Difference between revisions of "John of Damascus" - New World Encyclopedia
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{{Infobox Saint | {{Infobox Saint | ||
|name=Saint John of Damascus | |name=Saint John of Damascus | ||
| − | |birth_date=c. | + | |birth_date=c. 676 |
|death_date={{death date|749|12|5|mf=y}} | |death_date={{death date|749|12|5|mf=y}} | ||
| − | |feast_day= | + | |feast_day=December 4 (L) |
|venerated_in=[[Eastern Orthodox Church]], [[Roman Catholic Church]], [[Lutheran Church]], [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] | |venerated_in=[[Eastern Orthodox Church]], [[Roman Catholic Church]], [[Lutheran Church]], [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] | ||
|image=John-of-Damascus_01.jpg | |image=John-of-Damascus_01.jpg | ||
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}} | }} | ||
| − | '''John of Damascus''' ([[Arabic]]: '''يحيى ابن منصور''' Yaḥyā ibn Manṣūr; [[Greek language|Greek]]: Ιωάννης Δαμασκήνος/Ioannês Damaskinos; [[Latin]]: ''Iohannes Damascenus'' or ''Johannes Damascenus'' also known as ''John Damascene, Χρυσορρόας/Chrysorrhoas,'' "streaming with gold"—i.e., "the golden speaker") (c. | + | '''John of Damascus''' ([[Arabic]]: '''يحيى ابن منصور''' Yaḥyā ibn Manṣūr; [[Greek language|Greek]]: Ιωάννης Δαμασκήνος/Ioannês Damaskinos; [[Latin]]: ''Iohannes Damascenus'' or ''Johannes Damascenus'' also known as ''John Damascene, Χρυσορρόας/Chrysorrhoas,'' "streaming with gold"—i.e., "the golden speaker") (c. 676 – December 5, 749) was a [[Demographics of Syria|Syrian]] [[monk]] and [[presbyter]]. He was born and raised in [[Damascus]] and died (in all probability) at the monastery of [[Mar Saba]], southeast of [[Jerusalem]]. He was a [[polymath]] whose fields of interest and contribution included Law, Theology, Philosophy and Music. He was the Chief Administrator to the ruler of Damascus, wrote works expounding the Christian faith, and wrote hymns which are still in everyday use in [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian]] Monasteries throughout the world. |
==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
| − | Practically all the information concerning the life of John of Damascus available to us today, has been through the records of John, Patriarch of Jerusalem. Though these notes have served as the single source of biographical information, dating back to the 10th century, these writings have been noted by scholars as having an exuberant lack of detail from a historical point of view, and a bloated writing style. The hagiographic novel ''[[Barlaam and Josaphat]]'' was traditionally attributed to John, but is in fact a work of the tenth century.<ref>R. Volk | + | Practically all the information concerning the life of John of Damascus available to us today, has been through the records of John, Patriarch of Jerusalem. Though these notes have served as the single source of biographical information, dating back to the 10th century, these writings have been noted by scholars as having an exuberant lack of detail from a historical point of view, and a bloated writing style. The hagiographic novel ''[[Barlaam and Josaphat]]'' was traditionally attributed to John, but is in fact a work of the tenth century.<ref>R. Volk. ''Historiae animae utilis de Barlaam et Ioasaph''. (Berlin, 2006)</ref> |
===Childhood=== | ===Childhood=== | ||
| − | John was brought up in [[Damascus]] in an [[Arab]] [[Arab Christians|Christian]]<ref>http://www.christianitytoday.com.au/history/special/131christians/johndamascus.html</ref> family living under [[Muslim]] rule. His father held a high hereditary public office with duties of chief financial officer for the [[caliph]] [[Abd al-Malik]], apparently as head of the tax department for [[Syria]]. | + | John was brought up in [[Damascus]] in an [[Arab]] [[Arab Christians|Christian]]<ref>[http://www.christianitytoday.com.au/history/special/131christians/johndamascus.html Christian History - John of Damascus - 131 Christians Everyone Should Know] - Retrieved November 21, 2007.</ref> family living under [[Muslim]] rule. His father held a high hereditary public office with duties of chief financial officer for the [[caliph]] [[Abd al-Malik]], apparently as head of the tax department for [[Syria]]. |
When John reached the age of twenty-three, his father sought out to find a [[Christian]] tutor who could provide the best education for his children available at the time. Records show that while spending some time in the market place John's father came across several captives, imprisoned as a result of a raid for prisoners of war that had taken place in the coasts of [[Italy]]. One of these, a [[Sicily|Sicilian]] monk by the name of Cosmas, turned out to be an [[wiktionary:erudite|erudite]] of great knowledge and wisdom. John's father arranged for the release of this man and appointed him tutor to his son. Under the instruction of Cosmas, John made great advances in fields of study such as music, astronomy and theology. According to his biographer, he soon equaled [[Diophantus]] in algebra and [[Euclid]] in geometry. | When John reached the age of twenty-three, his father sought out to find a [[Christian]] tutor who could provide the best education for his children available at the time. Records show that while spending some time in the market place John's father came across several captives, imprisoned as a result of a raid for prisoners of war that had taken place in the coasts of [[Italy]]. One of these, a [[Sicily|Sicilian]] monk by the name of Cosmas, turned out to be an [[wiktionary:erudite|erudite]] of great knowledge and wisdom. John's father arranged for the release of this man and appointed him tutor to his son. Under the instruction of Cosmas, John made great advances in fields of study such as music, astronomy and theology. According to his biographer, he soon equaled [[Diophantus]] in algebra and [[Euclid]] in geometry. | ||
===Succession to "Chief Councillor"=== | ===Succession to "Chief Councillor"=== | ||
| − | In spite of his [[Christianity|Christian]] background, his family held an important hereditary public office in the court of the [[Muslim]] rulers of [[Damascus]], the Umayyads. John of Damascus succeeded his father in his position upon his death: he was appointed ''protosymbullus'', or chief councilor of | + | In spite of his [[Christianity|Christian]] background, his family held an important hereditary public office in the court of the [[Muslim]] rulers of [[Damascus]], the Umayyads. John of Damascus succeeded his father in his position upon his death: he was appointed ''protosymbullus'', or chief councilor of Damascus. |
| − | It was during his term in office that [[Iconoclasm (Byzantine)|iconoclasm]], a movement seeking to prohibit the veneration of the icons, first appeared and gained acceptance in the Byzantine court. In | + | It was during his term in office that [[Iconoclasm (Byzantine)|iconoclasm]], a movement seeking to prohibit the veneration of the icons, first appeared and gained acceptance in the Byzantine court. In 726, in disregard of the protests of Germanus, Patriarch of Constantinople, Emperor [[Leo III the Isaurian|Leo III]] issued his first edict against the veneration of images, and their exhibition in public places. A talented writer in the secure surroundings of the caliph's court, John of Damascus initiated his defense against the emperor in three "Apologetic Treatises against those Decrying the Holy Images," the earliest of his works, and which gained him a reputation. Not only did he attack the emperor, but the use of a simpler literary style brought the controversy to the common people, inciting revolt among those of [[Christianity|Christian]] faith. His writings later played an important role during the [[Second Council of Nicaea]] which met to settle the icon dispute. |
Unable to punish the writer openly, Leo III managed to acquire a manuscript written and signed by John of Damascus, which he used to forge a letter from John to the Isaurian emperor offering to betray into his hands the city of [[Damascus]]. Despite John's earnest advocation to his innocence, the [[caliph]] dismissed his plea, discharged him from his post, and ordering his right hand, which he used for writing, to be cut off by the wrist. | Unable to punish the writer openly, Leo III managed to acquire a manuscript written and signed by John of Damascus, which he used to forge a letter from John to the Isaurian emperor offering to betray into his hands the city of [[Damascus]]. Despite John's earnest advocation to his innocence, the [[caliph]] dismissed his plea, discharged him from his post, and ordering his right hand, which he used for writing, to be cut off by the wrist. | ||
| Line 47: | Line 48: | ||
===Last days=== | ===Last days=== | ||
| − | He died in | + | He died in 749 as a revered Father of the Church, and is now widely recognized as a [[saint]]. He is sometimes called the last of the [[Church Fathers]] by the Roman Catholic Church. In 1883 he was declared a [[Doctor of the Church]] by the [[Holy See]]. |
==List of works== | ==List of works== | ||
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* ''"Sacred Parallels"'' | * ''"Sacred Parallels"'' | ||
| − | == | + | == Notes == |
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| − | * '' | + | * John, and Mary H. Allies. 1898. ''St. John Damascene on holy images; followed by three sermons on the Assumption''. London: T. Baker. OCLC 2952711 |
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| + | All links retrieved November 21, 2007. | ||
| + | |||
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08459b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia] | *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08459b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia] | ||
*[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article?eu=393924 Britannica Concise Encyclopedia] | *[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article?eu=393924 Britannica Concise Encyclopedia] | ||
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Revision as of 21:15, 21 November 2007
| Saint John of Damascus | |
|---|---|
 John Damascene, Chrysorrhoas | |
| Doctor of the Church | |
| Born | c. 676 in Damascus |
| Died | December 5 749 in Mar Saba, Jerusalem |
| Venerated in | Eastern Orthodox Church, Roman Catholic Church, Lutheran Church, Eastern Catholic Churches |
| Feast | December 4 (L) |
John of Damascus (Arabic: يحيى ابن منصور Yaḥyā ibn Manṣūr; Greek: Ιωάννης Δαμασκήνος/Ioannês Damaskinos; Latin: Iohannes Damascenus or Johannes Damascenus also known as John Damascene, Χρυσορρόας/Chrysorrhoas, "streaming with gold"—i.e., "the golden speaker") (c. 676 – December 5, 749) was a Syrian monk and presbyter. He was born and raised in Damascus and died (in all probability) at the monastery of Mar Saba, southeast of Jerusalem. He was a polymath whose fields of interest and contribution included Law, Theology, Philosophy and Music. He was the Chief Administrator to the ruler of Damascus, wrote works expounding the Christian faith, and wrote hymns which are still in everyday use in Eastern Christian Monasteries throughout the world.
Biography
Practically all the information concerning the life of John of Damascus available to us today, has been through the records of John, Patriarch of Jerusalem. Though these notes have served as the single source of biographical information, dating back to the 10th century, these writings have been noted by scholars as having an exuberant lack of detail from a historical point of view, and a bloated writing style. The hagiographic novel Barlaam and Josaphat was traditionally attributed to John, but is in fact a work of the tenth century.[1]
Childhood
John was brought up in Damascus in an Arab Christian[2] family living under Muslim rule. His father held a high hereditary public office with duties of chief financial officer for the caliph Abd al-Malik, apparently as head of the tax department for Syria.
When John reached the age of twenty-three, his father sought out to find a Christian tutor who could provide the best education for his children available at the time. Records show that while spending some time in the market place John's father came across several captives, imprisoned as a result of a raid for prisoners of war that had taken place in the coasts of Italy. One of these, a Sicilian monk by the name of Cosmas, turned out to be an erudite of great knowledge and wisdom. John's father arranged for the release of this man and appointed him tutor to his son. Under the instruction of Cosmas, John made great advances in fields of study such as music, astronomy and theology. According to his biographer, he soon equaled Diophantus in algebra and Euclid in geometry.
Succession to "Chief Councillor"
In spite of his Christian background, his family held an important hereditary public office in the court of the Muslim rulers of Damascus, the Umayyads. John of Damascus succeeded his father in his position upon his death: he was appointed protosymbullus, or chief councilor of Damascus.
It was during his term in office that iconoclasm, a movement seeking to prohibit the veneration of the icons, first appeared and gained acceptance in the Byzantine court. In 726, in disregard of the protests of Germanus, Patriarch of Constantinople, Emperor Leo III issued his first edict against the veneration of images, and their exhibition in public places. A talented writer in the secure surroundings of the caliph's court, John of Damascus initiated his defense against the emperor in three "Apologetic Treatises against those Decrying the Holy Images," the earliest of his works, and which gained him a reputation. Not only did he attack the emperor, but the use of a simpler literary style brought the controversy to the common people, inciting revolt among those of Christian faith. His writings later played an important role during the Second Council of Nicaea which met to settle the icon dispute.
Unable to punish the writer openly, Leo III managed to acquire a manuscript written and signed by John of Damascus, which he used to forge a letter from John to the Isaurian emperor offering to betray into his hands the city of Damascus. Despite John's earnest advocation to his innocence, the caliph dismissed his plea, discharged him from his post, and ordering his right hand, which he used for writing, to be cut off by the wrist.
According to the 10th-century biography, his hand was miraculously restored after fervent prayer before an icon of the Virgin Mary. At this point the caliph is said to have been convinced of his innocence and inclined to reinstate him in his former office. However, John then retired to the monastery of Saint Sabas near Jerusalem, where he continued to produce a series of commentaries, hymns and apologetic writings, including the Octoechos (the Church's service book of eight tones) and An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, a summary of the dogmatic writings of the Early Church Fathers.
Last days
He died in 749 as a revered Father of the Church, and is now widely recognized as a saint. He is sometimes called the last of the Church Fathers by the Roman Catholic Church. In 1883 he was declared a Doctor of the Church by the Holy See.
List of works
Early works
- Three "Apologetic Treatises against those Decrying the Holy Images" – These treatises were among his earliest expositions in response to the edict by the Byzantine Emperor Leo III, banning the worship or exhibition of holy images.
Teachings and dogmatic works
- "Fountain of Knowledge" or "The Fountain of Wisdom", is divided into three parts:
- "Philosophical Chapters" (Kephalaia philosophika) – Commonly called 'Dialectic', deals mostly with logic, its primary purpose being to prepare the reader for a better understanding of the rest of the book.
- "Concerning Heresy" (peri aireseon) – The last chapter of this part (Chapter 101) deals with the Heresy of the Ishmaelites. Differently from the previous 'chapters' on other heresies which are usually only a few lines long, this chapter occupies a few pages in his work. It is one of the first Christian polemical writings against Islam, and the first one written by a Greek Orthodox/Melkite.
- "An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith" (Ekdosis akribes tes orthodoxou pisteos) – This third section of the book is known to be the most important work of John de Damascene, and a treasured antiquity of Christianity.
- "Sacred Parallels"
Notes
- ↑ R. Volk. Historiae animae utilis de Barlaam et Ioasaph. (Berlin, 2006)
- ↑ Christian History - John of Damascus - 131 Christians Everyone Should Know - Retrieved November 21, 2007.
- John, and Mary H. Allies. 1898. St. John Damascene on holy images; followed by three sermons on the Assumption. London: T. Baker. OCLC 2952711
External links
All links retrieved November 21, 2007.
- Catholic Encyclopedia
- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
- Catholic Online Saints
- Details of his work
- Excerpt from John Damascene
- "Apologia Against Those Who Decry Holy Images" at the Internet Medieval Sourcebook
- A Philosophical Explanation of Hypostatical Union in John Damascene's Fount of Knowledge
- The Concept of Unbounded and Evil Matter in Plotinus and John Damascenus
- Works by John of Damascus. Project Gutenberg
- "St. John of Damascus' Critique of Islam" at the Orthodox Christian Information Center
| This article is part of the Doctors of the Church series |
|
St. Gregory the Great | St.Ambrose | St. Augustine | St. Jerome | St. John Chrysostom | St. Basil | St. Gregory Nazianzus | St. Athanasius | St. Thomas Aquinas | St. Bonaventure | St. Anselm | St. Isidore | St. Peter Chrysologus | St. Leo the Great | St. Peter Damian | St. Bernard | St. Hilary of Poitiers | St. Alphonsus Liguori | St. Francis de Sales | St. Cyril of Alexandria | St. Cyril of Jerusalem | St. John Damascene | St. Bede the Venerable | St. Ephrem | St. Peter Canisius | St. John of the Cross | St. Robert Bellarmine | St. Albertus Magnus | St. Anthony of Padua | St. Lawrence of Brindisi | St. Teresa of Avila | St. Catherine of Siena | St. Thérèse of Lisieux |
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