. Even in zoos, genetic diversity is limited; all captive mountain tapirs, for example, are descended from only two founder individuals (CMZ 2006).

Hybrid tapirs from the Baird's tapir and the Brazilian tapir were bred at the San Francisco Zoo around 1969 and produced a second generation around 1970 (TG 2007b).

A Baird's Tapir in Belize
An adult Malayan Tapir sitting

Tapirs and humans

Tapirs are generally shy, but when they are scared they can defend themselves with their very powerful jaws. In 1998, a zookeeper in Oklahoma City was mauled and had an arm severed by a tapir bite, after she attempted to feed the attacking tapir's young (Hughes 1998). In 2006, a 46-year-old man (who was the Environmental Minister at the time) who was lost in the Corcovado National Park at Costa Rica was found by a search party with a "nasty bite" from a wild tapir.

However, such examples are rare; for the most part, tapirs are likely to avoid confrontation in favor of running from predators, hiding, or, if possible, submerging themselves in nearby water until a threat is gone (Goudot 1843).

In Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, the tapir is named after a beast from Chinese mythology. A feature of this mythical creature is a snout like that of an elephant. It is said to eat people's dreams. In Chinese, the name of this beast, subsequently the name of the tapir, is mò in Mandarin and mek in Cantonese. The Korean equivalent is maek, while it is called baku in Japanese.

File:Bairds Tapir lying down.jpg
An adult Baird's tapir at the San Francisco Zoo

Notes

.[1]

Cheyenne Mountain Zoo (CMZ). 2006. (.[2]

Kelly Taylor Miotapirus marslandensis[1]

).[3] [4]

[5]

[6]

[7] [8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12] [13]

.[14]

Tapir Gallery (TG). 2007b .http://www.tapirback.com/tapirgal/tbtap015.htm handsome hybrid in the San Francisco Zoo, San Francisco, California

[15]

Sheryl Todd, tapir@tapirback.com Kate Wilson[16]

[17]

.[18] [19] [20]


External links

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  1. ↑ Ashley, M.V., Norman, J.E. and Stross, L.: "Phylogenetic analysis of the perissodactylan family tapiridae using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COII) sequences." Mammal Evolution. 3:315-326, 1996.
  2. ↑ Mountain Tapir Conservation at the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo
  3. ↑ Witmer, page 249
  4. ↑ Colbert, Dr. Matthew, 2002, "Tapirus terrestris" (On-line), Digital Morphology. Accessed June 20, 2006
  5. ↑ Gorog, A. 2001. Tapirus terrestris, Animal Diversity Web. Accessed June 19, 2006
  6. ↑ Goudot, Justin. "Nouvelles observations sur le Tapir Pinchaque (Recent Observations on the Tapir Pinchaque)," Comptes Rendus, Paris 1843, vol. xvi, pages 331-334. Available online with English translation by Tracy Metz. Report contains accounts of wild Mountain Tapirs shying away from human contact at salt deposits after being hunted, and hiding.
  7. ↑ Ballenger, L. and P. Myers. 2001. "Tapiridae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed June 20, 2006
  8. ↑ Huffman, Brent. Order Perissodactyla at Ultimate Ungulate
  9. ↑ "Woman's arm bitten off in zoo attack", Associated Press report by Jay Hughes, 20 Nov 1998
  10. ↑ Houck, M.L., S.C. Kingswood, A.T. Kumamoto. “Comparative cytogenetics of tapirs, genus Tapirus (Perissodactyla, Tapiridae). Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 2000; 89: 110-115 (DOI: 10.1159/000015587)
  11. ↑ LoveToKnow Classic Encyclopedia"PERISSODACTYLA." LoveToKnow 1911 Online Encyclopedia
  12. ↑ Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006a. The Diversity of Cheek Teeth. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed June 20, 2006
  13. ↑ Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006b. The Basic Structure of Cheek Teeth. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed June 20, 2006
  14. ↑ Tapir Gallery (TG). 2007a. Tapirs Described, the Tapir Gallery
  15. ↑ Janssen, Donald L., DVM, Dipl ACZM, Bruce A. Rideout, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACVP, Mark E. Edwards, PhD. "Medical Management of Captive Tapirs (Tapirus sp.)." 1996 American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Proceedings. Nov 1996. Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. Pp. 1-11
  16. ↑ TPF News, Vol. 4, No. 7 ~ July 2001 Tapir Preservation Fund, Vol. 4, No. 7, July 2001. See section on study by Charles Foerster.
  17. ↑ Witmer, Lawrence, Scott D. Sampson, and Nikos Solounias. “The proboscis of tapirs (Mammalia: Perissodactyla): a case study in novel narial anatomy”. Journal of Zoology, 1999, The Zoological Society of London; page 251
  18. ↑ Woodland Park Zoo (WPZ). 2007. Woodland Park Zoo Animal Fact Sheet: Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus)
  19. ↑ "Wildfacts" sheet on the Brazilian Tapir (Tapirus terrestris),'' BBC Science and Nature
  20. ↑ Morris, Dale. “Face to face with big nose.” BBC Wildlife, March 2005, page 37.
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