Difference between revisions of "Daughters of the American Revolution" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Category:Sociology]]
 
[[Category:Sociology]]
 
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The '''Daughters of the American Revolution''' (DAR) is a  "[[lineage (evolution)|lineage]] membership organization"{{citation needed}} dedicated to promoting [[historic preservation]], [[education]], and [[patriotism]].
 
−
DAR has chapters in all fifty of the [[U.S. states]] as well as in the [[District of Columbia]]. There are also DAR chapters in [[Australia]], the [[Bahamas]], [[Bermuda]], [[Canada]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[Mexico]], [[Spain]], and the [[United Kingdom]]. DAR's motto is "God, Home, and Country." Some state chapters of DAR date from as early as [[October 11]], [[1890]], and the National Society of DAR was incorporated by [[Congressional charter]] in [[1896]].
 
  
−
[[Image:400px-IMG 6723.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Daughters of the American Revolution (D.A.R) monument to the Battle of Fort Washington, located under the approach deck of the George Washington Bridge, New York City, NY, USA. Erected in 1910.]]
+
The '''Daughters of the American Revolution''' (DAR) is a  [[Genealogy|lineage]]-based membership organization"<ref name="darrequirements">{{cite web| title = Become a Member| publisher = Daughters of the American Revolution| url = http://www.dar.org/natsociety/content.cfm?ID=145&hd=n&FO=Y| accessdate = 2006-10-08 }}</ref> dedicated to promoting [[historic preservation]], [[education]], and [[patriotism]]. DAR chapters are involved in raising funds for local scholarships and educational awards, preserving historical properties and artifacts and promoting patriotism within their communities.
 +
DAR has chapters in all fifty of the [[U.S. states]] as well as in the [[District of Columbia]]. There are also DAR chapters in [[Australia]], the [[Bahamas]], [[Bermuda]], [[Canada]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[Mexico]], [[Spain]], and the [[United Kingdom]]. DAR's motto is "God, Home, and Country." Some state chapters of DAR date from as early as October 11, 1890, and the National Society of DAR was incorporated by [[Congressional charter]] in 1896.
  
 +
[[Image:400px-IMG 6723.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Daughters of the American Revolution monument to the [[Battle of Fort Washington]], marred by graffiti, located under the approach deck of the [[George Washington Bridge]], [[New York City]]. Erected in 1910.]]
 +
 +
==Eligibility==
 
The National Society of DAR is the final arbiter of the acceptability of all applications for membership.
 
The National Society of DAR is the final arbiter of the acceptability of all applications for membership.
−
Membership in DAR is open to women at least eighteen years of age who can prove lineal bloodline descent from an [[ancestor]] who aided in achieving [[United States independence]]. Acceptable ancestors include various related categories of known historical figures, including:  
+
Membership in DAR is open to women at least eighteen years of age who can prove lineal bloodline descent from an [[ancestor]] who aided in achieving [[United_States_Declaration_of_Independence|United States independence]]. Acceptable ancestors include various related categories of known historical figures, including:  
−
* Signers of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]],
+
* Signers of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]];
−
* Military veterans of the [[American Revolutionary War]], including State navies and militias, local ''[[militia]]s'', [[privateer]]s, and [[Military history of France|French]] and [[Military history of Spain|Spanish]] soldiers and sailors who fought in the American theater of war,
+
* Military veterans of the [[American Revolutionary War]], including State navies and militias, local ''[[militia]]s'', [[privateer]]s, and [[Military history of France|French]] or [[Military history of Spain|Spanish]] soldiers and sailors who fought in the American theater of war;
−
* [[Civil servant]]s of provisional or State governments; members of the [[Continental Congress]] and State conventions and assemblies; signers of [[Oaths of Allegiance]] or [[Oaths of Fidelity and Support]];  
+
* [[Civil servant]]s of provisional or State governments;  
−
* participants in the [[Boston Tea Party]]; prisoners of war, refugees, and defenders of forts and frontiers; doctors and nurses who aided Revolutionary casualties; and ministers, petitioners, and
+
* Members of the [[Continental Congress]] and State conventions and assemblies;
−
* others who gave material or patriotic support to the Revolutionary cause.
+
* Signers of [[Oaths of Allegiance]] or [[Oaths of Fidelity and Support]];  
 +
* Participants in the [[Boston Tea Party]];
 +
* Prisoners of war, refugees, and defenders of forts and frontiers; doctors and nurses who aided Revolutionary casualties; and ministers, petitioners;
 +
* And others who gave material or patriotic support to the Revolutionary cause.<ref name="darrequirements"/>
 +
 
 +
The DAR does not discriminate based on race or religion, and welcomes all women with a provable blood line to revolutionary ancestors.<ref name="darrequirements"/> The [[adoption|adopted]] daughter of a revolutionary descendant does ''not'' qualify through this adoptive parent, though she may qualify through the bloodline of her birth parent.
 +
 
 +
==Marian Anderson controversy==
 +
Although the DAR now forbids discrimination in membership based on race or creed, some members held [[racial segregation|segregation]]ist views when this was still public policy in the United States. In 1932 the DAR adopted a rule excluding [[African-American]] artists from the stage at [[Constitution Hall]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], built in 1929 by the DAR, following protests over "mixed seating"; blacks and whites seated together at concerts of black artists.<ref name="nararesignlet">{{cite web| title = Exhibit: Eleanor Roosevelt Letter| publisher = [[NARA]]| date = 1939-02-26| url = http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals/eleanor.html| accessdate = 2006-10-08 }}</ref> In 1936, [[Sol Hurok]], manager of African-American [[contralto]] [[Marian Anderson]] since 1935, attempted to book Anderson at Constitution Hall. Due to the "white performers only" policy, the booking was refused. Instead, Anderson performed at a Washington area black high school, and was also invited by [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] to perform for her and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]]. Eleanor had publicly resigned from the DAR when she heard that Marian Anderson was banned. During this time, Anderson came under considerable pressure from the [[NAACP]] to not perform for segregated audiences.<ref name="metearlycareer">{{cite web| title = Marian Anderson at the MET: The 50th Anniversary, Early Career| publisher = The Metropolitan Opera Guild, Inc.| date = 2005| url = http://www.marian-anderson.org/early_career.htm| accessdate = 2006-10-08 }}</ref>
 +
 
 +
In 1939, Hurok, along with the NAACP and [[Howard University]], petitioned the DAR to make an exception to the "white performers only" policy for a new booking, which was rejected by the DAR. Hurok attempted to find a local high school for the performance, but the only suitable venue was an auditorium at a white high school. The [[District of Columbia Public Schools|school board]], which was indirectly under the authority of the President, refused to allow Anderson to perform there.<ref name="metearlycareer"/> Eleanor Roosevelt immediately resigned her membership with the DAR, and sent the following letter to the society:<blockquote>
 +
''Dear Mrs. Henry M. Robert, Jr.:''<br/>
 +
 
 +
''I am afraid that I have never been a very useful member of the Daughters of the American Revolution. I know it will make very little difference to you whether I resign, or whether I continue to be a member of your organization.''<br/>
 +
 
 +
''However, I am in complete disagreement with the attitude taken in refusing Constitution Hall to a great artist. You have set an example which seems to me unfortunate, and feel obliged to send in to you my resignation. You had an opportunity to lead in an enlightened way and it seems to me that your organization has failed.''<br/>
 +
 
 +
''I realize that many people will not agree with me, but feeling as I do this seems to me the only proper procedure to follow.''<br/>
 +
 
 +
''Very sincerely yours,''<ref name="erdarletgif">{{cite web| last = Roosevelt| first = Eleanor| title = Dear Mrs. Henry M. Robert, Jr.| work = Letter to DAR| publisher = [[NARA]]| date = 1939-02-26| url = http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals/erletter.gif|format = gif| accessdate = 2006-10-08 }}</ref>
 +
</blockquote>
 +
 
 +
DAR president Mrs. Henry M. Robert, Jr., sent the [[First Lady]] the following reply:<blockquote>
 +
''My dear Mrs. Roosevelt,''<br/>
 +
''Your letter of resignation reaches me in Colorado upon my return from the far West. I greatly regret that you found this action necessary. Our society is engaged in the education for citizenship''<ref name="darlet1">{{cite web| last = Robert| first = Mrs. Henry M.| title = My Dear Mrs. Roosevelt, page 1| work = Response letter| publisher = [[NARA]]| date = after 1939-02-26| url = http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals/darlet1.jpg| format = jpg| accessdate = 2006-10-08 }}</ref>''and the humanitarian service in which we know you to be vitally interested.''<br/>
 +
''I am indeed sorry not to have been in Washington at this time. Perhaps I might have been able to remove some of the misunderstanding and to have presented to you personally the attitude of the society.''<br/>
 +
''With best wishes always.''<br/>
 +
''Very sincerely,'' <ref name="darlet2">{{cite web| last = Robert| first = Mrs. Henry M.| title = My Dear Mrs. Roosevelt, page 2| work = Response letter| publisher = [[NARA]]| date = after 1939-02-26| url = http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals/darlet2.jpg| format = jpg| accessdate = 2006-10-08 }}</ref>
 +
</blockquote>
 +
Hurok and the NAACP again appealed to the DAR, and were again rejected.<ref name="nytimes1939">{{cite news | title = Washington Group Renews Anderson Dispute as SocietyGathers for Congress| pages = 19| publisher = New York Times| date = 1939-04-17| url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40814F63B58127A93C5A8178FD85F4D8385F9| accessdate = 2006-10-08 }}</ref>
 +
 
 +
Later, the DAR apologized and welcomed Ms. Anderson to [[Constitution Hall]] on a number of occasions soon after 1939, including a [[benefit concert]] for war relief in 1942.<ref name="nytimes1942">{{cite news| title = D.A.R. NOW INVITES MARIAN ANDERSON; Singer, Barred From Capital Hall in 1939, Is Asked to Give First of War Aid Concerts | pages = Obits. pp. 25| publisher = New York Times| date = 1942-09-30| url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60A14FD385D167B93C2AA1782D85F468485F9| accessdate = 2006-10-08 }}</ref> Ms. Anderson chose Constitution Hall as the place where she would launch her farewell American tour in 1964.<ref name="metlatelife">{{cite web| title = Marian Anderson at the MET: The 50th Anniversary, Late Life| publisher = The Metropolitan Opera Guild, Inc.| date = 2005| url = http://www.marian-anderson.org/late_life.htm| accessdate = 2006-10-08 }}</ref> On January 27, 2005, the DAR co-hosted the first day of issue dedication ceremony of the Marian Anderson commemorative stamp with the [[U.S. Postal Service]] and Ms. Anderson's family.<ref name="uspsrelease">{{cite press release| title = Legendary Singer Marian Anderson Returns to Constitution Hall On U.S. Postage Stamp| publisher = United States Postal Service| date = 2005-01-04| url =http://www.usps.com/communications/news/stamps/2005/sr05_001.htm| accessdate = 2006-10-08 }}</ref>
  
−
The DAR does not discriminate based on race or religion, and welcomes all women with a provable [[blood line]] to revolutionary ancestors. Women adopted into any family must prove their blood lineage to "a patriot" as listed above.
+
== Famous Historical DAR Members ==
 +
*[[Susan B. Anthony]]<ref name="dardazzlingdaughters">{{cite web| title = Dazzling Daughters, 1890-2004| work = Americana Collection exhibit| publisher = DAR| url = http://www.dar.org/americana/currexhib.cfm| accessdate = 2006-10-08 }}</ref>, American suffragist
 +
*[[Clara Barton]]<ref name="dardazzlingdaughters"/>, American Red Cross founder
 +
*[[Lillian Gish]]<ref name="dardazzlingdaughters"/>, American actress
 +
*[[Grandma Moses]]<ref name="dardazzlingdaughters"/>, American folk artist
 +
*[[Ginger Rogers]]<ref name="dardazzlingdaughters"/>, American actress and dancer
 +
*[[Caroline Harrison|Caroline Scott Harrison]]<ref name="dardazzlingdaughters"/>, First Lady of the USA
  
−
Although DAR now forbids discrimination in membership based on race or creed, some members held [[Racial segregation|segregation]]ist views when this was still public policy in the United States.  
+
== Famous Living DAR members ==
−
DAR banned [[African American]] [[contralto]] [[Marian Anderson]] from performing at their headquarters, Constitution Hall, on [[Easter]] Sunday [[1939]] in the then-segregated city of [[Washington, D.C.]]
+
* Dr. [[Betsy Boze]], American Academic — Chief Executive Officer and Dean, [[Kent State University Stark]]
−
In protest, [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] resigned her membership and helped arrange a special public performance for the singer in front of the [[Lincoln Memorial]] on that day with an audience of 70,000, not including the listeners of the live radio coverage.  Ironically, Eleanor Roosevelt had not raised a similar protest when the [[District of Columbia]], then under control of a Democratic Congress and President, had also barred Anderson from performing an integrated concert at the auditorium of a white high school.
 
  
−
Later, the DAR apologized and welcomed Ms. Anderson to [[Constitution Hall]] on a number of occasions soon after 1939, including a [[benefit concert]] for war relief in 1942. Ms. Anderson chose Constitution Hall as the place where she would launch her farewell American tour in 1964. On [[January 27]], [[2005]], the DAR co-hosted the first day of issue dedication ceremony of the Marian Anderson commemorative stamp with the U. S. Postal Service and Ms. Anderson's family. DAR chapters are involved in raising funds for local scholarships and educational awards, preserving historical properties and artifacts and promoting patriotism within their communities.
+
==DAR Constitution Hall==
 +
[[Image:DAR constitution hall.jpg|thumb|right|DAR Constitution Hall]]
 +
'''DAR Constitution Hall''' is a [[concert hall]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] It was built in 1929 by the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]], which still owns the theater and holds its annual members convention inside.
  
 +
The hall was designed by architect [[John Russell Pope]] and is located at 1776 D St. NW, just east of the [[United_States_Department_of_the_Interior|Department of the Interior]], between the [[American Red Cross]] and the [[Organization of American States]], across from the [[President's Park|Ellipse]] in front of the [[White House]]. The hall seats 3,974 people, with 2,494 on risers and 1,480 on the floor. Additional seating is located in 52 boxes separating the floor from the risers.
  
 +
It is used for concerts (including military bands), touring [[Broadway theatre|Broadway shows]], family shows, high school graduations, and the Washington edition of the ''[[Radio City Music Hall|Radio City]] Christmas Spectacular''. It was the location where ''[[Eddie Murphy Delirious]]'' was filmed in 1983. It was also the location where "[[Martin Lawrence Live: Runteldat]]" was filmed in 2002.  For several decades prior to the opening of the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]] in 1971, Constitution Hall was home base of the [[National Symphony Orchestra]] and the city's principal venue for touring classical musicians.  Sold-out film lectures of the [[National Geographic Society]] were also held for many decades, three times a week until about 1990 when they were moved instead to the National Geographic theater.  In an often-told historical incident, the Hall's management once told distinguished [[African-American]] singer [[Marian Anderson]] her requested performance date for the Hall was already booked, causing first lady [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] instead to offer her a spot to sing at the [[Lincoln Memorial]].   
 +
 +
Every [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] since [[Calvin Coolidge]] has attended at least one event at the theater.
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
==Notes==
 +
<references/>
  
 
==Further reading==
 
==Further reading==
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*[http://www.dar.org/ Daughters of the American Revolution website]
 
*[http://www.dar.org/ Daughters of the American Revolution website]
 
*[http://www.americanrevolution.com/Daughters.htm Daughters of the American Revolution] at [http://www.americanrevolution.com americanrevolution.com]
 
*[http://www.americanrevolution.com/Daughters.htm Daughters of the American Revolution] at [http://www.americanrevolution.com americanrevolution.com]
 +
*[http://dmoz.org/Society/Organizations/Lineage/American_Wars_and_Conflicts/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution/ ''Daughters of the American Revolution''] at the [[Open Directory Project]]
 +
 +
*[http://www.dar.org/conthall DAR Constitution Hall]
  
  
  
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{{Credit1|Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution|69865402|}}
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{{Credits|Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution|121803325|DAR_Constitution_Hall|126493205|}}

Revision as of 13:54, 2 May 2007


The Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) is a lineage-based membership organization"[1] dedicated to promoting historic preservation, education, and patriotism. DAR chapters are involved in raising funds for local scholarships and educational awards, preserving historical properties and artifacts and promoting patriotism within their communities. DAR has chapters in all fifty of the U.S. states as well as in the District of Columbia. There are also DAR chapters in Australia, the Bahamas, Bermuda, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Spain, and the United Kingdom. DAR's motto is "God, Home, and Country." Some state chapters of DAR date from as early as October 11, 1890, and the National Society of DAR was incorporated by Congressional charter in 1896.

File:400px-IMG 6723.jpg
Daughters of the American Revolution monument to the Battle of Fort Washington, marred by graffiti, located under the approach deck of the George Washington Bridge, New York City. Erected in 1910.

Eligibility

The National Society of DAR is the final arbiter of the acceptability of all applications for membership. Membership in DAR is open to women at least eighteen years of age who can prove lineal bloodline descent from an ancestor who aided in achieving United States independence. Acceptable ancestors include various related categories of known historical figures, including:

  • Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence;
  • Military veterans of the American Revolutionary War, including State navies and militias, local militias, privateers, and French or Spanish soldiers and sailors who fought in the American theater of war;
  • Civil servants of provisional or State governments;
  • Members of the Continental Congress and State conventions and assemblies;
  • Signers of Oaths of Allegiance or Oaths of Fidelity and Support;
  • Participants in the Boston Tea Party;
  • Prisoners of war, refugees, and defenders of forts and frontiers; doctors and nurses who aided Revolutionary casualties; and ministers, petitioners;
  • And others who gave material or patriotic support to the Revolutionary cause.[1]

The DAR does not discriminate based on race or religion, and welcomes all women with a provable blood line to revolutionary ancestors.[1] The adopted daughter of a revolutionary descendant does not qualify through this adoptive parent, though she may qualify through the bloodline of her birth parent.

Marian Anderson controversy

Although the DAR now forbids discrimination in membership based on race or creed, some members held segregationist views when this was still public policy in the United States. In 1932 the DAR adopted a rule excluding African-American artists from the stage at Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C., built in 1929 by the DAR, following protests over "mixed seating"; blacks and whites seated together at concerts of black artists.[2] In 1936, Sol Hurok, manager of African-American contralto Marian Anderson since 1935, attempted to book Anderson at Constitution Hall. Due to the "white performers only" policy, the booking was refused. Instead, Anderson performed at a Washington area black high school, and was also invited by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt to perform for her and President Roosevelt. Eleanor had publicly resigned from the DAR when she heard that Marian Anderson was banned. During this time, Anderson came under considerable pressure from the NAACP to not perform for segregated audiences.[3]

In 1939, Hurok, along with the NAACP and Howard University, petitioned the DAR to make an exception to the "white performers only" policy for a new booking, which was rejected by the DAR. Hurok attempted to find a local high school for the performance, but the only suitable venue was an auditorium at a white high school. The school board, which was indirectly under the authority of the President, refused to allow Anderson to perform there.[3] Eleanor Roosevelt immediately resigned her membership with the DAR, and sent the following letter to the society:

Dear Mrs. Henry M. Robert, Jr.:

I am afraid that I have never been a very useful member of the Daughters of the American Revolution. I know it will make very little difference to you whether I resign, or whether I continue to be a member of your organization.

However, I am in complete disagreement with the attitude taken in refusing Constitution Hall to a great artist. You have set an example which seems to me unfortunate, and feel obliged to send in to you my resignation. You had an opportunity to lead in an enlightened way and it seems to me that your organization has failed.

I realize that many people will not agree with me, but feeling as I do this seems to me the only proper procedure to follow.

Very sincerely yours,[4]

DAR president Mrs. Henry M. Robert, Jr., sent the First Lady the following reply:

My dear Mrs. Roosevelt,
Your letter of resignation reaches me in Colorado upon my return from the far West. I greatly regret that you found this action necessary. Our society is engaged in the education for citizenship[5]and the humanitarian service in which we know you to be vitally interested.
I am indeed sorry not to have been in Washington at this time. Perhaps I might have been able to remove some of the misunderstanding and to have presented to you personally the attitude of the society.
With best wishes always.
Very sincerely, [6]

Hurok and the NAACP again appealed to the DAR, and were again rejected.[7]

Later, the DAR apologized and welcomed Ms. Anderson to Constitution Hall on a number of occasions soon after 1939, including a benefit concert for war relief in 1942.[8] Ms. Anderson chose Constitution Hall as the place where she would launch her farewell American tour in 1964.[9] On January 27, 2005, the DAR co-hosted the first day of issue dedication ceremony of the Marian Anderson commemorative stamp with the U.S. Postal Service and Ms. Anderson's family.[10]

Famous Historical DAR Members

Famous Living DAR members

  • Dr. Betsy Boze, American Academic — Chief Executive Officer and Dean, Kent State University Stark

DAR Constitution Hall

DAR Constitution Hall

DAR Constitution Hall is a concert hall in Washington, D.C. It was built in 1929 by the Daughters of the American Revolution, which still owns the theater and holds its annual members convention inside.

The hall was designed by architect John Russell Pope and is located at 1776 D St. NW, just east of the Department of the Interior, between the American Red Cross and the Organization of American States, across from the Ellipse in front of the White House. The hall seats 3,974 people, with 2,494 on risers and 1,480 on the floor. Additional seating is located in 52 boxes separating the floor from the risers.

It is used for concerts (including military bands), touring Broadway shows, family shows, high school graduations, and the Washington edition of the Radio City Christmas Spectacular. It was the location where Eddie Murphy Delirious was filmed in 1983. It was also the location where "Martin Lawrence Live: Runteldat" was filmed in 2002. For several decades prior to the opening of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in 1971, Constitution Hall was home base of the National Symphony Orchestra and the city's principal venue for touring classical musicians. Sold-out film lectures of the National Geographic Society were also held for many decades, three times a week until about 1990 when they were moved instead to the National Geographic theater. In an often-told historical incident, the Hall's management once told distinguished African-American singer Marian Anderson her requested performance date for the Hall was already booked, causing first lady Eleanor Roosevelt instead to offer her a spot to sing at the Lincoln Memorial.

Every U.S. president since Calvin Coolidge has attended at least one event at the theater.


Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Become a Member. Daughters of the American Revolution. Retrieved 2006-10-08.
  2. ↑ Exhibit: Eleanor Roosevelt Letter. NARA (1939-02-26). Retrieved 2006-10-08.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Marian Anderson at the MET: The 50th Anniversary, Early Career. The Metropolitan Opera Guild, Inc. (2005). Retrieved 2006-10-08.
  4. ↑ Roosevelt, Eleanor (1939-02-26). Dear Mrs. Henry M. Robert, Jr. (gif). Letter to DAR. NARA. Retrieved 2006-10-08.
  5. ↑ Robert, Mrs. Henry M. (after 1939-02-26). My Dear Mrs. Roosevelt, page 1 (jpg). Response letter. NARA. Retrieved 2006-10-08.
  6. ↑ Robert, Mrs. Henry M. (after 1939-02-26). My Dear Mrs. Roosevelt, page 2 (jpg). Response letter. NARA. Retrieved 2006-10-08.
  7. ↑ "Washington Group Renews Anderson Dispute as SocietyGathers for Congress", New York Times, 1939-04-17, pp. 19. Retrieved 2006-10-08.
  8. ↑ "D.A.R. NOW INVITES MARIAN ANDERSON; Singer, Barred From Capital Hall in 1939, Is Asked to Give First of War Aid Concerts", New York Times, 1942-09-30, pp. Obits. pp. 25. Retrieved 2006-10-08.
  9. ↑ Marian Anderson at the MET: The 50th Anniversary, Late Life. The Metropolitan Opera Guild, Inc. (2005). Retrieved 2006-10-08.
  10. ↑ United States Postal Service (2005-01-04). Legendary Singer Marian Anderson Returns to Constitution Hall On U.S. Postage Stamp. Press release. Retrieved on 2006-10-08.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Dazzling Daughters, 1890-2004. Americana Collection exhibit. DAR. Retrieved 2006-10-08.

Further reading

  • Hunter, Ann Arnold. A Century of Service: The Story of the DAR. 1991, Washington, DC. National Society Daughters of the American Revolution.

External links


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