Antwerp

Antwerp Antwerpen (Dutch) Geography Country Belgium Region Flemish Region Community Flemish Community Province  Antwerp Arrondissement Antwerp Coordinates 51°13′N 04°24′E Area 204.51 km² Population (Source: NIS) Population – Males – Females - Density 461,496 (January 1, 2006) 49.03% 50.97% 2257 inhab./km² Age distribution 0–19 years 20–64 years 65+ years (01/01/2006) 22.32% 58.47% 19.21% Foreigners 13.65% (01/07/2007) Economy Unemployment rate 16.72% (January 1, 2006) Mean annual income 12,474 €/pers. (2003) Government Mayor (list) Patrick Janssens (SP.A) Governing parties SP.A, CD&V, VLD Other information Postal codes 2000-2660 Area codes 03 Web address www.antwerpen.be

Antwerp (ˈæntwɜrp , Dutch: Antwerpen , French: Anvers), a city and in Belgium, is one of the world’s major seaports. Antwerp has long been an important city in the nations of the Benelux both economically and culturally, especially before the Spanish Fury of the Dutch Revolt.

Geography

Grote Markt  (main square): open air cafés, City Hall and guildhouses in background.

According to folklore, and as celebrated by a statue in front of the town hall, the city got its name from a legend involving a mythical giant called Antigoon who exacted a toll from those crossing the river. For those who refused, he severed one of their hands and threw it into the river Scheldt. Eventually, the giant was slain by a young hero named Brabo, who cut off the giant's own hand and flung it into the river. Hence the name Antwerpen, from Dutch hand werpen—akin to Old English hand and wearpan (= to throw).

Another view is that the name derives from an 't werf (on the wharf). Aan 't werp (at the warp) is also possible. This 'warp' (thrown ground) would be a man-made hill. Yet another theory is that the name comes from the Latin antverpia, indicating land that forms by deposition in the inside curve of a river.

Antwerp is located on the right bank of the river Scheldt, which is linked by the Westerschelde to the North Sea 55 miles (88 kilometers) away.

The topography of Antwerpen province is flat and veined with rivers. The Schelde River, with the Meuse and the Rhine rivers, forms the biggest estuary in western Europe.

Antwerp has a changeable maritime climate similar to that of southern England. The temperature averages 37.4°F (3°C) in January (winter) and 64.4°F (18°C) in July. Monthly rainfall averages between 2.5 inches (63.5mm) and 3.1 inches (78.7mm)

Antwerp's total area was 80 square miles (204.51 square kilometers) in 2008. The city centre is on the right bank of the river Scheldt.

Sixteenth-century fortified walls surrounded the city until 1859, after which they were demolished to create broad avenues as a wider sweep of fortifications was built. After World War II, that outer wall was replaced by ring roads, which connect with national and international highways.

History

The Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal (Cathedral of our Lady) and the Scheldt river.

Grote Markt.

Antwerp was inhabited in Gallo-Roman times. Excavations carried out near the Scheldt, from 1952-1961, revealed pottery shards and fragments of glass from mid-second century to the end of the third century. Germanic Franks settled the area in the 4th century, and gave Antwerp its name, reputedly derived from "anda" (at) and "werpum" (wharf).

Saint Amand evangelized the then fortified Merovingian Antwerp in the seventh century, and at the end of the 10th century, the Scheldt became the boundary of the Holy Roman Empire. Antwerp became a margraviate, a border province facing the County of Flanders.

Godfrey of Bouillon was for some years best known as marquis of Antwerp in the 11th century, and in the 12th century, Norbert of Xanten established a community of his Premonstratensian canons at St Michael’s Abbey at Caloes.

Antwerp was the headquarters of Edward III during his early negotiations with Jacob van Artevelde, and his son Lionel, the earl of Cambridge, was born there in 1338.

After the closing of the Zwin, a substantial arm of the North Sea that stretched to Sluis, from where canal navigation was possible to Bruges, and the consequent decline of Bruges, the city of Antwerp, then part of the Duchy of Brabant, became of importance. At the end of the 15th century the foreign trading houses were transferred from Bruges to Antwerp.

Golden age

Antwerp's "Golden Age" is tightly linked to the "Age of Exploration". Antwerp grew to become the second largest European city north of the Alps by 1560. Many foreign merchants were resident in the city. Guicciardini, the Venetian envoy, stated that hundreds of ships would pass in a day, and 2000 carts entered the city each week. Portuguese ships brought pepper and cinnamon.

Without a long-distance merchant fleet, and governed by an oligarchy of banker-aristocrats forbidden to engage in trade, the economy of Antwerp was foreigner-controlled, which made the city very international, with merchants and traders from Venice, Ragusa, Spain and Portugal. Antwerp had a policy of toleration, which attracted a large orthodox Jewish community. Antwerp was not a "free" city though, since it had been reabsorbed into the duchy of Brabant in 1406 and was controlled from Brussels.

Antwerp experienced three booms during its golden age, the first based on the pepper market, a second launched by American silver coming from Seville (ending with the bankruptcy of Spain in 1557), and a third boom, after the stabilising Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, in 1559, was based on the textiles industry. The boom-and-bust cycles and inflationary cost-of-living squeezed less-skilled workers.

The religious revolution of the Reformation erupted in violent riots in August 1566, as in other parts of the Netherlands. The regent Margaret, duchess of Parma, was swept aside when Philip II sent the Duke of Alba at the head of an army the following summer. The Eighty Years' War, which broke out in 1572, disrupted trade between Antwerp and the Spanish port of Bilbao. On November 4, 1576, in an event known as the Spanish Fury, Spanish soldiers plundered the city, killing 6000 citizens, burning 800 houses were burnt down, and causing over two millions sterling of damage.

Antwerp became the capital of the Dutch revolt. In 1585, Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, captured it after a long siege and sent its Protestant citizens into exile. Antwerp's banking was controlled for a generation by Genoa and Amsterdam became the new trading centre.

Scheldt closed to trade

The recognition of the independence of the United Provinces by the Treaty of Münster in 1648 stipulated that the Scheldt should be closed to navigation, which destroyed Antwerp's trade. This impediment remained until 1863, although the provisions were relaxed during French rule from 1795 to 1814, and also during the time Belgium formed part of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands (1815 to 1830).

Antwerp had reached the lowest point in 1800, and its population had sunk under 40,000, when Napoleon, realizing its strategic importance, assigned two millions for the construction of two docks and a mole. In 1830, Belgian insurgents captured by the city, but the citadel continued to be held by a Dutch garrison under General David Hendrik Chassé. For a time this officer subjected the town to a periodic bombardment which inflicted much damage, and at the end of 1832 the citadel itself was besieged by a French army. In December 1832, after a gallant defence, Chassé surrendered.

World wars

During World War I, Antwerp became the fallback point of the Belgian Army after the defeat at Liège. The German Army took the city after heavy fighting , and the Belgians were forced to retreat west. During World War II Germany occupied the city in May 1940, and the British 11th Armoured Division liberated the city on September 4, 1944. After this, the Germans attempted to destroy the Port of Antwerp, which was used by the Allies to bring new material ashore. Thousands of V-1 and V-2 missiles battered the city. The city was hit by more V-2s than any other target during the entire war, but the attack did not destroy the port since many of the missiles fell upon other parts of the city. The city was severely damaged and rebuilt after the war in a modern style. After the war, Antwerp, which had already had a sizable Jewish population before the war, once again became a major European center of Haredi (and particularly Hasidic) Orthodox Judaism.

Administration

Districts of Antwerp.

Antwerp is the capital of the Antwerp province in Flanders, one of Belgium's three regions. Belgium is a federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy. The municipality comprises the city of proper and several towns. It is divided into nine districts: Antwerp (district), Berchem, Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo, Borgerhout, Deurne, Ekeren, Hoboken, Merksem, and Wilrijk.

A burgomaster, a board of aldermen, and an elected city council govern the municipality of Antwerp. The burgomaster is a member of the elected council, and is recommended by them but nominated by the king of Belgium. Each alderman manages a specified department.

A governor, appointed by the king, a provincial council, elected every four years, and a board of deputies, govern the province of Antwerp, out of the city Antwerp.

Economy

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The Boerentoren ('Farmers' tower'), nickname of – nowadays – the KBC Bank building in Antwerp.

Doel: Power plant and 17th century windmill on the Scheldedijk

Antwerp's sea port was the seventeenth largest (by tonnage) port in the world in 2005 and second only to Rotterdam in Europe, according to the American Association of Port Authorities. Antwerp's docklands, with five oil refineries, are home to a massive concentration of petrochemical industries, second only to the petrochemical cluster in Houston, Texas. Power generation is also an important activity, with four nuclear power plants at Doel, a conventional power station in Kallo, as well as several smaller combined cycle plants. The old Belgian bluestone quays bordering the Scheldt for a distance of 3 ½ miles to the north and south of the city centre have been retained for their sentimental value and are used mainly by cruise liners and short-sea shipping.

Antwerp's other great mainstay is the diamond trade. The city has four diamond bourses. One for boart and three for gem quality goods. Since the Second World War families of the large Hasidic Jewish community have dominated Antwerp's diamond trading industry although the last two decades have seen Indian and Armenian traders become increasingly important.

Antwerp is a rising fashion city, and has produced designers such as the Antwerp Six. The city has a cult status in the fashion world, due to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, one of the most important fashion academies in Europe.

A motorway bypass, known locally as the "Ring", encircles much of the city centre, and offers motorway connections to other cities. The banks of the Scheldt are linked by three road tunnels with a fourth high volume highway link, involving a long viaduct and bridge, in the tendering stage in 2008.

Antwerp has two major railway stations: Central, which is a monument in itself, and Berchem. The city has a web of tram and bus lines. The tram network has 11 lines, of which the underground section is called the "premetro" and includes a tunnel under the river.

Antwerp International Airport is in the district of Deurne. Brussels Airport is about 45 km from the city of Antwerp, and connects the city worldwide. The airport is connected by bus and by train to the city centre of Antwerp

Demographics

Antwerp's total population was 466,203 in 2007, with a population density of 2280 inhabitants per square kilometer.

Population, population rank Race/ethnicity - historical background of ethnic groups Language Religion Colleges and universities

Historical population

This is the population of the city of Antwerp only, not of the larger current municipality of the same name.

1374: 18,000 1486: 40,000 1500: around 44/49,000 inhabitants 1526: 50,000 1567: 105,000 (90,000 permanent residents and 15,000 "floating population", including foreign merchants and soldiers. At the time only 10 cities in Europe reached this size.) 1575: around 100,000 (after the Inquisition) 1584: 84,000 (after the Spanish Fury, the French Fury and the calvinistic republic) 1586 (May): 60,000 (after siege) 1586 (October): 50,000 1591: 46,000 1612: 54,000 1620: 66,000 (Twelve Years' Truce)

1640: 54,000 (after the Black Death epidemics) 1700: 66,000 1765: 40,000 1784: 51,000 1800: 45,500 1815: 54,000 1830: 73,500 1856: 111,700 1880: 179,000 1900: 275,100 1925: 308,000 1959: 260,000

Orthodox Jewish population

After the Holocaust and the destruction of its many semi-assimilated Jews, Antwerp became a major centre for Orthodox Jews. At present, about 20,000 Haredi Jews, mostly Hasidic, live in Antwerp. The city has three official Jewish Congregations: Shomrei Hadass, headed by Rabbi Dovid Moishe Lieberman, Machsike Hadass, headed by Rabbi Eliyahu Sternbuch (formerly Chief Rabbi Chaïm Kreiswirth) and the Portuguese Community Bne Moshe. Antwerp has an extensive network of synagogues, shops, schools and organizations, within the Machsike Hadas community. Significant Hasidic movements in Antwerp include Pshevorsk, based in Antwerp, as well as branches of Satmar, Belz, Bobov, Ger, Skver, Klausenburg, Lubavitch and several others. Rabbi Chaim Kreiswirth, chief rabbi of the Machsike Hadas community, who died in 2003, was arguably one of the better known personalities to have been based in Antwerp. An attempt to have a street named after him has received the support of the Town Hall and is in the process to be implemented.

Missions to seafarers

A number of Christian missions to seafarers are based in Antwerp, notably on the Italiëlei. These include the British & International Sailors’ Society, the Finnish Seamen's Mission, the Norwegian Sjømannskirken and the Apostleship of the Sea. They provide cafeterias, cultural and social activities as well as religious services.

Culture

One of the many Marian statues which feature on Antwerp street corners

Antwerp had an artistic reputation in the 17th century, based on its school of painting, which included Rubens, Van Dyck, Jordaens, the two Teniers and many others. Informally, most Antverpians (in Dutch Antwerpenaren, people from Antwerp) daily speak Antverpian, a dialect that Dutch-speakers know as distinctive from other Brabantic dialects through its typical vowel pronunciations: approximating the vowel sound in 'bore'— for one of its 'a'-sounds while other 'a's are very sharp. The Echt Antwaarps Teater ('Authentic Antverpian Theatre') brings the dialect on stage.

Miscellaneous

The major sport clubs are K.F.C. Germinal Beerschot and R. Antwerp F.C. (football) and Antwerp Diamond Giants (basketball). Since the 1980s, several graduates of the Belgian Royal Academy of Fine Arts have become internationally successful fashion designers in Antwerp. Antwerp hosted the 50th anniversary celebrations of The Tall Ships' Races in the summer of 2006. Antwerp was the opening city in the Guy Ritchie movie, Snatch. It is where the 86 carat (17.2 g) diamond is first stolen from.

Buildings and facilities

File:Antwerpen Stadhuis crop2 2006-05-28.jpg Antwerp City Hall at the Grote Markt (Main Square).

16th-century Guildhouses at the Grote Markt.

The Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal (Cathedral of our Lady) at the Groenplaats is the highest cathedral in the Low Countries and home to several triptychs by Baroque painter Rubens. It remains the tallest building in the city.

Statue of Brabo and the giant's hand

Statue of the water spirit Lange Wapper

In the 16th century, Antwerp was noted for the wealth of its citizens ("Antwerpia nummis"); the houses of these wealthy merchants and manufacturers have been preserved throughout the city. However fire has destroyed several old buildings, such as the house of the Hanseatic League on the northern quays in 1891. The city also suffered considerable war damage by V-bombs, and in recent years other noteworthy buildings were demolished for new developments.

• The Antwerp Zoo was founded in 1843, and is home to more than 4,000 animals
• Central Station is a railway station designed by Louis Delacenserie that was completed in 1905. It has two monumental neo-baroque facades, a large metal and glass dome (60m/197ft) and a gilt and marble interior
• Cathedral of Our Lady. This church was begun in the 14th century and finished in 1518. The church has four works by Rubens, viz. "The Descent from the Cross", "The Elevation of the Cross", "The Resurrection of Christ" and "The Assumption"
• The church, named for St James, is more ornate than the cathedral. It contains the tomb of Rubens
• The church of St Paul, has a beautiful baroque interior. It is a few hundred yards north of the Grote Markt
• The Plantin-Moretus Museum preserves the house of the printer Christoffel Plantijn and his successor Jan Moretus
• The Boerentoren (Farmers' Tower) or KBC Tower, a 26-storey building built in 1932, is the oldest skyscraper in Europe
• The Royal Museum of Fine Arts, close to the southern quays, has a collection of old masters (Rubens, Van Dyck, Titian) and the leading Dutch masters.
• The exchange or Bourse, one of the earliest institutions in Europe with that title, was built in 1872.
• The law courts, designed by the Richard Rogers Partnership, Arup and VK Studio, and opened by King Albert in April 2006. This building is the antithesis of the heavy, dark court building designed by Joseph Poelaert that dominates the skyline of Brussels. The courtrooms sit on top of six fingers that radiate from an airy central hall, and are surmounted by spires which provide north light and resemble oast houses or the sails of barges on the nearby River Scheldt. It is built on the site of the old Zuid ("South") station, at the end of a magnificent 1.5 km perspective at the southern end of Amerikalei. The road neatly disappears into an underpass under oval Bolivarplaats to join the motorway ring. This leaves peaceful surface access by foot, bicycle or tram (routes 8 & 12). The building's highest 'sail' is 51 m high, has a floor area of 77,000 m², and cost €130m.

Fortifications

Het Steen (literally: 'The Stone').

Although Antwerp was formerly a fortified city, nothing remains of the former enceinte or of the old citadel defended by General Chassé in 1832, except for the Steen, which has been restored. Modern Antwerp's broad avenues mark the position of the original fortifications. After the establishment of Belgian independence, Antwerp was defended by the citadel and an enceinte around the city. In 1859, seventeen of the twenty-two fortresses constructed under Wellington's supervision in 1815-1818 were dismantled and the old citadel and enceinte were removed. A new enceinte 8 miles long was constructed, and the villages of Berchem and Borgerhout, now parishes of Antwerp, were absorbed within the city.

This enceinte is protected by a broad wet ditch, and in the caponiers are the magazines and store chambers of the fortress. The enceinte has nineteen openings or gateways, but of these seven are not used by the public. As soon as the enceinte was finished eight detached forts from 2 to 2-½ miles from the enceinte were constructed. They begin on the north near Wijnegem and the zone of inundation, and terminate on the south at Hoboken. In 1870 Fort Merksem and the redoubts of Berendrecht and Oorderen were built for the defence of the area to be inundated north of Antwerp.

In the 1870s, the fortifications of Antwerp were deemed to be out of date, given the increased range and power of artillery and explosives. Antwerp was transformed into a fortified position by constructing an outer line of forts and batteries 6 to 9 miles from the enceinte.

Notable people from Antwerp

Born in Antwerp

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Abraham Ortelius.

File:Hendrik Conscience.jpg

Hendrik Conscience

• Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, son of Edward III of England (1338-1368)
• Frans Floris, painter (1520-1570)
• Abraham Ortelius, cartographer and geographer (1527-1598)
• Gillis van Coninxloo, painter of forest landscapes (1544-1607)
• Bartholomeus Spranger, painter, draughtsman, and etcher (1546-1611)
• Paul and Mattheus Brill, landscape painters (1554-1626, 1550-1583, resp.)
• Abraham Janssens, painter (c. 1570-1632)
• Rodrigo Calderón, Count of Oliva, Spanish favourite and adventurer (d. 1621)
• Frans Snyders, still life and animal painter (1579-1657)
• Frans Hals, painter (1580-1666)
• Caspar de Crayer, painter (1582-1669)
• David Teniers the Elder, painter (1582-1649)
• Jacob Jordaens, painter (1593-1678)
• Anthony van Dyck, painter (1599-1641)
• David Teniers the Younger, painter (1610-1690)
• Jan Fyt, animal painter (1611-1661)
• Nicolaes Maes, Baroque painter (1634-1693)
• Gerard Edelinck, copper-plate engraver (1649-1707)
• John Michael Rysbrack, sculptor (1694-1770)
• Hendrik Conscience, writer and author of De Leeuw van Vlaanderen (“The Lion of Flanders”) (1812-1883)
• Georges Eekhoud, novelist (1854-1927)
• Hippolyte Delehaye, Jesuit Priest and hagiographic scholar (1859-1941)
• Willem Elsschot, writer and poet (1882-1960)
• Constant Permeke, expressionist painter (1886-1952)
• Paul van Ostaijen, poet and writer (1896-1928)
• Albert Lilar, Minister of Justice (1900-1976)
• Maurice Gilliams, writer (1900-1982)
• Paul Buysse (1945 -), businessman
• Evi Goffin, vocalist (1981- )
• Jessica Van Der Steen, Model (1984 -)
• Karl Gotch, professional wrestler (1924 - 2007)

Lived in Antwerp

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Joachim Patinir.

File:Wenzel Hollar nach Jan Meyssens.jpg

Wenceslas Hollar.

• Quentin Matsys, Renaissance painter, founder of the Antwerp school (1466-1530)
• Jan Mabuse, painter (c. 1478-1532)
• Joachim Patinir, landscape and religious painter (c. 1480-1524)
• John Rogers, minister of religion, Bible translator and commentator, and martyr (c. 1500-1555)
• Joos van Cleve, painter (c. 1500-1540/41)
• Damião de Góis, Portuguese humanist philosopher (1502-1574)
• Sir Thomas Gresham, English merchant and financier (c. 1519-1579)
• Sir Anthony More, portrait painter (1520- c. 1577)
• Christoffel Plantijn, humanist, book printer and publisher (c. 1520-1589)
• Pieter Brueghel the Elder, painter and printmaker (1525-1569)
• Philip van Marnix, writer and statesman (1538-1598)
• Simon Stevin, mathematician and engineer (c. 1548/49-1620)
• John Bull, Welsh composer, musician, and organ builder (c. 1562-1628)
• Jan Brueghel the Elder, also known as “Velvet” Brueghel, painter (1568-1625)
• Pieter Paul Rubens, painter (1577-1640)
• William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle, English soldier, politician, and writer (c. 1592-1676)
• Adriaen Brouwer, painter (1605-1638)
• Jan Davidszoon de Heem, painter (1606-1684)
• Wenceslas Hollar, Bohemian etcher (1607-1677)
• Jan Lievens, painter (1607-1674)
• Jan Frans Willems, writer (1793-1846)
• Henri Alexis Brialmont, military engineer (1821-1903)
• Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, painter (1836-1912)
• Vincent van Gogh, impressionist painter, lived in Antwerp for about four months (1853-1890)
• Camille Huysmans, Socialist politician and former Prime Minister of Belgium (1871-1968)
• Moshe Yitzchok Gewirtzman, leader of the Hasidic Pshevorsk movement based in Antwerp (1881-1976)
• Romi Goldmuntz, businessman (1882-1960)
• Gerard Walschap, writer (1898-1989)
• Albert Lilar, Minister of Justice (1900-1976)
• Suzanne Lilar, essayist, novelist, and playwright (1901-1992)
• Jean Genet, French writer and political activist: lived in Antwerp for short period in 1930s (1909-1986)
• George du Maurier, Came to Antwerp to study art and lost the sight in one eye. Cartoonist, author and grandfather of Daphne du Maurier (1834-1896)
• Chaim Kreiswirth, Talmudist and Rabbi of the Machsike Hadas Community, Antwerp (1918-2001)
• William Tyndale, Bible translator, arrested in Antwerp 1535 and burnt at Vilvoorde in 1536 (ca. 1494-1536)
• Akiba Rubinstein, Polish grandmaster of chess (1882-1961).

Specific areas in Antwerp

• Zurenborg
• Van Wesenbekestraat – the Chinatown of Antwerp
• Meir – Antwerp's largest shopping street
• Den Dam – an area in northern Antwerp
• Zuid -the south of Antwerp- cultural centre of the city

See also

• Archief en Museum voor het Vlaams Cultuurleven
• Antwerp Book Fair
• Antwerp Water Works (AWW)
• Ekeren
• List of mayors of Antwerp
• Pshevorsk – Hassidic Jewish movement based in Antwerp
• Antwerp Pre-metro
• Jewish Community of Antwerp
• University of Antwerp
• Antwerp lace

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Carolus Scribani, Origines Antwerpiensium, 1610
• Gens, Histoire de la ville d'Anvers
• F.H. Mertens, K.L. Torfs, Geschiedenis van Antwerpen sedert de stichting der. stad tot onze tyden, vol. 7, Antwerp 1853
• J. L. Motley, Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1856
• P. Génard, Anvers à travers les ages
• Annuaire statistique de la Belgique
• Richard Stillwell, ed. Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976: "Antwerp Belgium"
• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

External links

• Official Website
• Antwerp Airport
• Antwerp Port
• Capsule History
• Forum about the History of Antwerp
• (French) (Dutch) Antwerp Zoo's Official Website
• Tourism Antwerp
• Concise Tourist Guide to Antwerp
• Antwerp Cathedral Website
• Echt Antwaarps Teater Website
• Use-It, City Info for Young Travellers
• Yahoo Travel
• Flanders Fashion Institute
• Google Maps (Satellite View)
• ErasmusPC - Antwerp: Books, Poets and Podcasts

• Educational institutions
  • Universiteit Antwerpen – University of Antwerp (UA)
  • of Tropical Medicine – Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM)
  • Hogeschool Antwerpen – College of Antwerp (HA)
  • Lessius Hogeschool – Lessius College
  • Plantijn Hogeschool – Plantijn College
  • Karel de Grote Hogeschool – Karel de Grote College
  • Hogere zeevaartschool Antwerpen – Antwerp Maritime Academy
  • Antwerp International School
  • HISK – Hoger Instituut voor Schone Kunsten (Higher Institute for Fine Arts)

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