Crater Lake National Park
| Crater Lake National Park | |
|---|---|
| IUCN Category II (National Park) | |
  | |
| Location: | southwestern Oregon, USA |
| Nearest city: | Medford |
| Area: | 183,224 acres (74,148 ha) |
| Established: | May 22, 1902 |
| Visitation: | 388,972 (in 2006) |
| Governing body: | National Park Service |
Crater Lake National Park is a United States National Park located in Southern Oregon whose primary feature is Crater Lake. It was established on May 22,1902, as the sixth National Park in the U.S.[1] The park encompasses Crater Lake's caldera, which rests in the remains of a destroyed volcano posthumously called Mount Mazama. It is the only National Park in Oregon.
The lake is 1,949 feet (594 m) deep at its deepest point which makes it the deepest lake in the United States, second in North America, and according to Wikipedia's list of lakes by depth, the ninth deepest anywhere in the world.[2] However, when comparing its average depth of 1,148 feet (350 m) to the average depth of other deep lakes, Crater Lake becomes the deepest in the Western Hemisphere and the third deepest in the world. The impressive average depth of this volcanic lake is due to the nearly symmetrical 4,000-foot (1,200 m) deep caldera formed 7,700 years ago during the violent climactic eruptions and subsequent collapse of Mt. Mazama and the relatively moist climate that is typical of the crest of the Cascade Mountains.
The caldera rim ranges in elevation from 7,000 to 8,000 feet (2100 to 2400 m). The USGS benchmarked elevation of the lake surface itself is 6,178 feet (1,883 m). The park covers 286 square miles (741 km²). Crater Lake has no streams flowing into or out of it. The lake's water regularly has a striking blue hue. The lake is filled entirely from direct precipitation in the form of snow and rain. All water that enters the lake is eventually lost from evaporation or subsurface seepage.
Mount Mazama
Mount Mazama is a destroyed stratovolcano in the Oregon part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascade Range. The volcano's collapsed caldera holds Crater Lake, and the entire mountain is located in Crater Lake National Park.
Mount Mazama was built up mostly of andesite, dacite, and rhyodacite over a period of at least 400,000 years. It is most famous for a catastrophic volcanic eruption that occurred around 5,677 B.C.E.[3][4] The eruption, estimated to have been 42 times more powerful than Mount St. Helens' 1980 blast, reduced Mazama's approximate 11,000-foot (3,400 m) height by around half a mile (800 m) when much of the volcano fell into the volcano's partially emptied neck and magma chamber. About 50 cubic kilometers (12 cubic miles) of rhyodacite was erupted in this event. Since that time, all eruptions on Mazama have been confined to the caldera. At 8,159 feet (2,487 m), Hillman Peak is now the highest point on the rim.
Lava eruptions later created a central platform, Wizard Island, Merriam Cone, and other, smaller volcanic features, including a rhyodacite dome that was eventually created atop the central platform. Sediments and landslide debris also covered the caldera floor.[5]
In time, the caldera cooled, allowing rain and snow to accumulate and eventually form a lake. Landslides from the caldera rim thereafter formed debris fans and turbidite sediments on the lake bed. Fumaroles and hot springs remained common and active during this period. Also after some time, the slopes of the lake's caldera rim more or less stabilized, streams restored a radial drainage pattern on the mountain, and dense forests began to revegetate the barren landscape. It is estimated that about 720 years was required to fill the lake to its present depth of 594 m. Much of this occurred during a period when the prevailing climate was less moist than at present.[6]
Some hydrothermal activity remains along the lake floor, suggesting that at some time in the future Mazama may erupt once again.[7]
Crater Lake
Crater Lake is a caldera lake created by the eruption of Mount Mazama, partly filling the nearly 4,000 foot (1,220 m) deep caldera that was formed by the collapse of the volcano. It is the main feature of Crater Lake National Park and is famous for its deep blue color and water clarity.
The lake is 5 by 6 miles (8 by 9.6 km) across with an average depth of 1,148 feet (350 m). Its deepest point has been measured at 1,949 feet (594 m),[8] though as with any lake its depth fluctuates with the climate, particularly rainfall.[9] This makes Crater Lake the deepest lake in the United States, the second deepest lake in North America (Great Slave Lake is the deepest) and the ninth deepest lake in the world (Lake Baikal is the deepest). Crater Lake is often cited as the 7th deepest lake in the world, but this result excludes the recent discovery of subglacial Lake Vostok, which is situated under nearly 13,000 feet (4000 m) of Antarctic ice, and the recent soundings of O'Higgins/San Martín Lake, which is located on the border of Chile and Argentina.
However, on the basis of comparing average depths among the world's deepest lakes, Crater Lake becomes the deepest lake in the Western Hemisphere and the third deepest in the world. [10] Comparing average depths among the world's lakes whose basins are entirely above sea level, Crater Lake is the deepest. Only Lakes Baikal and Tanganyika have average depths which are greater than that of Crater Lake, but their basins extend below sea level. Lake Issyk Kul has a basin that is entirely above sea level and has a greater maximum depth, but its average depth is less than that of Crater Lake. [11]
The caldera rim of Crater Lake ranges in elevation from 7,000 to 8,000 feet (2,130 to 2,440 m).
Due to several unique factors, most prominently that it has no inlets or tributaries, the waters of Crater Lake are some of the purest in terms of the absence of pollutants in North America. Secchi disk clarity readings have consistently been in the high-20 meter to mid-30 meter (80–115 ft) range, which is very clear for any natural body of water. In 1997, scientists recorded a record clarity of 43.3 meters (142 ft).
The lake has relatively high levels of dissolved salts, total alkalinity, and conductivity. The average pH has generally ranged between 7 and 8.[12]
Having no indigenous fish population, the lake was stocked from 1888 to 1941 with a variety of fish. Of these, several species have formed self sustaining populations. [13]
On June 12, 1853, John Wesley Hillman was reportedly the first European American to see what he named "Deep Blue Lake" in Oregon. The lake was renamed at least three times, as Blue Lake, Lake Majesty, and finally Crater Lake.[14][15]
Sacred significance
The Klamath tribe of Native Americans, who may have witnessed the collapse of Mount Mazama and the formation of Crater Lake, have long regarded the lake as a sacred site. Their legends tell of a battle between the sky god Skell and Llao, the god of the underworld. Mount Mazama was destroyed in the battle, creating Crater Lake.
The Klamath people used Crater Lake in vision quests, which often involved climbing the caldera walls and other dangerous tasks. Those who were successful in such quests were often regarded as having greater spiritual powers. The tribe still holds Crater Lake in high regard as a spiritual site.[16][17]
Geology
Volcanic activity in the area is fed by subduction off the coast of Oregon as the Juan de Fuca Plate slips below the North American Plate (see plate tectonics). Heat and compression generated by this movement has created a mountain chain topped by a series of volcanoes, which together are called the Cascade Range. The large volcanoes in the range are called the High Cascades. However, there are many other volcanoes in the range as well, most of which are much smaller.
About 400,000 years ago, Mount Mazama began life in much the same way as the other mountains of the High Cascades, as overlapping shield volcanoes. Over time, alternating layers of lava flows and pyroclastic flows built Mazama's overlapping cones until it reached about 11,000 feet (3,400 m) in height.
As the young stratovolcano grew, many smaller volcanoes and volcanic vents were built in the area of the park and just outside what are now the park's borders. Chief among these were cinder cones. Although the early examples are gone—cinder cones erode easily—there are at least 13 much younger cinder cones in the park, and at least another 11 or so outside its borders, that still retain their distinctive cinder cone appearance. There continues to be debate as to whether these minor volcanoes and vents were parasitic to Mazama's magma chamber and system or if they were related to background Oregon Cascade volcanism.
After a period of dormancy, Mazama became active again. Then, around 5700 B.C.E., Mazama collapsed into itself during a tremendous volcanic eruption, losing 2500 to 3500 feet (760 to 1100 m) in height. The eruption formed a large caldera that, depending on the prevailing climate, was filled in about 740 years, forming a beautiful lake with a deep blue hue, known today as Crater Lake.[18]
The eruptive period that decapitated Mazama also laid waste to much of the greater Crater Lake area and deposited ash as far east as the northwest corner of what is now Yellowstone National Park, as far south as central Nevada, and as far north as southern British Columbia. It produced more than 150 times as much ash as the May 181980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.
This ash has since developed a soil type called andisol. Soils in Crater Lake National Park are brown, dark brown or dark grayish brown sandy loams or loamy sands which have plentiful cobbles, gravel and stones. They are slightly to moderately acidic and their drainage is somewhat excessive or excessive.
Park features
Some notable park features created by this huge eruption are:
- The Pumice Desert: A very thick layer of pumice and ash leading away from Mazama in a northerly direction. Even after thousands of years, this area is largely devoid of plants due to excessive porosity (meaning water drains through quickly) and poor soil composed primarily of regolith.
- The Pinnacles: When the very hot ash and pumice came to rest near the volcano, it formed 200 to 300-foot (60 to 90 m) thick gas-charged deposits. For perhaps years afterward, hot gas moved to the surface and slowly cemented ash and pumice together in channels and escaped through fumaroles. Erosion later removed most of the surrounding loose ash and pumice, leaving tall pinnacles and spires.
Other park features:
- Mount Scott is a steep andesitic cone whose lava came from magma from Mazama's magma chamber; geologists call such volcano a "parasitic" or "satellite" cone. Volcanic eruptions apparently ceased on Scott sometime before the end of the Pleistocene; one remaining large cirque on Scott's northwest side was left unmodified by post-ice age volcanism.
- In the southwest corner of the park stands Union Peak, an extinct volcano whose primary remains consist of a large volcanic plug, which is lava that solidified in the volcano's neck.
- Crater Peak is a shield volcano primarily made of andesite and basalt lava flows topped by andesitic and dacite tephra.
- Timber Crater is a shield volcano located in the northeast corner of the park. Like Crater Peak, it is made of basaltic and andesitic lava flows, but, unlike Crater, it is topped by two cinder cones.
- Rim Drive is the most popular road in the park; it follows a scenic route around the caldera rim.
- The Pacific Crest Trail, a 2,650-mile (4,260 km) long distance hiking and equestrian trail that stretches from the Mexican to Canadian borders, passes through this park.
History
Local Native Americans witnessed the collapse of Mount Mazama and kept the event alive in their legends. One ancient legend of the Klamath people closely parallels the geologic story which emerges from today's scientific research. The legend tells of two Chiefs, Llao of the Below World and Skell of the Above World, pitted in a battle which ended up in the destruction of Llao's home, Mt. Mazama.[19] The battle was witnessed in the eruption of Mt. Mazama and the creation of Crater Lake.
The first known European Americans to visit the lake were a trio of gold prospectors: John Wesley Hillman, Henry Klippel, and Isaac Skeeters who, on June 12, 1853, stumbled upon the long, sloping mountain while looking for a lost mine. Stunned by vibrant blue color of the lake, they named the indigo body of water "Deep Blue Lake" and the place on the southwest side of the rim where he first saw the lake later became known as Discovery Point.[1] But gold was more on the minds of settlers at the time and the discovery was soon forgotten. The suggested name later fell out of favor by locals, who preferred the name Crater Lake.
William Gladstone Steel devoted his life and fortune to the establishment and management of a National Park at Crater Lake. His preoccupation with the lake began in 1870. In his efforts to bring recognition to the park, he participated in lake surveys that provided scientific support. He named many of the lake's landmarks, including Wizard Island, Llao Rock, and Skell Head.
With the help of geologist Clarence Dutton, Steel organized a USGS expedition to study the lake in 1886. The party carried the Cleetwood, a half-ton survey boat, up the steep slopes of the mountain then lowered it to the lake. From the stern of the Cleetwood, a piece of pipe on the end of a spool of piano wire sounded the depth of the lake at 168 different points. Their deepest sounding, 1,996 feet (608 m), was very close to the modern official depth of 1,932 feet (589 m) (made in 1953 by sonar).[1] At the same time, a topographer surveyed the area and created the first professional map of the Crater Lake area.
Partly based on data from the expedition and lobbying from Steel and others, Crater Lake National Park was established May 22, 1902 by President Theodore Roosevelt. And because of Steel's involvement, Crater Lake Lodge was opened in 1915 and the Rim Drive was completed in 1918.[1]
Highways were later built to the park to help facilitate visitation. The 1929 edition of O Ranger! described access and facilities available by then:
| “ | Crater Lake National Park is reached by train on the Southern Pacific Railroad lines into Medford and Klamath Falls, at which stops motor stages make the short trip to the park. A hotel on the rim of the lake offers accommodations. For the motorist, the visit to the park is a short side trip from the Pacific and Dalles-California highways. He will find, in addition to the hotel, campsites, stores, filling stations. The park is open to travel from late June or July 1 for as long as snow does not block the roads, generally until October.[20] | ” |
Activities
There are many hiking trails inside the park, and several campgrounds. Unlicensed fishing is allowed without limitation of size, species or number. The lake is believed to have no indigenous fish, but were introduced beginning in 1888 until fish stocking ended in 1941. Kokanee Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) now thrive naturally.[21] Swimming is allowed in the lake, and boat tours operate daily during the summer which stops at Wizard Island, a cinder cone inside the lake. All lake access is from Cleatwood Trail, a steep walking trail.
Observation points along the caldera rim are easily accessible by car via Rim Drive, which is 33 miles (53 km) in length and has an elevation gain of 3,800 feet (1,200 m).
The highest point in the park is Mt. Scott, 8,929 feet (2,722 m). Getting there requires a fairly steep 2.5-mile (4.0 km) hike from the Rim Drive trailhead. On a clear day from Mt. Scott's summit, visibility exceeds 100 miles (160 km) and can, in one single view, take in the entire caldera. Also visible from this point are white peaked High Cascade volcanoes to the north, the Columbia River Plateau to the east, and the Western Cascades and the more distant Klamath Mountains to the west.
Crater Lake's features are fully accessible during the summer months: heavy snow in the park during the fall, winter, and spring forces road and trail closures, including popular Rim Drive (which is generally open from July to October). The commemorative Oregon State Quarter, which was released by the United States Mint in 2005, features an image of Crater Lake on its reverse side.[22]
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 National Park Service website for Crater Lake. Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- ↑ Crater Lake is often referred to as the seventh deepest lake in the world, but this former listing excludes the approximately 3,000 feet (910 m) depth of subglacial Lake Vostok in Antarctica, which resides under nearly 13,000 feet (4,000 m) of ice, and the recent report of a 2,740 ft (836 m) maximum depth for Lake O'Higgins/San Martin, located on the border of Chile and Argentina
- ↑ Global Volcanism Program. Crater Lake Retrieved October 10, 2008.
- ↑ C. M. Zdanowicz, G. A. Zielinski, and M. S. Germani. Geology; July 1999; v. 27; no. 7; p. 621-624. Mount Mazama eruption; calendrical age verified and atmospheric impact assessed Geological Society of America. Retrieved October 10, 2008.
- ↑ Charles R. Bacon, James V. Gardner, Larry A. Mayer, Mark W. Buktenica, Peter Dartnell, David W. Ramsey, Joel E. Robinson. 2002. "Morphology, volcanism, and mass wasting in Crater Lake, Oregon." Geological Society of America Bulletin v. 114, p. 675-692.
- ↑ Manuel Nathenson, Charles R. Bacon, and David w. Ramsey. 2007. "Subaqueous geology and a filling model for Crater Lake, Oregon." Hydrobiologia v. 574, p. 13-27.
- ↑ U.S. Geological Survey. Geologic History of Crater Lake Retrieved October 10, 2008.
- ↑ U.S. Geological Survey. Facts about Crater Lake Retrieved October 10, 2008.
- ↑ Helen Gibbons. CMG Maps Bottom of Crater Lake, Oregon U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved October 10, 2008.
- ↑ Lee Juillerat. November 29, 2007. Into the Deep: Crater Lake's ranking as one of the world's deepest lakes varies by how list is determined Klamath Falls Herald and News. Retrieved October 10, 2008.
- ↑ International Lake Environment Committee. World Lakes Database Retrieved October 10, 2008.
- ↑ National Park Service. Facts and Figures about Crater Lake Retrieved October 10, 2008.
- ↑ National Park Service. The Fish of Crater Lake Retrieved October 10, 2008.
- ↑ Tilden, Freeman (1968). The National Parks. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
- ↑ Runkel, H.J., "Crater Lake Discovery Centennial," Nature Notes from Crater Lake National Park, Vol. XIX (1953).
- ↑ Park History. National Park Service. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
- ↑ Crater Lake as Sacred Site. Sacred Destinations. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
- ↑ Manuel Nathenson and Charles R. Bacon, David W. Ramsey (2007). Subaqueous geology and a filling model for Crater Lake, Oregon. Hydrobiologia 574: 13–27.
- ↑ National Parks Service. Park History. Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- ↑ Albright, Horace M. and Frank J. Taylor [1928]. Oh, Ranger!, illustrated by Ruth Taylor White, Centennial, Riverside, Connecticut: The Chatham Press, Inc.. Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- ↑ Fish and Fishing at Crater Lake National Park. U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- ↑ The Oregon Quarter: The United States Mint. U.S. Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Bacon, Charles R., James V. Gardner, Larry A. Mayer, Mark W. Buktenica, Peter Darnell, David W. Ramsey, Joel E. Robinson. "Morphology, volcanism, and mass wasting in Crater Lake, Oregon." Geological Society of America Bulletin, June 2002:v.114:no.6:p. 675-692.
- Bacon, Charles R., Marvin A. Lanphere. "Eruptive history and geochronology of Mount Mazama and the Crater Lake region, Oregon". Geological Society of American Bulletin v. 118, p. 1331-1359 (2006) DOI: 10.1130/B25906.1
- Harmon, Rick. 2002. Crater Lake National Park: A History Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. ISBN 0-87071-537-2
- Harris, Ann G., Esther Tuttle, Sherwood D. Tuttle. 1997. Geology of National Parks: Fifth Edition Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing. ISBN 0-7872-5353-7
- Harris, Stephen L. 1988. Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87842-220-X
- National Park Service. Crater Lake National Park Retrieved October 10, 2008.
External links
All Links Retrieved October 10, 2008.
- NASA Earth Observatory . Images of Crater Lake
- Crater Lake National Park Trust
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