Iguana
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 A green iguana (Iguana iguana)
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Iguana is a genus of lizard native to tropical areas of Central and South America and the Caribbean first described by Austrian naturalist Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in his book Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin Reptilium Emendatam cum Experimentis circa Venena in 1768. The genus iguana includes two species: the Green Iguana and the Lesser Antillean Iguana.
The word "Iguana" is derived from a Spanish form of the original Taino name for the species "Iwana".[1]
Iguanidae
Iguanidae is a family of lizards composed of iguanas and related species, including the green iguana commonly kept as a pet.
Classification of iguanidae
Two different classification schemes have been used to define the structure of this family. These are the "traditional" classification and the classification presented by Frost et al. (1989).
Frost et al. redefined this family. The genera belonging to the different subfamilies were assigned to separate families. This view is not generally accepted and the 'traditional' classification is still widely used.
Traditional classification
Family Iguanidae
- Subfamily Corytophaninae: casquehead lizards
- Subfamily Crotaphytinae: collared and leopard lizards
- Subfamily Hoplocercinae: wood lizards, clubtails
- Subfamily Iguaninae: green iguanas and spinytail iguanas
- Subfamily Leiocephalinae
- Subfamily Leiosaurinae
- Subfamily Liolaeminae
- Subfamily Oplurinae: Madagascar iguanids
- Subfamily Phrynosomatinae: ear-less, spiny, tree, side-blotched and horned lizards
- Subfamily Polychrotinae: anoles
- Subfamily Tropidurinae: neotropical ground lizards
Frost et al classification of iguanas
Family Iguanidae
- Genus Amblyrhynchus
- Genus Brachylophus
- Genus Conolophus
- Genus Ctenosaura
- Genus Cyclura
- Genus Dipsosaurus
- Genus Iguana
- Genus Sauromalus
- Genus Armandisaurus (extinct)
- Genus Lapitiguana (extinct)
- Genus Pumila (extinct)
Iguana sp.
Lesser Antillean Iguana, Dominica, W.I..
- 6010 aquaimages.jpg
Marine Iguanas, Galapagos Islands.
- 6039 aquaimages.jpg
Land Iguana, Galapagos Islands.
- Divingiguana.jpg
Iguana found in the Florida Keys, diving into the sea.
- Iguana iguana 2 AB.jpg
A green iguana.
Green iguana
| Green Iguana | ||||||||||||||
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| Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758) |
The Green Iguana (Iguana iguana) is a large, arboreal herbivorous species of lizard of the genus iguana native to Central and South America. The Green iguana ranges over a large geographic area, from southern Brazil and Paraguay to as far north as Mexico, the Caribbean Islands; and in the United States as feral populations in Florida, Hawaii and the Rio Grande Valley of Texas. The Green iguana is a reptile commonly found in captivity as a pet and grows to 1.5 meters in length from head to tail, although a few specimens have grown more than 2 meters (6 feet) and can weigh upwards of 20 pounds (10 kg).
Taxonomy
The word Iguana is derived from a Spanish form of the Taino name for the species "Iwana".[1][2] The species was first officially described by Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus in 1758.[3] In the two centuries since then, no less than 17 species and subspecies have been identified with all but one species(Iguana delicatissima) being found to be invalid.[3]
In Spanish speaking countries, males of the species are referred to as gorrobo or ministro and juveniles are called iguanita or gorrobito.[4]
Distribution and habitat
The native range of the Green iguana extends from southern Mexico to central Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia and the Caribbean; specifically Grenada, Curacao, Trinidad and Tobago, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Utila.[5][6] They have been introduced to Grand Cayman, Puerto Rico, Texas, Florida, Hawaii, and the US Virgin Islands.[6][7][8]
Green iguanas are diurnal and arboreal and often found near water.[9][10] Agile climbers, iguanas can fall up to 50 feet and land unhurt (iguanas use their hind leg claws to "hook" leaves, branches, or anything in a "clasping" motion to break a fall).[10][11][12] During cold, wet weather, Green iguanas prefer to stay on the ground for greater warmth.[4] When swimming an iguana remains submerged and lets its four legs hang limply against its side and propels itself through the water with powerful tail strokes.[4]
Because of the Green iguana's popularity in the pet trade and as a food source in Latin America, they are listed on the CITES Appendix II, which means that while they are not an endangered species, "their trade must be controlled so as to not harm the species in the future".[13]
Anatomy and morphology
In southern countries of their range, such as Peru, Green iguanas appear bluish in color with bold black markings.[10] On islands such as Bonaire, Curacao, Aruba, and Grenada, a Green iguana's color may range from green to lavender, black, and even pink.[2][10] Green iguanas from the western region of Costa Rica are red and animals of the northen ranges, such as Mexico, appear orange.[10][2] Juvenile Green iguanas from El Salvador are often bright blue as babies, however they lose this color as they get older.[2]
Green iguanas possess a row of spines along their backs and along their tails which helps to protect them from predators.[10] Their whiplike tails can be used to deliver painful strikes and like many other lizards, when grabbed by the tail, the iguana can allow it to break, so it can escape and eventually regrow a new one.[14][12] In addition, iguanas have well developed dewlaps which helps regulate their body temperature.[11] It is also used in courtships and displays.[2][10][15]
Green iguanas have excellent vision, enabling them to detect shapes and motions at long distances.[16] As Green iguanas have only a few Rod cells, they have poor vision in low-light conditions. At the same time, they have cells called “double Cone cells” that give them sharp color vision and enable them to see ultraviolet wavelengths.[16] This ability is highly useful when basking so the animal can ensure that it absorbs enough sunlight in the forms of UVA and UVB to produce Vitamin D.[2][12]
Green iguanas have evolved a white photosensory organ on the top of their heads called the parietal eye, which are also called third eye, pineal eye or pineal gland.[16] This “eye” doesn’t work the same way as a normal eye does as it has only a rudimentary retina and lens and thus cannot form images.[16] It is, however, sensitive to changes in light and dark and can detect movement.[16] This helps the iguana when being stalked by predators from above.[16]
Green iguanas have very sharp teeth that are capable of shredding leaves and even human skin.[2] The teeth are situated on the inner sides of the jawbones which is why they are hard to see in smaller specimens.[15]
Primarily herbivorous, Green iguanas are presented with a special problem for osmoregulation; plant matter contains more potassium and as it has less nutritional content per gram, more must be eaten to meet metabolic needs.[17] As Green iguanas are not capable of creating liquid urine more concentrated than their bodily fluids, like birds they excrete nitrogenous wastes as urate salts through a salt gland. [17] As a result, Green iguanas have developed a lateral nasal gland to supplement renal salt secretion by expelling excess potassium and sodium chloride.[17]
Green iguanas from Guatemala and southern Mexico have small horns on their snouts between their eyes and their nostrils, whereas others do not.[10] Naturalists once classified these iguanas as belonging to different subspecies (Iguana iguana rhinolopha); however, this classification has been found to be invalid as iguanas with similar nose projections appear randomly in other populations and interbreed freely with those that do not share this trait.[10][2]
Sexual dimorphism and reproduction
Male Green iguanas have highly developed femoral pores on the underside of their thighs which secrete a scent (females also have fermoral pores, but they are smaller in comparison to those of the males).[2] In addition, the dorsal spines that run along a Green iguana's back are noticeably longer and thicker in males than they are in females, making the animals somewhat sexually dimorphic.[2]
Green iguanas are oviparous with females laying clutches of 20 to 71 eggs once per year during a synchronized nesting period.[18][14] The female Green iguana gives no parental protection after egglaying, apart from defending the nesting burrow during excavation.[18] In Panama, the Green iguana has been observed sharing nest sites with American Crocodiles and in Honduras with Spectacled Caimans.[6]
The hatchlings emerge from the nest after 10-15 weeks of incubation.[18][14] Once hatched, the young iguanas look similar to the adults in color and shape, resembling adult females more so than males and lacking dorsal spines.[18]
Juveniles stay in familial groups for the first year of their lives.[18] Male Green iguanas in these groups often use their own bodies to shield and protect females from predators and it appears to be the only species of reptile which does this.[19]
Behavior
When frightened by a predator, Green iguanas will attempt to flee, and if near a body of water, dive into it and swim away.[4] If cornered by a threat, the Green iguana will extend and display the dewlap under its neck, stiffen and puff up its body, and bob its head at the aggressor.[10] If the threat persists the Green iguana will lash with it's tail, bite and use its claws in defense.[4] Wounded animals are more inclined to fight than unijured ones.[4]
Green iguanas use "head bobs" and dewlaps in a variety of ways in social interactions, such as greeting another iguana or to court a possible mate.[2] The frequency and number of head bobs have particular meanings to other iguanas.[10]
Green iguanas are preyed upon by hawks and their fear of hawks is exploited as a ploy to catch them in the wild.[4] The sound of a hawk's whistle or scream makes the iguana freeze and easy to capture.[4]
Diet
Green iguanas are primarily herbivores, feeding on leaves, flowers, fruit, and growing shoots of upwards of 100 different species of plant.[18][2] In Panama one of the Green iguana's favorite foods is wild plum, Spondias monbin.[4]
Although they will consume a wide variety of foods if offered, green iguanas are naturally herbivorous and require a precise ratio of minerals (2 to 1 calcium to phosphous) in their diet.[12][20] Juvenile iguanas tend to be insectivores and often eat feces from adults in order to acquire the essential microflora to digest their low-quality and hard to process diet.[18][4]
There is some debate as to whether captive Green iguanas should be fed animal protein.[2] There is evidence of wild iguanas eating grasshoppers and tree snails, usually as a byproduct of eating plant material.[21] Wild adult Green iguanas have also been observed eating bird's eggs.[5] Zoologists, such as Adam Britton, believe that such a diet containing protein is unhealthy for the animal's digestive system resulting in severe long-term health damage including kidney failure and leading to premature death.[22] On the other side of the argument is that Green iguanas at the Miami Seaquarium in Key Biscayne, Florida, have been observed eating dead fish and individuals kept in captivity have been known to eat mice without any ill effects.[2] De Vosjoli also writes that some animals have been known to survive and thrive on eating nothing but whole rodent block, or monkey chow, and one instance of Romaine lettuce with vitamin and calcium supplements.[2]
Captivity
Main article: Green Iguana in captivity
The US pet trade has put a great demand on the Green iguana; 800,000 iguanas were imported into the U.S. in 1995 alone, primarily originating from captive farming operations based in their native countries (Honduras, El Salvador, Colombia, and Panama).[23] However, these animals are demanding to care for properly over their lifetime, and many die within a few years of acquisition.[2]
Although, in captivity, Green Iguanas will eat meat if presented with it, excessive consumption of animal protein results in severe kidney problems and possible premature death.[2][22] Misinformed pet owners tend to feed iguanas iceberg lettuce, which provides iguanas with water but has no other nutritional value.[12] A captive Green iguana's diet should consist of fresh leafy vegetables such as mustard greens, collard greens, dandelion, arugula or kale and access to fresh water.[2]
Green iguanas will thrive only in temperatures of 79 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit (24 to 32 degrees Celsius) and must have appropriate sources of UVB and UVA lighting, or else their bodies cannot produce Vitamin D, which can result in a metabolic bone disease that can be fatal.[2][12] In some locales(New York City and Hawaii), iguanas are considered exotic pets, and are prohibited from ownership.[24] [25] Hawaii has strict regulations regarding the import and possession of Green iguanas, violators can spend three years in jail and fined up to $200,000.[26] This is due to the potential impact of an introduced species on Hawaii's ecosystem.
Invasive species
Green iguanas are considered an invasive species in South Florida and along the gulf coast of Florida from Key West to Pinellas County.[27][6] This is due to a combination of events.[15] The original small populations in the Florida Keys were animals that had arrived there due to hurricanes and storms; others were stowaways on ships carrying fruit from South America.[28] Over the years escaped, and intentionally released, iguanas from the pet trade survived and then thrived in their new habitat.[27] They commonly hide in the attics of houses and on beaches. They often destroy gardens and landscaping.[27] However, they seem to be fond of eating a native endangered plant, Cordia globosa and feeding on Nicker nut (Caesalpinia) a primary food plant of the endangered Miami Blue Butterfly (Cyclargus thomasi bethunebakeri); additionally on Marco Island, Green iguanas have been observed using the burrows of the Florida Burrowing Owl, a species of special concern, all of which makes them more of a serious threat to Florida's ecosystem than originally believed.[28][6]
The Green iguana is established in Maui, Hawaii as a feral species (despite strict legislation)and the Rio Grande Valley of Texas.[10][29] As most reptiles carry salmonella, this is also a concern and a reason legislation has been sought to regulate the trade in Green iguanas.[6]
Cultural references
The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped animals and often depicted Green iguanas in their art. [30] The iguana has also been used as a food source in Central and South America for the past 7000 years. It is believed that populations in the Caribbean were translocated there from the mainland by various tribes as a food source.[1] In Central and South America, Green iguanas are used as a source of meat and are often referred to as gallina de palo, "Bamboo Chicken" or "chicken of the tree".[4]
Photos
- Iguana iguana 2 AB.jpg
A Green iguana adult
- Young iguana.png
A young Green iguana in the wild
A male Green iguana in the wild (BCC Panama)
- Wizardtoilet.jpg
A pet Green iguana using a toilet.
Lesser Antillian iguana
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| Iguana delicatissima Laurenti, 1768 |
The Lesser Antillean Iguana (Iguana delicatissima) is one of two species of lizard of the genus Iguana. Endemic to the Lesser Antilles it is in severe decline due to habitat destruction, feral predators, hunting, and hybridization with its sister species the Green iguana.
Taxonomy
The generic name Iguana is derived from Iwana, a Spanish form of the Taino name for the species.[1] Its specific name delicatissima is Latin for "extraordinary". The species was first officially described by Austrian naturalist Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in 1768.[3]
Distribution
The Lesser Antillean iguana is found in scrub woodland, rainforest, and mangrove throughout the Lesser Antilles on Anguilla, St. Martin, St. Eustatius, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Martinique.[31]
Anatomy and morphology
Though belonging to the same genus as the Green Iguana, the Lesser Antilles Iguana has a more blocky, shortened face than the Green Iguana and lacks the distinctive stripe pattern present along the Green Iguana's tail. The feature that most easily distinguishes these two species is the large, round scale, which the Green iguana has below each ear hole but the Lesser Antillean iguana does not.
The Lesser Antillean iguana varies in color between different island populations, but the base color tends to be gray, with green splotching on the underside.[5] They have large pale, ivory colored scales on their heads. The jowls of males are pink and the scales around the eyes are blue.[5] Males also have femoral pores along each inner thigh that exude pheromones during breeding season. Males are larger than females and are 40cm (16in) long, with an 80cm (32in) tail when full-grown. Females are two-thirds this size.
Diet
Lesser Antillean iguanas are primarily herbivores, feeding on leaves, flowers, fruit, and growing shoots of upwards of 100 different species of plant.[5] This presents a problem for osmoregulation: vegetable matter contains more potassium has less nutritional content per gram, so more must be eaten to meet the animal's metabolic needs.[17] Like most reptiles, Lesser Antillean iguanas are not capable of creating liquid urine more concentrated than their bodily fluids, like birds they excrete nitrogenous wastes as urate salts through a specially evolved nasal salt gland. [17] As a result, the iguanas have developed this lateral nasal gland to supplement renal salt secretion by expelling excess potassium and sodium chloride.[17]
Conservation
The Lesser Antillean Iguana is a vulnerable species and is found on the IUCN Red List.[31] The Lesser Antillean iguana is legally protected from hunting throughout its range, but enforcement of these regulations is extremely difficult and therefore limited. [32] Other threats include habitat loss to agriculture and development and the introduction of feral predators such as dogs, cats, and the mongoose.[32]
The species greatest threat is from its own genus.[32] The Green iguana has been introduced to the Lesser Antilles as an invasive species and directly competes with the Lesser Antillean Iguana for food and resources.[32] In addition the Green iguana has been interbreeding with the Lesser Antillean Iguana and this hybridization has been the number one reason for decline on at least three of the islands: Les Iles des Saintes, Basse Terre (Guadeloupe) and St. Barthélemy.[32]
Captive Lesser Antillean iguanas are currently kept at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Memphis Zoo and the San Diego Zoo’s Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species.[32] All individuals originate from the Commonwealth of Dominica.[31] Breeding and keeping the species in captivity is difficult. Mating and egg laying have occurred at each institution but most of the eggs have been infertile, a single individual was successfully hatched at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust in 1997 and in 2000 eight iguanas were hatched. [32]
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
Coles, William (2002), Green Iguana, Department of Planning and Natural Resources US Virgin Islands Division of Fish and Wildlife
Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Coles" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "Coles" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 De Vosjoli, Phillipe and David Blair (1992). The Green Iguana Manual. Escondido, California: Advanced Vivarium Systems. ISBN 74886904040.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2
Hollingsworth, Bradford D. (2004), The Evolution of Iguanas an Overview and a Checklist of Species, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520238541
Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Hollingsworth" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 Swanson, Paul L (1950), "The Iguana: Iguana iguana iguana", Herpetolgica 6: 187-193
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
Lazell, J.D. (1973), The lizard genus Iguana in the Lesser Antilles, New York
Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Lazell" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Krysko, Kenneth L; Kevin M Enge & Ellen M Donlan et al. (2007), "Distribution, Natural History, and Impacts of the Introduced Green Iguana in Florida", Iguana: Conservation, Natural History, and Husbandry of Reptiles 14 (3): 142-151, International Reptile Conservation Foundation
- ↑ Mani, Bina (7/17/2002), Wild Blue Iguanas plummeting towards extinction. Retrieved 10/28/2007
- ↑ Seidel, M & R Franz (1994), Amphibians and reptiles (exclusive of marine turtles) of the Cayman Islands, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 9780792324621
- ↑ Cogger, Harold & Richard Zweifel (1992), Reptiles & Amphibians, Sydney, Australia: Weldon Owen, ISBN 0831727861
- ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 Samuelson, Phillip (6/1/1995), "The Lizard King", Reptiles Magazine 3 (2): 64-84
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Bebler, John L. & F. Wayne King (1979), The Audubon Society Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of North America, Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 0394508246
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Rosenfeld, Arthur (1989), Exotic Pets, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 067147654
- ↑ 9/13/2007, Appendices I,II, and III. Retrieved 10/28/2007
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Capula, Massimo and Behler (1989). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of the World. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671690981.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Conant, Roger (1991). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians Eastern/Central North America. Boston, Massachussets: Houghton Mifflin Company, 94-95. ISBN 0395583896.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Brames, Henry (2007), "Aspects of Light and Reptile Immunity", Iguana: Conservation, Natural History, and Husbandry of Reptiles 14 (1): 19-23, International Reptile Conservation Foundation
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5
Hazard, Lisa C. (2004), Sodium and Potassium Secretion by Iguana Salt Glands, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520238541
Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Hazard" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Burghart, Gordon (2004). Iguana Research: Looking Back and Looking Ahead. University of California Press, 5-10. ISBN 9780520238541.
- ↑ Rivas, Jesus & Luis E Levin (2004), Sexually Dimorphic Antipredator Behavior in Juvenile Green Iguanas, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520238541
- ↑ Kaplan, Melissa (April 19, 2007). "'MK Diet' - The Short Version". Melissa Kaplan's Herp Care Collection. anapsid.org. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
- ↑ Meshaka, Walter (September 2004). Colonization Success by Green Iguanas in Florida. Iguana: Journal of the International Iguana Society. State Museum of Pennsylvania, Zoology and Botany.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Britton, Adam (April 19, 2007). Animal Protein and Claw Trimming". Melissa Kaplan's Herp Care Collection. anapsid.org. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
- ↑ 2007, Green Iguana, Smithsonian National Zoological Park
- ↑ Blood, Michael R (6/30/1999), "Exotic Pets' Days Numbered", New York Daily News
- ↑ "Green Iguana Society Adoption Board" (discussion board). Boardhost.com. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
- ↑ 04/16/2002, Iguana & Illegal Lizard Turned In Under Amnesty, State of Hawaii Department of Agriculture
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Lush, Tamara (July 26,2005), "Florida's Iguana Infestation", St Petersburg Times
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Youth, Howard (2005), "Florida's Creeping Crawlers", Zoogoer 20 (3)
- ↑ Perry, Brian (04/12/2006), "Leaping lizards! Girl sights iguana in Kahului", The Maui News
- ↑ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Breuil, M. & Day, M. 1996. [1]. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species., World Conservation Union. Retrieved on 30 October2007.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 Day, Mark; Michel Breuil & Steve Reichling (2001), "Taxonomic Account Lesser Antillean iguana Iguana delicatissima", IUCN Iguana Specialist Group
References
External links
- Melissa Kaplan's Iguana Care, Feeding & Socialization
- Green Iguana Society
- Pictures at flickr tagged with 'Iguana iguana'
- National Iguana Awareness Day
- Stichting Doelgroep Groene leguanen, Dutch Green Iguana Foundation
- Aruba animals encyclopedia
- Humane Society Video (Requires Real Player)
- Colorado Reptile Rescue (Adoption Option)
- International Iguana Foundation
- Henry Lizardlover Link
- Research papers on Green iguana
- Florida Iguana Pictures
References
- Frost, D.R. and R.E. Etheridge. 1989. A Phylogenetic Analysis and Taxonomy of Iguanian Lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. ISBN 0893380334.
- Frost, D.R., R. Etheridge, D. Janies and T.A. Titus. 2001. Total evidence, sequence alignment, evolution of Polychrotid lizards, and a reclassification of the Iguania (Squamata: Iguania). American Museum Novitates. 3343:38.
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