Difference between revisions of "Astatine" - New World Encyclopedia
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− | '''Astatine''' ( | + | '''Astatine''' (chemical symbol '''At''', [[atomic number]] 85) is a [[radioactive]] element that occurs naturally from [[uranium]]-235 and [[uranium]]-238 decay. It is the heaviest of the [[halogen]]s. |
+ | |||
+ | == Occurrence == | ||
+ | Astatine is produced by bombarding [[bismuth]] with energetic [[alpha particles]] to obtain relatively long-lived <sup>209</sup>At - <sup>211</sup>At, which can then be [[distillation|distilled]] from the target by heating in the presence of air. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == History == | ||
+ | The existence of "eka-iodine" had been predicted by [[Mendeleev]]. Astatine (after [[Greek language|Greek]] αστατος ''astatos'', meaning "unsteady") was first synthesized in [[1940]] by [[Dale R. Corson]], [[K. R. MacKenzie]], and [[Emilio Segrè]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] by barraging [[bismuth]] with [[alpha particle]]s. An earlier name for the element was ''alabamine'' (Ab). | ||
== Notable characteristics == | == Notable characteristics == | ||
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Astatine is the rarest naturally-occurring element, with the total amount in Earth's crust estimated to be less than 1 [[ounce|oz]] (28 g) at any given time; this amounts to less than one teaspoon of the element. The [[Guinness Book of Records]] has dubbed the element the rarest on Earth, stating: "Only around 0.9 oz (25 [[gram|g]]) of the element astatine (At) occurring naturally"; [[Isaac Asimov]] wrote a 1955 essay on [[large numbers]], [[scientific notation]], and the size of the atom, in which he stated that the number of astatine atoms on Earth at any time was "only a [[trillion]]". | Astatine is the rarest naturally-occurring element, with the total amount in Earth's crust estimated to be less than 1 [[ounce|oz]] (28 g) at any given time; this amounts to less than one teaspoon of the element. The [[Guinness Book of Records]] has dubbed the element the rarest on Earth, stating: "Only around 0.9 oz (25 [[gram|g]]) of the element astatine (At) occurring naturally"; [[Isaac Asimov]] wrote a 1955 essay on [[large numbers]], [[scientific notation]], and the size of the atom, in which he stated that the number of astatine atoms on Earth at any time was "only a [[trillion]]". | ||
− | == | + | === Isotopes === |
− | + | Astatine has 33 known [[isotope]]s, all of which are [[radioactive]]; the range of their mass numbers is from 191 to 223. There exist also 23 [[metastable]] [[excited state]]s. The longest-lived isotope is <sup>210</sup>At, which has a [[half-life]] of 8.1 hours; the shortest-lived known isotope is <sup>213</sup>At, which has a half-life of 125 [[nanoseconds]]. | |
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== Compounds == | == Compounds == | ||
Multiple [[chemical compound|compounds]] of astatine have been synthesized in microscopic amounts and studied as intensively as possible before their inevitable radioactive disintegration. These compounds are primarily of theoretical interest; however, they are also being studied for potential use in [[nuclear medicine]]. | Multiple [[chemical compound|compounds]] of astatine have been synthesized in microscopic amounts and studied as intensively as possible before their inevitable radioactive disintegration. These compounds are primarily of theoretical interest; however, they are also being studied for potential use in [[nuclear medicine]]. | ||
+ | == See also == | ||
− | + | * [[Chemical element]] | |
− | + | * [[Halogen]] | |
+ | * [[Periodic table]] | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
− | *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/85.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - | + | |
+ | *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/85.html Astatine] Los Alamos National Laboratory. Accessed on December 10, 2006. | ||
+ | * Greenwood, N.N.; and Earnshaw, A. (1998). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edition). Oxford, U.K.; Burlington, Massachusetts: Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier Science. ISBN 0750633654. Online version available at [http://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=402&VerticalID=0]. Accessed on November 5, 2006. | ||
+ | * Cotton, F. Albert; and Wilkinson, Geoffrey (1980), ''Advanced Inorganic Chemistry'' (4th ed.), New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-02775-8. | ||
+ | * Chang, Raymond (2006). ''Chemistry'' (ninth ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math. ISBN 0073221031. | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
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*[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/At/index.html WebElements.com - Astatine] | *[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/At/index.html WebElements.com - Astatine] | ||
− | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Physical sciences]] |
− | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Chemistry]] |
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Revision as of 00:56, 11 December 2006
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General | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name, Symbol, Number | astatine, At, 85 | |||||||||||||||
Chemical series | halogens | |||||||||||||||
Group, Period, Block | 17, 6, p | |||||||||||||||
Appearance | metallic (presumed) | |||||||||||||||
Atomic mass | (210) g/mol | |||||||||||||||
Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5 | |||||||||||||||
Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7 | |||||||||||||||
Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||
Phase | solid | |||||||||||||||
Melting point | 575 K (302 °C, 576 °F) | |||||||||||||||
Boiling point | ? 610 K (? 337 °C, ? 639 °F) | |||||||||||||||
Heat of vaporization | ca. 40 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||
Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||
Crystal structure | no data | |||||||||||||||
Oxidation states | ±1, 3, 5, 7 | |||||||||||||||
Electronegativity | 2.2 (Pauling scale) | |||||||||||||||
Ionization energies | 1st: (est.) 920 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||
Miscellaneous | ||||||||||||||||
Magnetic ordering | no data | |||||||||||||||
Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 1.7 W/(m·K) | |||||||||||||||
CAS registry number | 7440-68-8 | |||||||||||||||
Notable isotopes | ||||||||||||||||
|
Astatine (chemical symbol At, atomic number 85) is a radioactive element that occurs naturally from uranium-235 and uranium-238 decay. It is the heaviest of the halogens.
Occurrence
Astatine is produced by bombarding bismuth with energetic alpha particles to obtain relatively long-lived 209At - 211At, which can then be distilled from the target by heating in the presence of air.
History
The existence of "eka-iodine" had been predicted by Mendeleev. Astatine (after Greek αστατος astatos, meaning "unsteady") was first synthesized in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, K. R. MacKenzie, and Emilio Segrè at the University of California, Berkeley by barraging bismuth with alpha particles. An earlier name for the element was alabamine (Ab).
Notable characteristics
This highly radioactive element has been confirmed by mass spectrometers to behave chemically much like other halogens, especially iodine (it would probably accumulate in the thyroid gland like iodine). Astatine is thought to be more metallic than iodine. Researchers at the Brookhaven National Laboratory have performed experiments that have identified and measured elementary reactions that involve astatine; however, chemical research into astatine is limited by its extreme rarity, which is a result of its extremely short half-life.
Astatine is the rarest naturally-occurring element, with the total amount in Earth's crust estimated to be less than 1 oz (28 g) at any given time; this amounts to less than one teaspoon of the element. The Guinness Book of Records has dubbed the element the rarest on Earth, stating: "Only around 0.9 oz (25 g) of the element astatine (At) occurring naturally"; Isaac Asimov wrote a 1955 essay on large numbers, scientific notation, and the size of the atom, in which he stated that the number of astatine atoms on Earth at any time was "only a trillion".
Isotopes
Astatine has 33 known isotopes, all of which are radioactive; the range of their mass numbers is from 191 to 223. There exist also 23 metastable excited states. The longest-lived isotope is 210At, which has a half-life of 8.1 hours; the shortest-lived known isotope is 213At, which has a half-life of 125 nanoseconds.
Compounds
Multiple compounds of astatine have been synthesized in microscopic amounts and studied as intensively as possible before their inevitable radioactive disintegration. These compounds are primarily of theoretical interest; however, they are also being studied for potential use in nuclear medicine.
See also
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Astatine Los Alamos National Laboratory. Accessed on December 10, 2006.
- Greenwood, N.N.; and Earnshaw, A. (1998). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edition). Oxford, U.K.; Burlington, Massachusetts: Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier Science. ISBN 0750633654. Online version available at [1]. Accessed on November 5, 2006.
- Cotton, F. Albert; and Wilkinson, Geoffrey (1980), Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (4th ed.), New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-02775-8.
- Chang, Raymond (2006). Chemistry (ninth ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math. ISBN 0073221031.
External links
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