Difference between revisions of "Americium" - New World Encyclopedia
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{{Elementbox_header | number=95 | symbol=Am | name=americium | left=[[plutonium]] | right=[[curium]] | above=[[europium|Eu]] | below=(Uqp) | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} | {{Elementbox_header | number=95 | symbol=Am | name=americium | left=[[plutonium]] | right=[[curium]] | above=[[europium|Eu]] | below=(Uqp) | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} | ||
{{Elementbox_series | [[actinide]]s }} | {{Elementbox_series | [[actinide]]s }} | ||
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{{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 10 }} | {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 10 }} | ||
{{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-35-9 }} | {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-35-9 }} | ||
− | {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} | + | {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | isotopesof=americium | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} |
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=241 | sym=Am | {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=241 | sym=Am | ||
| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E10 s|432.2 y]] | | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E10 s|432.2 y]] | ||
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{{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} | {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} | ||
− | '''Americium''' ( | + | '''Americium''' (chemical symbol '''Am''', [[atomic number]] 95) is a [[radioactive decay|radioactive]], synthetic [[metal]]lic element, classified as an [[actinide]]. It was obtained by bombarding [[plutonium]] with [[neutron]]s and was the fourth [[transuranic element]] to be discovered. It was named for the [[Americas]], by analogy with [[europium]]. |
− | == | + | == History == |
− | |||
− | Americium | + | Americium was [[discovery of the chemical elements|first isolated]] by [[Glenn T. Seaborg]], Leon O. Morgan, Ralph A. James, and [[Albert Ghiorso]] in late 1944 at the wartime Metallurgical Laboratory at the [[University of Chicago]] (now known as [[Argonne National Laboratory]]). The team created the [[isotope]] <sup>241</sup>Am by subjecting <sup>239</sup>[[plutonium|Pu]] to successive [[neutron capture]] reactions in a [[nuclear reactor]]. This created <sup>240</sup>Pu and then <sup>241</sup>Pu which in turn decayed into <sup>241</sup>Am via [[beta decay]]. Seaborg was granted [[patent]] 3,156,523 for "Element 95 and Method of Producing Said Element". The discovery of americium and [[curium]] was first announced informally on a children's quiz show in 1945. [http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/print/americiumprint.html] |
− | + | == Notable characteristics == | |
− | |||
− | == | ||
− | |||
− | + | Americium is an [[inner transition metal]] (or actinide) that lies in period 7 of the [[periodic table]], between [[plutonium]] and [[curium]]. The pure element has a silvery and white [[Lustre (mineralogy)|luster]]. At [[room temperature]], it slowly tarnishes in dry air. It is more silvery than [[plutonium]] or [[neptunium]] and apparently more malleable than neptunium or [[uranium]]. [[Alpha emission]] from <sup>241</sup>Am is approximately three times that of [[radium]]. [[Gram]] quantities of <sup>241</sup>Am emit intense [[gamma ray]]s which creates a serious exposure problem for anyone handling the element. | |
− | Americium | ||
− | + | Americium is also [[fissile]]; the critical mass for an unreflected sphere of <sup>241</sup>Am is approximately 60 kilograms. It is unlikely that Americium would be used as a weapons material, as its minimum critical mass is considerably larger than more readily obtained [[plutonium]] or [[uranium]] isotopes. [http://www.fissilematerials.org/ipfm/pages_us_en/fissile/fissile/fissile.php] | |
− | |||
− | == Chemistry == | + | === Chemistry === |
− | In aqueous systems the most common oxidation state is +3. It is | + | In aqueous systems the most common oxidation state is +3. It is much harder to oxidize Am(III) to Am(IV) than it is to oxidize Pu(III) to Pu(IV). |
− | Currently the [[solvent extraction]] chemistry of americium is important as in several areas of the world [[scientists]] are working on reducing the medium term [[Ionizing radiation|radiotoxicity]] of the waste from the reprocessing of used [[nuclear fuel]]. | + | Currently, the [[solvent extraction]] chemistry of americium is important as in several areas of the world [[scientists]] are working on reducing the medium term [[Ionizing radiation|radiotoxicity]] of the waste from the reprocessing of used [[nuclear fuel]]. |
See [[liquid-liquid extraction]] for some examples of the solvent extraction of americium. | See [[liquid-liquid extraction]] for some examples of the solvent extraction of americium. | ||
− | Americium, unlike uranium, does not readily form a dioxide americyl core (AmO<sub>2</sub>). [http://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00818038.pdf] This is because americium is very hard to oxidise above the +3 oxidation state when it is in an aqeuous solution. | + | Americium, unlike uranium, does not readily form a dioxide americyl core (AmO<sub>2</sub>). [http://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00818038.pdf] This is because americium is very hard to oxidise above the +3 oxidation state when it is in an aqeuous solution. In the environment, this americyl core could complex with carbonate as well as other oxygen moieties (OH<sup>-</sup>, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>-2</sup>) to form charged complexes which tend to be readily mobile with low affinities to soil. |
*AmO<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sup>+1</sup> | *AmO<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sup>+1</sup> | ||
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*AmO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub><sup>-1</sup> | *AmO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub><sup>-1</sup> | ||
*AmO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub><sup>-3</sup> | *AmO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub><sup>-3</sup> | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Isotopes === | ||
+ | [[Image:Americium.jpg|left|150px|thumb|Sample of americium.]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | Many [[radioisotope]]s of americium have been characterized, with the most stable being <sup>243</sup>Am with a [[half-life]] of 7370 years, and <sup>241</sup>Am with a half-life of 432.7 years. All of the remaining [[radioactive decay|radioactive]] isotopes have half-lives that are less than 51 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 100 minutes. This element also has 8 [[meta state]]s, with the most stable being <sup>242m</sup>Am (t<sub>½</sub> 141 years). The isotopes of americium range in [[atomic weight]] from 231.046 [[atomic mass unit|amu]] (<sup>231</sup>Am) to 249.078 amu (<sup>249</sup>Am). | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Applications == | ||
+ | This element can be produced in [[kilogram]] amounts and has some uses (mostly <sup>241</sup>Am since it is easier to produce relatively pure samples of this isotope). Americium has found its way into the household, where one type of [[smoke detector]] contains a tiny amount (about 0.2 [[microgram]]) of <sup>241</sup>Am as a source of [[ionizing radiation]]. <sup>241</sup>Am has been used as a portable gamma ray source for use in [[radiography]]. The element has also been employed to gauge [[glass]] thickness to help create flat glass. <sup>242</sup>Am is a neutron emitter and has found uses in [[neutron radiography]]. This isotope is, however, extremely expensive to produce in usable quantities. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
− | *[http:// | + | |
− | *'' | + | * Emsley, John. 2001. ''Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements''. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0198503407 and ISBN 978-0198503408. |
− | + | ||
− | *[http:// | + | * Greenwood, N.N., and A. Earnshaw. 1998. ''Chemistry of the Elements'' 2nd ed. Oxford, UK; Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0750633654. [http://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=402&VerticalID=0 Online version]. |
− | + | ||
+ | * Hampel, Clifford A. 1968. ''The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements''. New York: Reinhold Book Corp. ISBN 0442155980 and ISBN 978-0442155988. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Morss, Lester R., Norman M. Edelstein, and Jean Fuger, eds. 2006. ''The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements''. 3rd ed. 5 vols. Joseph J. Katz, adapter. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 1402035551 and ISBN 978-1402035555. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Stwertka, Albert. 1998. ''Guide to the Elements''. Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508083-1. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/95.html "Americium"] Los Alamos National Laboratory, Chemistry Division. Retrieved March 14, 2007. | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele095.html It's Elemental - Americium] | |
+ | * [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/phs156.html ATSDR - Public Health Statement: Americium] | ||
* [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Am/index.html WebElements.com - Americium] (also used as a reference) | * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Am/index.html WebElements.com - Americium] (also used as a reference) | ||
* [http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel++@OR+@na+americium,+radioactive NLM Hazardous Substances Databank - Americium, radioactive] | * [http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel++@OR+@na+americium,+radioactive NLM Hazardous Substances Databank - Americium, radioactive] | ||
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+ | [[Category:Physical sciences]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Chemistry]] | ||
[[Category:Chemical elements]] | [[Category:Chemical elements]] | ||
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Revision as of 21:36, 14 March 2007
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General | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name, Symbol, Number | americium, Am, 95 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chemical series | actinides | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Group, Period, Block | n/a, 7, f | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearance | silvery white | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Atomic mass | (243) g/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electron configuration | [Rn] 5f7 7s2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Physical properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Phase | solid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Density (near r.t.) | 12 g/cm³ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Melting point | 1449 K (1176 °C, 2149 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Boiling point | 2880 K (2607 °C, 4725 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Heat of fusion | 14.39 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Heat capacity | (25 °C) 62.7 J/(mol·K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Atomic properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Crystal structure | hexagonal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Oxidation states | 6, 5, 4, 3 (amphoteric oxide) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electronegativity | 1.3 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ionization energies | 1st: 578 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Atomic radius | 175 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Miscellaneous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Magnetic ordering | no data | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 10 W/(m·K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CAS registry number | 7440-35-9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notable isotopes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Americium (chemical symbol Am, atomic number 95) is a radioactive, synthetic metallic element, classified as an actinide. It was obtained by bombarding plutonium with neutrons and was the fourth transuranic element to be discovered. It was named for the Americas, by analogy with europium.
History
Americium was first isolated by Glenn T. Seaborg, Leon O. Morgan, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso in late 1944 at the wartime Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago (now known as Argonne National Laboratory). The team created the isotope 241Am by subjecting 239Pu to successive neutron capture reactions in a nuclear reactor. This created 240Pu and then 241Pu which in turn decayed into 241Am via beta decay. Seaborg was granted patent 3,156,523 for "Element 95 and Method of Producing Said Element". The discovery of americium and curium was first announced informally on a children's quiz show in 1945. [1]
Notable characteristics
Americium is an inner transition metal (or actinide) that lies in period 7 of the periodic table, between plutonium and curium. The pure element has a silvery and white luster. At room temperature, it slowly tarnishes in dry air. It is more silvery than plutonium or neptunium and apparently more malleable than neptunium or uranium. Alpha emission from 241Am is approximately three times that of radium. Gram quantities of 241Am emit intense gamma rays which creates a serious exposure problem for anyone handling the element.
Americium is also fissile; the critical mass for an unreflected sphere of 241Am is approximately 60 kilograms. It is unlikely that Americium would be used as a weapons material, as its minimum critical mass is considerably larger than more readily obtained plutonium or uranium isotopes. [2]
Chemistry
In aqueous systems the most common oxidation state is +3. It is much harder to oxidize Am(III) to Am(IV) than it is to oxidize Pu(III) to Pu(IV).
Currently, the solvent extraction chemistry of americium is important as in several areas of the world scientists are working on reducing the medium term radiotoxicity of the waste from the reprocessing of used nuclear fuel.
See liquid-liquid extraction for some examples of the solvent extraction of americium.
Americium, unlike uranium, does not readily form a dioxide americyl core (AmO2). [3] This is because americium is very hard to oxidise above the +3 oxidation state when it is in an aqeuous solution. In the environment, this americyl core could complex with carbonate as well as other oxygen moieties (OH-, NO2-, NO3-, and SO4-2) to form charged complexes which tend to be readily mobile with low affinities to soil.
- AmO2(OH)+1
- AmO2(OH)2+2
- AmO2(CO3)1+1
- AmO2(CO3)2-1
- AmO2(CO3)3-3
Isotopes
Many radioisotopes of americium have been characterized, with the most stable being 243Am with a half-life of 7370 years, and 241Am with a half-life of 432.7 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 51 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 100 minutes. This element also has 8 meta states, with the most stable being 242mAm (t½ 141 years). The isotopes of americium range in atomic weight from 231.046 amu (231Am) to 249.078 amu (249Am).
Applications
This element can be produced in kilogram amounts and has some uses (mostly 241Am since it is easier to produce relatively pure samples of this isotope). Americium has found its way into the household, where one type of smoke detector contains a tiny amount (about 0.2 microgram) of 241Am as a source of ionizing radiation. 241Am has been used as a portable gamma ray source for use in radiography. The element has also been employed to gauge glass thickness to help create flat glass. 242Am is a neutron emitter and has found uses in neutron radiography. This isotope is, however, extremely expensive to produce in usable quantities.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Emsley, John. 2001. Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0198503407 and ISBN 978-0198503408.
- Greenwood, N.N., and A. Earnshaw. 1998. Chemistry of the Elements 2nd ed. Oxford, UK; Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0750633654. Online version.
- Hampel, Clifford A. 1968. The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Reinhold Book Corp. ISBN 0442155980 and ISBN 978-0442155988.
- Morss, Lester R., Norman M. Edelstein, and Jean Fuger, eds. 2006. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. 3rd ed. 5 vols. Joseph J. Katz, adapter. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 1402035551 and ISBN 978-1402035555.
- Stwertka, Albert. 1998. Guide to the Elements. Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508083-1.
- "Americium" Los Alamos National Laboratory, Chemistry Division. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
External links
- It's Elemental - Americium
- ATSDR - Public Health Statement: Americium
- WebElements.com - Americium (also used as a reference)
- NLM Hazardous Substances Databank - Americium, radioactive
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