Difference between revisions of "Anarchism" - New World Encyclopedia
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* {{cite book |last=Dodson |first=Edward |title=The Discovery of First Principles |volume=2 |publisher=Authorhouse |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-595-24912-1}} | * {{cite book |last=Dodson |first=Edward |title=The Discovery of First Principles |volume=2 |publisher=Authorhouse |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-595-24912-1}} | ||
* {{cite journal |last=Dunn |first=Kevin |date=August 2012 |title=Anarcho-Punk and Resistance in Everyday Life |journal=Punk & Post-Punk |publisher=Intellect |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=201–218 |doi=10.1386/punk.1.2.201_1}} | * {{cite journal |last=Dunn |first=Kevin |date=August 2012 |title=Anarcho-Punk and Resistance in Everyday Life |journal=Punk & Post-Punk |publisher=Intellect |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=201–218 |doi=10.1386/punk.1.2.201_1}} | ||
− | * | + | * Egoumenides, Magda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4qEMBAAAQBAJ ''Philosophical Anarchism and Political Obligation''. New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014, ISBN 978-1441124456. url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218111334/https://books.google.com/books?id=4qEMBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}} |
* {{cite book |last=Evren |first=Süreyyya |author-link=Süreyyya Evren |chapter=How New Anarchism Changed the World (of Opposition) after Seattle and Gave Birth to Post-Anarchism |pages=1–19 |editor1-last=Rousselle |editor1-first=Duane |editor1-link=Duane Rousselle |editor2-last=Evren |editor2-first=Süreyyya |editor2-link=Süreyyya Evren |title=Post-Anarchism: A Reader |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7453-3086-0 |publisher=[[Pluto Press]]}} | * {{cite book |last=Evren |first=Süreyyya |author-link=Süreyyya Evren |chapter=How New Anarchism Changed the World (of Opposition) after Seattle and Gave Birth to Post-Anarchism |pages=1–19 |editor1-last=Rousselle |editor1-first=Duane |editor1-link=Duane Rousselle |editor2-last=Evren |editor2-first=Süreyyya |editor2-link=Süreyyya Evren |title=Post-Anarchism: A Reader |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7453-3086-0 |publisher=[[Pluto Press]]}} | ||
* {{cite book |last1=Evren |first1=Süreyyya |author-link1=Süreyyya Evren |last2=Kinna |first2=Ruth |author-link2=Ruth Kinna |last3=Rouselle |first3=Duane |author-link3=Duane Rousselle |year=2013 |title=Blasting the Canon |location=Santa Barbara, California |publisher=[[Punctum Books]] |isbn=978-0615838625}} | * {{cite book |last1=Evren |first1=Süreyyya |author-link1=Süreyyya Evren |last2=Kinna |first2=Ruth |author-link2=Ruth Kinna |last3=Rouselle |first3=Duane |author-link3=Duane Rousselle |year=2013 |title=Blasting the Canon |location=Santa Barbara, California |publisher=[[Punctum Books]] |isbn=978-0615838625}} |
Revision as of 17:56, 2 March 2023
Basic forms of Government |
Source of power |
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Democracy (rule by many) |
Oligarchy (rule by few) |
Autocracy (rule by one) |
Anarchism (rule by none) |
Power ideology |
Monarchy - Republic |
Authoritarian - Libertarian |
Religious - Secular |
Global - Local |
Power structure |
Unitarism |
Federalism |
International relations |
Administrative division |
Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including, though not necessarily limited to, governments, nation states,[1] and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with stateless societies or other forms of free associations. As a historically left-wing movement, usually placed on the farthest left of the political spectrum, it is usually described alongside communalism and libertarian Marxism as the libertarian wing (libertarian socialism) of the socialist movement.
Humans lived in societies without formal hierarchies long before the establishment of formal states, realms, or empires. With the rise of organised hierarchical bodies, scepticism toward authority also rose. Although traces of anarchist thought are found throughout history, modern anarchism emerged from the Enlightenment. During the latter half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, the anarchist movement flourished in most parts of the world and had a significant role in workers' struggles for emancipation. Various anarchist schools of thought formed during this period. Anarchists have taken part in several revolutions, most notably in the Paris Commune, the Russian Civil War and the Spanish Civil War, whose end marked the end of the classical era of anarchism. In the last decades of the 20th and into the 21st century, the anarchist movement has been resurgent once more, growing in popularity and influence within anti-capitalist, anti-war and anti-globalisation movements.
Anarchism employs a diversity of tactics in order to meet its ideal ends which can be broadly separated into revolutionary and evolutionary tactics; there is significant overlap between the two, which are merely descriptive. Revolutionary tactics aim to bring down authority and state, having taken a violent turn in the past, while evolutionary tactics aim to prefigure what an anarchist society would be like. Anarchist thought, criticism, and praxis have played a part in diverse areas of human society.
Etymology, terminology, and definition
claimed that anarchism is "the extreme antithesis" of authoritarian communism and state socialism.[9] Peter Marshall states that "[i]n general anarchism is closer to socialism than liberalism. ... Anarchism finds itself largely in the socialist camp, but it also has outriders in liberalism. It cannot be reduced to socialism, and is best seen as a separate and distinctive doctrine."[3] According to Jeremy Jennings, "[i]t is hard not to conclude that these ideas", referring to anarcho-capitalism, "are described as anarchist only on the basis of a misunderstanding of what anarchism is." Jennings adds that "anarchism does not stand for the untrammelled freedom of the individual (as the 'anarcho-capitalists' appear to believe) but, as we have already seen, for the extension of individuality and community."[13] Nicolas Walter wrote that "anarchism does derive from liberalism and socialism both historically and ideologically. ... In a sense, anarchists always remain liberals and socialists, and whenever they reject what is good in either they betray anarchism itself. ... We are liberals but more so, and socialists but more so."[12] Michael Newman includes anarchism as one of many socialist traditions, especially the more socialist-aligned tradition following Proudhon and Mikhail Bakunin.[10] Brian Morris argues that it is "conceptually and historically misleading" to "create a dichotomy between socialism and anarchism."[11]|group=nb}}
While opposition to the state is central to anarchist thought, defining anarchism is not an easy task for scholars, as there is a lot of discussion among scholars and anarchists on the matter, and various currents perceive anarchism slightly differently.[14]One common definition adopted by anarchists is that anarchism is a cluster of political philosophies opposing authority and hierarchical organization, including capitalism, nationalism, the state, and all associated institutions, in the conduct of all human relations in favor of a society based on decentralization, freedom, and voluntary association. Scholars highlight that this definition has the same shortcomings as the definition based on anti-authoritarianism (a posteriori conclusion), anti-statism (anarchism is much more than that),{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfnm}} and etymology (negation of rulers).{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfnm}}|group=nb}} Major definitional elements include the will for a non-coercive society, the rejection of the state apparatus, the belief that human nature allows humans to exist in or progress toward such a non-coercive society, and a suggestion on how to act to pursue the ideal of anarchy.[15]
History
Pre-modern era
Before the creation of towns and cities, established authority did not exist. It was after the institution of authority that anarchistic ideas were espoused as a reaction.[16] The most notable precursors to anarchism in the ancient world were in China and Greece. In China, philosophical anarchism (the discussion on the legitimacy of the state) was delineated by Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou and Laozi.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfnm}}[3] Alongside Stoicism, Taoism has been said to have had "significant anticipations" of anarchism.[17]
Anarchic attitudes were also articulated by tragedians and philosophers in Greece. Aeschylus and Sophocles used the myth of Antigone to illustrate the conflict between laws imposed by the state and personal autonomy. Socrates questioned Athenian authorities constantly and insisted on the right of individual freedom of conscience. Cynics dismissed human law (nomos) and associated authorities while trying to live according to nature (physis). Stoics were supportive of a society based on unofficial and friendly relations among its citizens without the presence of a state.[3]
In medieval Europe, there was no anarchistic activity except some ascetic religious movements. These, and other Muslim movements, later gave birth to religious anarchism. In the Sasanian Empire, Mazdak called for an egalitarian society and the abolition of monarchy, only to be soon executed by Emperor Kavad I.[3]
In Basra, religious sects preached against the state.[18] In Europe, various sects developed anti-state and libertarian tendencies.[19] Renewed interest in antiquity during the Renaissance and in private judgment during the Reformation restored elements of anti-authoritarian secularism, particularly in France.[3] Enlightenment challenges to intellectual authority (secular and religious) and the revolutions of the 1790s and 1848 all spurred the ideological development of what became the era of classical anarchism.[5]
Modern era
During the French Revolution, partisan groups such as the Enragés and the sans-culottes saw a turning point in the fermentation of anti-state and federalist sentiments.[3] The first anarchist currents developed throughout the 18th century as William Godwin espoused philosophical anarchism in England, morally delegitimising the state, Max Stirner's thinking paved the way to individualism and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's theory of mutualism found fertile soil in France. By the late 1870s, various anarchist schools of thought had become well-defined and a wave of then unprecedented globalisation occurred from 1880 to 1914.[20] This era of classical anarchism lasted until the end of the Spanish Civil War and is considered the golden age of anarchism.[3]
Drawing from mutualism, Mikhail Bakunin founded collectivist anarchism and entered the International Workingmen's Association, a class worker union later known as the First International that formed in 1864 to unite diverse revolutionary currents. The International became a significant political force, with Karl Marx being a leading figure and a member of its General Council. Bakunin's faction (the Jura Federation) and Proudhon's followers (the mutualists) opposed state socialism, advocating political abstentionism and small property holdings.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfnm}} After bitter disputes, the Bakuninists were expelled from the International by the Marxists at the 1872 Hague Congress.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfnm}}
- Evren, Süreyyya (2011). "How New Anarchism Changed the World (of Opposition) after Seattle and Gave Birth to Post-Anarchism", Post-Anarchism: A Reader. Pluto Press, 1–19. ISBN 978-0-7453-3086-0.
- (2013) Blasting the Canon. Santa Barbara, California: Punctum Books. ISBN 978-0615838625.
- Ferguson, Francis L. (August 1886). The Mistakes of Anarchism. The North American Review 143 (357): 204–206.
- Fernández, Frank (2009). Cuban Anarchism: The History of A Movement. Sharp Press.
- (August 2013) Anarchism. The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies: 385–404.
- (2019) "Anarchism and Ethics", The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer Publishing, 549–570. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
- Gabardi, Wayne (1986). Anarchism. By David Miller. (London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1984. pp. 216 [book review]). American Political Science Review 80 (1): 300–302.
- Gans, Chaim, Philosophical Anarchism and Political Disobedience. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0521414500.
- (1999) Encyclopedia of Political Anarchy. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-87436-982-3.
- Gifford, James (2019). "Literature and Anarchism", The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
- Goodway, David (2006). Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow. Liverpool Press. ISBN 978-1-84631-025-6.
- Graham, Robert, Anarchism: a Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas: from Anarchy to Anarchism. Montréal, CN: Black Rose Books, 2005, ISBN 978-1551642505. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
- Graham, Robert (2019). "Anarchism and the First International", The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer Publishing, 325–342. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
- Guérin, Daniel, Anarchism: From Theory to Practice. New York, N.Y.: Monthly Review Press, 1970, ISBN 978-0853451280. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
- (2003) Understanding Political Ideas and Movements. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6151-6.
- Harmon, Christopher C. (2011). How Terrorist Groups End: Studies of the Twentieth Century. Connections 10 (2): 51–104.
- Heywood, Andrew (2017). Political Ideologies: An Introduction, 6th, Macmillan International Higher Education. ISBN 978-1-137-60604-4.
- Honderich, Ted (1995). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0.
- Honeywell, C., Anarchism, Key Concepts in Political Theory. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2021, ISBN 978-1509523900. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
- Imrie, Doug, "The Illegalists", Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed.
- (1993) "Anarchism", Contemporary Political Ideologies. London: Pinter, 127–146. ISBN 978-0-86187-096-7.
- Jennings, Jeremy (1999). "Anarchism", Contemporary Political Ideologies, reprinted, 2nd, London: A & C Black. ISBN 978-0-8264-5173-6.
- Jeppesen, Sandra, and Holly Nazar, "Genders and Sexualities in Anarchist Movements," in The Bloomsbury Companion to Anarchism, edited by Ruth Kinna. London, U.K.: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012, ISBN 978-1441142702. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
- (2008) "Liberty, Equality, Solidarity Toward a Dialectical Anarchism", Anarchism/Minarchism: Is a Government Part of a Free Country?. Ashgate Publishing, 155–188. ISBN 978-0-7546-6066-8.
- Joll, James (1964). The Anarchists. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03642-0.
- Jun, Nathan, "Anarchist Philosophy and Working Class Struggle: A Brief History and Commentary," WorkingUSA 12(3) (September 2009): 505–519.
- Jun, Nathan, "The State," in The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism, edited by Carl Levy and Matthew S. Adams. New York, N.Y.: Springer Publishing, 2019, ISBN 978-3319756202.
- Kahn, Joseph (2000). Anarchism, the Creed That Won't Stay Dead; The Spread of World Capitalism Resurrects a Long-Dormant Movement. The New York Times (5 August).
- Kinna, Ruth (2012). The Bloomsbury Companion to Anarchism. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-62892-430-5.
- Kinna, Ruth, The Government of No One: The Theory and Practice of Anarchism. New York, N.Y.: Penguin Random House, 2019, ISBN 978-0241396551.
- Klosko, George (1999). More than Obligation – William A. Edmundson: Three Anarchical Fallacies: An Essay on Political Authority. The Review of Politics 61 (3): 536–538.
- Klosko, George (2005). Political Obligations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955104-0.
- (1966) Patterns of Anarchy: A Collection of Writings on the Anarchist Tradition (in en). Garden City, New York: Anchor Books.
- Kristjánsson, Kristján (2000). Three Anarchical Fallacies: An Essay on Political Authority by William A. Edmundson. Mind 109 (436): 896–900.
- Laursen, Ole Birk (2019). "Anti-Imperialism", The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer Publishing, 149–168. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
- Levy, Carl, "Social Histories of Anarchism," Journal for the Study of Radicalism 4(2) (May 8, 2011): 1–44.
- (2018) The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
- Long, Roderick T. (2013). The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87456-4.
- Lucy, Nicholas (2020). "Anarchism and Sexuality", The SAGE Handbook of Global Sexualities. SAGE Publishing, 160–183. ISBN 978-1-5297-2194-2.
- (2019). Civil Liberties, National Security and U.S. Courts in Times of Terrorism. Perspectives on Terrorism 13 (6): 43–57.
- Marshall, Peter, Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. Oakland, CA: PM Press, 1993, ISBN 978-1604860641.
- Mattern, Mark, "Anarchism and Art," in The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism, edited by Carl Levy and Matthew S. Adams. New York, N.Y.: Springer Publishing, 2019, ISBN 978-3319756202, 589–602.
- Mayne, Alan James (1999). From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-96151-0.
- McLaughlin, Paul (2007). Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-6196-2.
- (2004) "Anti-capitalism and poststructuralist anarchism", Changing Anarchism: Anarchist Theory and Practice in a Global Age. Manchester University Press, 23–38. ISBN 978-0-7190-6694-8.
- Meltzer, Albert (2000). Anarchism: Arguments For and Against. AK Press. ISBN 978-1-873176-57-3.
- Morris, Brian (1993). Bakunin: The Philosophy of Freedom. Black Rose Books. ISBN 978-1-895431-66-7.
- Morris, Brian (2015). Anthropology, Ecology, and Anarchism: A Brian Morris Reader, Marshall, Peter, illustrated, Oakland: PM Press. ISBN 978-1-60486-093-1.
- Morris, Christopher W. (2002). An Essay on the Modern State. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52407-0.
- Moynihan, Colin, "Book Fair Unites Anarchists. In Spirit, Anyway", The New York Times, 2007-04-16.
- Moya, Jose C. (2015). "Transference, culture, and critique The Circulation of Anarchist Ideas and Practices", In Defiance of Boundaries: Anarchism in Latin American History, Kirwin R. Shaffer, University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-5138-3.
- Nesser, Petter (2012). Research Note: Single Actor Terrorism: Scope, Characteristics and Explanations. Perspectives on Terrorism 6 (6): 61–73.
- Nettlau, Max (1996). A Short History of Anarchism. Freedom Press. ISBN 978-0-900384-89-9.
- Newman, Michael (2005). Socialism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280431-0.
- Newman, Saul (2010). The Politics of Postanarchism. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-3495-8.
- Nicholas, Lucy, "Gender and Sexuality," in The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism, edited by Carl Levy and Matthew S. Adams. New York, N.Y.: Springer Publishing, 2019, ISBN 978-3319756202.
- Norris, Jesse J. (2020). Idiosyncratic Terrorism: Disaggregating an Undertheorized Concept. Perspectives on Terrorism 14 (3).
- Nomad, Max (1966). Revolutionary Internationals 1864–1943. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0293-5.
- Osgood, Herbert L. (March 1889). Scientific Anarchism. Political Science Quarterly 4 (1): 1–36.
- Otero, Carlos Peregrín (1994). Noam Chomsky: Critical Assessments. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415010-05-4.
- Parry, Richard (1987). The Bonnot Gang. Rebel Press. ISBN 978-0-946061-04-4.
- Pernicone, Nunzio (2009). Italian Anarchism, 1864–1892. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-63268-1.
- Pierson, Christopher (2013). Just Property: Enlightenment, Revolution, and History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967329-2.
- Ramnath, Maia (2019). "Non-Western Anarchisms and Postcolonialism", The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
- Robé, Chris (2017). Breaking the Spell: A History of Anarchist Filmmakers, Videotape Guerrillas, and Digital Ninjas. PM Press. ISBN 978-1-629-63233-9.
- Rogers, Tristan J. (2020). The Authority of Virtue: Institutions and Character in the Good Society. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-22264-7.
- Rupert, Mark (2006). Globalization and International Political Economy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-2943-4.
- Ryley, Peter (2019). "Individualism", The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer Publishing, 225–236. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
- Shannon, Deric (2019). "Anti-Capitalism and Libertarian Political Economy", The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer Publishing, 91–106. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
- Skirda, Alexandre (2002). Facing the Enemy: A History of Anarchist Organization From Proudhon to May 1968. AK Press. ISBN 978-1-902593-19-7.
- Sylvan, Richard (2007). A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, 2nd, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-3653-2.
- Suissa, Judith, "Anarchist Education," in The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism, edited by Carl Levy and Matthew S. Adams. New York, N.Y.: Springer Publishing, 2019, ISBN 978-3319756202. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
- Suissa, Judith (1 July 2019b). Education and Non-domination: Reflections from the Radical Tradition. Studies in Philosophy and Education 38 (4): 359–375.
- Thomas, Paul (1985). Karl Marx and the Anarchists. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7102-0685-5.
- (1978) The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd, New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-05684-8. OCLC 3415145.
- Turcato, Davide (2019). "Anarchist Communism", The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
- Van der Walt, Lucien (2019). "Syndicalism", The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer Publishing, 249–264. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
- Ward, Colin (1973). The Role of the State. Education Without Schools: 39–48.
- Ward, Colin (2004). Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280477-8.
- Walter, Nicholas, About Anarchism. London, U.K.: Freedom Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0900384905.
- Wendt, Fabian (2020). Against Philosophical Anarchism. Law and Philosophy 39 (5): 527–544.
- Wilbur, Shawn (2019). "Mutualism", The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
- Williams, Dana M., "Black Panther Radical Factionalization and the Development of Black Anarchism," Journal of Black Studies 46(7) (2015): 678–703.
- Williams, Dana M. (2018). Contemporary Anarchist and Anarchistic Movements. Sociology Compass 12 (6): e12582.
- Williams, Dana M., "Tactics: Conceptions of Social Change, Revolution, and Anarchist Organisation," edited by Carl Levy and Matthew S. Adams, The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. New York, N.Y.: Springer Publishing, 2019, ISBN 978-3319756202.
- (September 2007) Anarchism Revived. New Political Science 29 (3): 297–312.
- Williams, Leonard (2010). Hakim Bey and Ontological Anarchism. Journal for the Study of Radicalism 4 (2): 109–137.
Tertiary sources
- Coutinho, Steve (2016-03-03). Zhuangzi. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- De George, Richard T. (2005). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7.
- Fiala, Andrew. (2017). "Anarchism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
- "Anarchism In The Arts". Encyclopædia Britannica. (2019).
- "Anarcho-capitalism". The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism: 13–14. (2008). SAGE; Cato Institute. DOI:10.4135/9781412965811.n8.
- (2003) The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280276-7.
- Definition of Anarchism. Merriam-Webster (2019).
- Miller, David (1991). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-631-17944-3.
- Ostergaard, Geoffrey. (2003). "Anarchism". The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought (2nd). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing.
- (September 2005) "Anarchy", Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd, Oxford University Press.
Further reading
- Barclay, Harold B. (1990). People Without Government: An Anthropology of Anarchy. Kahn & Averill. ISBN 978-0-939306-09-1.
- Edmundson, William A. (2007). Three Anarchical Fallacies: An Essay on Political Authority. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03751-8. Criticism of philosophical anarchism.
- Harper, Clifford (1987). Anarchy: A Graphic Guide. Camden Press. ISBN 978-0-948491-22-1.
- Huemer, Michael (2012). The Problem of Political Authority: An Examination of the Right to Coerce and the Duty to Obey. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-28164-7. A defence of philosophical anarchism, stating that "both kinds of 'anarchism' [i.e. philosophical and political anarchism] are philosophical and political claims." (p. 137)
- Le Guin, Ursula K. (2009). The Dispossessed. HarperCollins. Anarchistic popular fiction novel.
- Kinna, Ruth (2005). Anarchism: A Beginners Guide. Oneworld. ISBN 978-1-85168-370-3.
- Sartwell, Crispin (2008). Against the State: An Introduction to Anarchist Political Theory. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7447-1.
- Scott, James C. (2012). Two Cheers for Anarchism: Six Easy Pieces on Autonomy, Dignity, and Meaningful Work and Play. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15529-6.
- Wolff, Robert Paul (1998). In Defense of Anarchism. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21573-3. An argument for philosophical anarchism.
- Woodcock, George (January 1962). Anarchism in Spain. History Today 12 (1): 22–32.
External links
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- Anarchism at Curlie
- Anarchy Archives. Anarchy Archives is an online research center on the history and theory of anarchism.
Template:Sister bar Template:Anarchism Template:Anarchies Template:Libertarian socialism
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