Hilary of Poitiers

Saint Hilarius
The Ordination of Saint Hilary. From a 14th century manuscript.
Malleus Arianorum ("hammer against Arianism") and the “Athanasius of the West”
Born	ca. 300 in Poitiers
Died	368 in Poitiers
Venerated in	Anglicanism Eastern Orthodoxy Lutheranism Oriental Orthodoxy Roman Catholicism
Feast	January 13 January 14 (General Roman Calendar, 13th century-1969)

Hilarius or Saint Hilary (ca. 300 – 368) was bishop of Poitiers ('Pictavium') and considered an eminent doctor of the Western Christian Church. He was sometimes referred to as the malleus Arianorum ("hammer against Arianism") and the "Athanasius of the West." His name comes from the Greek word for happy or cheerful, the root also of the English word "hilarious." He died on January 13, which accordingly is his feast day in the Roman Catholic calendar of saints. In the past, when this date was occupied by the Octave Day of the Epiphany, his feast day was moved to 14 January.

Early life

Hillary was born at Poitiers, a town in west central France about the end of the third century C.E. His parents were pagans of the nobility, and received a good education, inlcuding some knowledge of Greek, which had already become somewhat rare in the West. With Christianity now officially supported by the Roman Empire, he later studied the Hebrew Bible and the writings of the emerging New Testament canon, with the result that he abandoned his Neo-Platonism for Christianity. Together with his wife and daughter (traditionally named Saint Abra), he accordingly received the sacrament of baptism.

Little is known regarding the Christian community in Poitiers at this time, but Hillary's erudition, character, and social standing were such that he won the the respect the local church. Although still a married man, he was unanimously elected bishop, clerical celibacy not required being until the late Middle Ages. At the time, Arianism was had a strong foothold in the Western Church, with emperors switching sides and cities often divided as bishops of one faction or the other came and went. A strong proponent of the "orthodox" view promoted by Athanasius of Alexandria, Hilary undertook the task of defeated the Arian view, which he considered to be a heresy that undermined Jesus' divinity and disrupted the economy of salvation. One of Hillary's first steps in this campaign was to organize the non-Arian bishops in Gall to ecommunicate Bishop Saturninus of Arles, together with his supporters Ursacius and Valens, on grounds of heresy.

Around the same time, Hillary wrote to Emperor Constantius II in protest remonstrance against similar actions taking by the Arians against their opponents. The probable date of this letter, titled Ad Constantium Augustum liber primus, is 355. His efforts, however, resulted in failure. Constantius summoned the synod of Biterrae (Béziers) in 356 with the professed purpose of settling the longstanding disputes. The result was that Hillary was banished by imperial decree to Phrygia, where he spent nearly four years in exile.

Theological work

From Thrace, Hillary continued to govern the non-Arian Christian in his diocese and devoted himself to writing on the theological matters which so troubled the empire and himself. During this period he prepared two of the most important of his contributions to dogmatic and polemical theology. His De synodis (also called De fide Orientalium) was an epistle addressed in 358 to the Semi-Arian bishops in Gaul, Germany and Britain. He, Hillary expounds on the views of the Eastern bishops on the Nicene controversy, emphasizing that no term other than homoousios (same substance) adequately describes the relationship of God the Father and God the Son. In De trinitate libri XII, composed in 359 and 360, he attempts to express in Latin the theological subtleties elaborated in the original Greek— the first Latin writer to attempt this task. The former of these works was not entirely approved by some members of his anti-Arian party, who thought he had shown too great a forbearance towards the Arians. He replied to their criticisms in the Apologetica ad reprehensores libri de synodis responsa.

In 359 Hilary attended the convocation of bishops at Seleucia Isauria, where he joined the Homoousian faction against the Semi-Arian party headed by Acacius of Caesarea. From there he went to Constantinople, and, in a petition (Ad Constantium Augustum liber secundus), personally presented to the emperor in 360, repudiated the accusations of his opponents and sought to vindicate the Nicene position. Acacius, however, triumphed and a new council of bishops held at Constantinople issued a compromise creed as a substitute for the formulas of both the Nicene and the Arian parties. In an effort to end the bitter acrimony between the conflicting sects, the council decreed that neither the word ousia nor hypostasis (translated as "persona" in Latin) should be used in theological creeds henceforth. Although affirming the Trinity of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, it adopted what its opponents called the "Semi-Arian" position: "We affirm that the Son is like the Father." This formula was totally unacceptable to Hillary, and repeated demands for a public debate with his opponents even after the matter had been settled to the emperor's satisfaction proved at last so inconvenient that he was sent back to his diocese. He appears to have arrived back at Poitiers about 361, within a very short time of the accession of Julian.

Expulsion from Milan

He was occupied for two or three years in combating Arianism within his diocese; but in 364, extending his efforts once more beyond Gaul, he impeached Auxentius, bishop of Milan, and a man high in the imperial favour, as heterodox. Summoned to appear before Emperor Valentinian I at Milan and there maintain his charges, Hilary had the mortification of hearing the supposed heretic give satisfactory answers to all the questions proposed; nor did his denunciation of the metropolitan as a hypocrite save himself from an ignominious expulsion from Milan.

In 365 he published the Contra Arianos vel Auxentium Mediolanensem liber, in connection with the controversy; and also (but perhaps at a somewhat earlier date) the Contra Constantium Augustum liber, in which he pronounced that lately-deceased emperor to have been the Antichrist, a rebel against God, "a tyrant whose sole object had been to make a gift to the devil of that world for which Christ had suffered."

Hilary is sometimes regarded as the first Latin Christian hymnwriter, but none of the compositions assigned to him is indisputable.

The later years of his life were spent in comparative quiet, devoted in part to the preparation of his expositions of the Psalms (Tractatus super Psalmos), for which he was largely indebted to Origen; of his Commentarius in Evangelium Matthaei, an allegorical exegesis of the first Gospel; and of his no longer extant translation of Origen's commentary on Job.

While he thus closely followed the two great Alexandrians, Origen and Athanasius, in exegesis and Christology respectively, his work shows many traces of vigorous independent thought.

Towards the end of his episcopate and with his encouragement Martin, the future bishop of Tours, founded a monastery at Ligugé in his diocese.

He died in 368; no more exact date is trustworthy.

Discussion

He holds the highest rank among the Latin writers of his century prior to St. Ambrose. Designated already by Augustine of Hippo as "the illustrious doctor of the churches"; he, by his works, exerted an increasing influence in later centuries; and by Pope Pius IX he was formally recognized as universae ecclesiae doctor (i.e. Doctor of the Church) at the synod of Bordeaux in 1851.

Hilary's day in the Roman calendar is January 13, from which the name of Hilary term is derived.

Editions of his writings were produced by Erasmus (Basel, 1523, 1526, 1528). An English translation by E. W. Watson appears in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. Several of his works have appeared in Sources Chrétiennes (i.e. commentaries on Psalm 118 and St. Matthew, his attack on the emperor Constantius, on the Mysteries and most recently, in three volumes, on the Trinity).

Recent research has distinguished between Hilary's thought before his period of exile in Phrygia under Constantius and the quality of his later major works.

He was, perhaps, mentioned by Augustine as being the author of Ambrosiaster.

A vita of Hilary was written by Venantius Fortunatus c.550 but is not considered reliable. More trustworthy are the notices in Jerome (De vir. illus. 100), Sulpicius Severus (Chron. ii. 39-45) and in Hilary's own writings.

Cult

The cult of Saint Hilary developed in association with that of St. Martin of Tours as a result of Sulpicius Severus' Vita Sancti Martini and spread early to western Britain. The villages of St Hilary in Cornwall and Glamorgan and that of Llanilar in Cardiganshire bear his name.

In France the majority of dedications to Saint Hilary are to be found to the west (and north) of the Massif Central from which areas the cult eventually extended to Canada.

In north-west Italy the church of sant’Ilario at Casale Monferrato was dedicated to him as early as 380 C.E.

In the context of English educational and legal institutions Saint Hilary's festival lies at the start of the Hilary Term which begins in January.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

External links

• Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II, Vol. IX St Hilary of Poitiers: introduction and texts
• Opera Omnia
• Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Hilary of Poitiers
• (French) See also patristique.org
• BENEDICT XVI: Saint Hilary of Poitiers General Audience Wednesday, 10 October 2007
• The works of Hilary in chronological order.

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