Difference between revisions of "Manganese" - New World Encyclopedia
m (Robot: Remove contracted tag) |
m (Remove * from 'optional' links) |
||
| Line 48: | Line 48: | ||
'''Manganese''' (chemical symbol '''Mn''', [[atomic number]] 25) is a gray-white [[metal]] that combines with other [[chemical element|elements]] in various proportions. In [[nature]], it occurs mainly in the form of a black-brown oxide (MnO<sub>2</sub>), which was used as a [[paint]] pigment as far back as 17,000 years ago. Manganese is part of the [[iron]] group of elements that are thought to be synthesized in large [[star]]s shortly before [[supernova]] explosion. | '''Manganese''' (chemical symbol '''Mn''', [[atomic number]] 25) is a gray-white [[metal]] that combines with other [[chemical element|elements]] in various proportions. In [[nature]], it occurs mainly in the form of a black-brown oxide (MnO<sub>2</sub>), which was used as a [[paint]] pigment as far back as 17,000 years ago. Manganese is part of the [[iron]] group of elements that are thought to be synthesized in large [[star]]s shortly before [[supernova]] explosion. | ||
| − | The greatest demand for manganese is for the production of iron and steel. In addition, it is a key component of low-cost [[stainless steel]] | + | The greatest demand for manganese is for the production of iron and steel. In addition, it is a key component of low-cost [[stainless steel]] and certain [[aluminum]] [[alloy]]s. At low concentrations, it is used to decolorize [[glass]], while at higher concentrations, it is used to make violet-colored glass. Manganese dioxide, besides being a useful [[pigment]], is a [[catalyst]] and a component of certain dry cell [[battery|batteries]]. [[Potassium permanganate]] is a potent oxidizer and [[disinfectant]]. Manganese (in the form of manganese ions) is an essential trace nutrient in all known forms of life. On the other hand, excess manganese is toxic. |
== Occurrence == | == Occurrence == | ||
[[Image:ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg|thumb|left|Manganese ore]] | [[Image:ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg|thumb|left|Manganese ore]] | ||
| − | Manganese occurs principally as the mineral [[pyrolusite]] | + | Manganese occurs principally as the mineral [[pyrolusite]] (manganese(IV) oxide, MnO<sub>2</sub>), and to a lesser extent as [[rhodochrosite]] (manganese(II) carbonate, MnCO<sub>3</sub>). Land-based resources are large but irregularly distributed; those of the [[United States]] are very low grade and have potentially high extraction costs. [[South Africa]] and [[Ukraine]] account for more than 80 percent of the world's identified resources. In addition, manganese is mined in [[Burkina Faso]] and [[Gabon]]. Vast quantities of manganese exist in [[manganese nodule]]s on the [[ocean floor]], but attempts to find economically viable methods of harvesting manganese nodules were abandoned in the 1970s. |
U.S. import sources (1998-2001): | U.S. import sources (1998-2001): | ||
| Line 64: | Line 64: | ||
Manganese (from the [[Latin]] word ''magnes'', meaning "magnet") was in use in prehistoric times, in the form of its compounds. Paints that were pigmented with manganese dioxide (manganese(IV) oxide) can be traced back 17,000 years. The Egyptians and Romans used manganese compounds in glass-making, to either remove color from glass or add color to it. Manganese can be found in the [[iron]] [[ore]]s used by the Spartans. Some speculate that the exceptional hardness of Spartan steels derives from the inadvertent production of an iron-manganese alloy. | Manganese (from the [[Latin]] word ''magnes'', meaning "magnet") was in use in prehistoric times, in the form of its compounds. Paints that were pigmented with manganese dioxide (manganese(IV) oxide) can be traced back 17,000 years. The Egyptians and Romans used manganese compounds in glass-making, to either remove color from glass or add color to it. Manganese can be found in the [[iron]] [[ore]]s used by the Spartans. Some speculate that the exceptional hardness of Spartan steels derives from the inadvertent production of an iron-manganese alloy. | ||
| − | In the seventeenth century, [[Germany|German]] [[chemistry|chemist]] [[Johann Glauber]] | + | In the seventeenth century, [[Germany|German]] [[chemistry|chemist]] [[Johann Glauber]] first produced [[permanganate]], a useful laboratory reagent. (Some, however, believe that it was discovered by [[Ignites Kaim]] in 1770). By the mid-eighteenth century, manganese dioxide was in use in the manufacture of [[chlorine]]. Swedish chemist [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] was the first to recognize that manganese was an element, and his colleague, [[Johan Gottlieb Gahn]], isolated the pure element in 1774 by reduction of the dioxide with [[carbon]]. |
| − | Around the beginning of the nineteenth century, scientists began exploring the use of manganese in steelmaking, and patents were granted for its use at the time. In 1816, it was noted that adding manganese to [[iron]] made it harder, without making it any more brittle. In 1837, [[Great Britain|British]] academic [[James Couper]] | + | Around the beginning of the nineteenth century, scientists began exploring the use of manganese in steelmaking, and patents were granted for its use at the time. In 1816, it was noted that adding manganese to [[iron]] made it harder, without making it any more brittle. In 1837, [[Great Britain|British]] academic [[James Couper]] noted an association between heavy exposure to manganese in [[mine]]s with a form of [[Parkinson's disease]]. In 1912, patents were issued in the [[United States]] for methods of using manganese for "Parkerizing" (electrochemical conversion coating of) firearms to protect them from rust and corrosion. |
== Notable characteristics == | == Notable characteristics == | ||
[[Image:Mangan_1.jpg|thumb|left|Manganese]] | [[Image:Mangan_1.jpg|thumb|left|Manganese]] | ||
| − | In [[chemistry]], manganese is considered a [[transition metal]]. It is placed in period four and group seven (former group 7B) of the [[periodic table]]. In period four, it lies between [[chromium]] (Cr) and [[iron]] (Fe), and in group seven, it is positioned above technetium (Tc) and rhenium (Re). Manganese is very brittle, fusible with difficulty, but easily oxidized. After special treatment, manganese metal becomes [[ferromagnetic]] | + | In [[chemistry]], manganese is considered a [[transition metal]]. It is placed in period four and group seven (former group 7B) of the [[periodic table]]. In period four, it lies between [[chromium]] (Cr) and [[iron]] (Fe), and in group seven, it is positioned above technetium (Tc) and rhenium (Re). Manganese is very brittle, fusible with difficulty, but easily oxidized. After special treatment, manganese metal becomes [[ferromagnetic]]—that is, it acquires the "normal" form of magnetism that most people are familiar with. |
Manganese combines with various other elements in different proportions. The [[oxidation state]]s of manganese are known to range from +1 to +7, but the most common ones are +2, +3, +4, +6, and +7. Mn<sup>2+</sup> often competes with Mg<sup>2+</sup> in biological systems. Compounds in which manganese is in oxidation state +7 are powerful [[oxidation|oxidizing agents]]. | Manganese combines with various other elements in different proportions. The [[oxidation state]]s of manganese are known to range from +1 to +7, but the most common ones are +2, +3, +4, +6, and +7. Mn<sup>2+</sup> often competes with Mg<sup>2+</sup> in biological systems. Compounds in which manganese is in oxidation state +7 are powerful [[oxidation|oxidizing agents]]. | ||
| Line 77: | Line 77: | ||
=== Isotopes === | === Isotopes === | ||
| − | The isotopes of manganese range in [[atomic weight]] | + | The isotopes of manganese range in [[atomic weight]] from 46 atomic mass units (amu) (<sup>46</sup>Mn) to 65 amu (<sup>65</sup>Mn). Naturally occurring manganese consists of one stable [[isotope]]: <sup>55</sup>Mn. In addition, 18 [[radioisotope]]s have been characterized, of which the most stable is <sup>53</sup>Mn, with a [[half-life]] of 3.7 million years. The isotope <sup>54</sup>Mn has a half-life of 312.3 days, and <sup>52</sup>Mn has a half-life of 5.591 days. The remaining [[radioactive]] isotopes have half-lives under three hours, and most of these have half-lives less than one minute. |
| − | Manganese is part of the [[iron]] group of elements that are thought to be synthesized in large [[star]]s shortly before [[supernova]] explosion. Given that <sup>53</sup>Mn decays to <sup>53</sup>Cr, manganese isotopic contents are typically combined with [[chromium]] isotopic contents and have found application in [[isotope geology]] | + | Manganese is part of the [[iron]] group of elements that are thought to be synthesized in large [[star]]s shortly before [[supernova]] explosion. Given that <sup>53</sup>Mn decays to <sup>53</sup>Cr, manganese isotopic contents are typically combined with [[chromium]] isotopic contents and have found application in [[isotope geology]] and [[radiometric dating]]. Mn-Cr isotopic ratios reinforce the evidence from isotopic ratios of other elements (<sup>26</sup>Al and <sup>107</sup>Pd) for the early history of the [[solar system]]. |
== Applications == | == Applications == | ||
[[Image:ManganiteUSGOV.jpg|thumb|left|Manganite, a manganese oxide]] | [[Image:ManganiteUSGOV.jpg|thumb|left|Manganite, a manganese oxide]] | ||
| − | Manganese is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing, and alloying properties. [[Steelmaking]], including its ironmaking component, has accounted for most manganese demand—presently in the range of 85–90 percent of the total demand. Among its other uses, manganese is a key component of low-cost [[stainless steel]] | + | Manganese is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing, and alloying properties. [[Steelmaking]], including its ironmaking component, has accounted for most manganese demand—presently in the range of 85–90 percent of the total demand. Among its other uses, manganese is a key component of low-cost [[stainless steel]] formulations and certain widely used [[aluminum]] alloys. It is also added to [[gasoline]] to reduce engine knock. At low concentrations, manganese is used to decolorize [[glass]], as it removes the greenish tinge generated by the presence of [[iron]]; at higher concentrations, it is used to make violet-colored glass. |
| − | Manganese dioxide, a component of natural [[umber]] | + | Manganese dioxide, a component of natural [[umber]], is useful as a black-brown [[pigment]] in [[paint]]. It is also a catalyst and is used in the original type of dry cell [[Battery (electricity)|battery]]. [[Potassium permanganate]] is a potent oxidizer used in [[chemical reaction]]s; it is also used in medicine as a [[disinfectant]]. The technique known as [[Parkerize|manganese phosphating]] (or Parkerizing) is used to prevent the rusting and corrosion of steel. On rare occasions, manganese is used in coins. The only U.S. coins to use manganese were the "wartime" nickel (1942–1945) and the [[Sacagawea dollar]] (2000–present). |
In 1912, patents were issued in the United States for methods of using manganese for "Parkerizing" (electrochemical conversion coating of) firearms to protect them from rust and corrosion, and these methods have been in widespread use ever since. | In 1912, patents were issued in the United States for methods of using manganese for "Parkerizing" (electrochemical conversion coating of) firearms to protect them from rust and corrosion, and these methods have been in widespread use ever since. | ||
| − | Manganese has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications. In minor applications, (such as [[Parkerize|manganese phosphating]] | + | Manganese has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications. In minor applications, (such as [[Parkerize|manganese phosphating]]), [[zinc]] and sometimes [[vanadium]] are viable substitutes. |
== Biological role == | == Biological role == | ||
| − | Manganese (in the form of manganese [[ion]]s) is an essential trace nutrient in all known forms of [[life]]. Many classes of [[enzyme]]s have manganese cofactors. They include [[oxidoreductases]] | + | Manganese (in the form of manganese [[ion]]s) is an essential trace nutrient in all known forms of [[life]]. Many classes of [[enzyme]]s have manganese cofactors. They include [[oxidoreductases]], [[transferases]], [[hydrolases]], [[lyases]], [[isomerases]], [[ligases]], [[lectins]], and [[integrins]]. The best-known manganese-containing [[polypeptides]] (protein-like chains) may be [[arginase]], Mn-containing [[superoxide dismutase]], and the [[diphtheria]] toxin. |
== Compounds == | == Compounds == | ||
| − | The most stable oxidation state for manganese is +2, and many manganese(II) compounds are known, such as [[manganese(II) sulfate]] | + | The most stable oxidation state for manganese is +2, and many manganese(II) compounds are known, such as [[manganese(II) sulfate]] (MnSO<sub>4</sub>) and [[manganese(II) chloride]] (MnCl<sub>2</sub>). This oxidation state is also seen in the mineral [[rhodochrosite]], ([[manganese(II) carbonate]]). The +3 oxidation state is also known, in compounds such as [[manganese(III) acetate]]—these are quite powerful [[Redox|oxidizing agents]]. |
| − | [[Potassium permanganate]] | + | [[Potassium permanganate]] (KMnO<sub>4</sub>), also called [[Condy's crystals]], is an oxidizing agent and a commonly used laboratory [[reagent]]. It also finds use as a topical medicine, such as in the treatment of [[fish]] diseases. |
| − | [[Manganese(IV) oxide]] | + | [[Manganese(IV) oxide]] (manganese dioxide, MnO<sub>2</sub>) is used in dry cells, and can be used to decolorize glass that is polluted by trace amounts of iron. It is also used in the manufacture of oxygen and chlorine and in black paints. Manganese compounds can color glass an amethyst color, and are responsible for the color of true amethyst. |
== Precautions == | == Precautions == | ||
| Line 112: | Line 112: | ||
In 2005, a study suggested a possible link between manganese inhalation and central nervous system toxicity in rats.<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2005.01.043 Article] Retrieved December 18, 2007.</ref> It is hypothesized that long-term exposure to naturally occurring manganese in shower water puts up to 8.7 million Americans at risk. | In 2005, a study suggested a possible link between manganese inhalation and central nervous system toxicity in rats.<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2005.01.043 Article] Retrieved December 18, 2007.</ref> It is hypothesized that long-term exposure to naturally occurring manganese in shower water puts up to 8.7 million Americans at risk. | ||
| − | A form of [[Parkinson's disease]] | + | A form of [[Parkinson's disease]]-type neurodegeneration called "[[manganism]]" has been linked to manganese exposure among miners and smelters since the early nineteenth century. Allegations of inhalation-induced manganism have been made regarding the welding industry. In the [[United States]], manganese exposure in workplaces is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).<ref>[http://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_250190.html U.S. Department of Labor] Retrieved December 18, 2007.</ref> |
== See also == | == See also == | ||
Revision as of 14:39, 29 August 2008
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name, Symbol, Number | manganese, Mn, 25 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | transition metals | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | 7, 4, d | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery metallic 
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic mass | 54.938045(5) g/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d5 4s2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 13, 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 7.21 g/cm³ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liquid density at m.p. | 5.95 g/cm³ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1519 K (1246 °C, 2275 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 2334 K (2061 °C, 3742 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 12.91 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 221 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat capacity | (25 °C) 26.32 J/(mol·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | cubic body centered | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 7, 6, 4, 2, 3 (strongly acidic oxide) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | 1.55 (Pauling scale) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies (more) |
1st: 717.3 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 1509.0 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd: 3248 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 140 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc.) | 161 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 139 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | nonmagnetic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | (20 °C) 1.44 µΩ·m | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 7.81 W/(m·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | (25 °C) 21.7 µm/(m·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound (thin rod) | (20 °C) 5150 m/s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound (thin rod) | (r.t.) 198 m/s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | 120 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mohs hardness | 6.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 196 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7439-96-5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Notable isotopes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manganese (chemical symbol Mn, atomic number 25) is a gray-white metal that combines with other elements in various proportions. In nature, it occurs mainly in the form of a black-brown oxide (MnO2), which was used as a paint pigment as far back as 17,000 years ago. Manganese is part of the iron group of elements that are thought to be synthesized in large stars shortly before supernova explosion.
The greatest demand for manganese is for the production of iron and steel. In addition, it is a key component of low-cost stainless steel and certain aluminum alloys. At low concentrations, it is used to decolorize glass, while at higher concentrations, it is used to make violet-colored glass. Manganese dioxide, besides being a useful pigment, is a catalyst and a component of certain dry cell batteries. Potassium permanganate is a potent oxidizer and disinfectant. Manganese (in the form of manganese ions) is an essential trace nutrient in all known forms of life. On the other hand, excess manganese is toxic.
Occurrence
Manganese occurs principally as the mineral pyrolusite (manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2), and to a lesser extent as rhodochrosite (manganese(II) carbonate, MnCO3). Land-based resources are large but irregularly distributed; those of the United States are very low grade and have potentially high extraction costs. South Africa and Ukraine account for more than 80 percent of the world's identified resources. In addition, manganese is mined in Burkina Faso and Gabon. Vast quantities of manganese exist in manganese nodules on the ocean floor, but attempts to find economically viable methods of harvesting manganese nodules were abandoned in the 1970s.
U.S. import sources (1998-2001):
- Manganese ore: Gabon, 70 percent; South Africa, ten percent; Australia, nine percent; Mexico, five percent; and other, six percent.
- Ferromanganese: South Africa, 47 percent; France, 22 percent; Mexico, eight percent; Australia, eight percent; and other, 15 percent.
- Manganese contained in all manganese imports: South Africa, 31 percent; Gabon, 21 percent; Australia, 13 percent; Mexico, eight percent; and other, 27 percent.
History
Manganese (from the Latin word magnes, meaning "magnet") was in use in prehistoric times, in the form of its compounds. Paints that were pigmented with manganese dioxide (manganese(IV) oxide) can be traced back 17,000 years. The Egyptians and Romans used manganese compounds in glass-making, to either remove color from glass or add color to it. Manganese can be found in the iron ores used by the Spartans. Some speculate that the exceptional hardness of Spartan steels derives from the inadvertent production of an iron-manganese alloy.
In the seventeenth century, German chemist Johann Glauber first produced permanganate, a useful laboratory reagent. (Some, however, believe that it was discovered by Ignites Kaim in 1770). By the mid-eighteenth century, manganese dioxide was in use in the manufacture of chlorine. Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele was the first to recognize that manganese was an element, and his colleague, Johan Gottlieb Gahn, isolated the pure element in 1774 by reduction of the dioxide with carbon.
Around the beginning of the nineteenth century, scientists began exploring the use of manganese in steelmaking, and patents were granted for its use at the time. In 1816, it was noted that adding manganese to iron made it harder, without making it any more brittle. In 1837, British academic James Couper noted an association between heavy exposure to manganese in mines with a form of Parkinson's disease. In 1912, patents were issued in the United States for methods of using manganese for "Parkerizing" (electrochemical conversion coating of) firearms to protect them from rust and corrosion.
Notable characteristics
In chemistry, manganese is considered a transition metal. It is placed in period four and group seven (former group 7B) of the periodic table. In period four, it lies between chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe), and in group seven, it is positioned above technetium (Tc) and rhenium (Re). Manganese is very brittle, fusible with difficulty, but easily oxidized. After special treatment, manganese metal becomes ferromagnetic—that is, it acquires the "normal" form of magnetism that most people are familiar with.
Manganese combines with various other elements in different proportions. The oxidation states of manganese are known to range from +1 to +7, but the most common ones are +2, +3, +4, +6, and +7. Mn2+ often competes with Mg2+ in biological systems. Compounds in which manganese is in oxidation state +7 are powerful oxidizing agents.
Isotopes
The isotopes of manganese range in atomic weight from 46 atomic mass units (amu) (46Mn) to 65 amu (65Mn). Naturally occurring manganese consists of one stable isotope: 55Mn. In addition, 18 radioisotopes have been characterized, of which the most stable is 53Mn, with a half-life of 3.7 million years. The isotope 54Mn has a half-life of 312.3 days, and 52Mn has a half-life of 5.591 days. The remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives under three hours, and most of these have half-lives less than one minute.
Manganese is part of the iron group of elements that are thought to be synthesized in large stars shortly before supernova explosion. Given that 53Mn decays to 53Cr, manganese isotopic contents are typically combined with chromium isotopic contents and have found application in isotope geology and radiometric dating. Mn-Cr isotopic ratios reinforce the evidence from isotopic ratios of other elements (26Al and 107Pd) for the early history of the solar system.
Applications
Manganese is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing, and alloying properties. Steelmaking, including its ironmaking component, has accounted for most manganese demand—presently in the range of 85–90 percent of the total demand. Among its other uses, manganese is a key component of low-cost stainless steel formulations and certain widely used aluminum alloys. It is also added to gasoline to reduce engine knock. At low concentrations, manganese is used to decolorize glass, as it removes the greenish tinge generated by the presence of iron; at higher concentrations, it is used to make violet-colored glass.
Manganese dioxide, a component of natural umber, is useful as a black-brown pigment in paint. It is also a catalyst and is used in the original type of dry cell battery. Potassium permanganate is a potent oxidizer used in chemical reactions; it is also used in medicine as a disinfectant. The technique known as manganese phosphating (or Parkerizing) is used to prevent the rusting and corrosion of steel. On rare occasions, manganese is used in coins. The only U.S. coins to use manganese were the "wartime" nickel (1942–1945) and the Sacagawea dollar (2000–present).
In 1912, patents were issued in the United States for methods of using manganese for "Parkerizing" (electrochemical conversion coating of) firearms to protect them from rust and corrosion, and these methods have been in widespread use ever since.
Manganese has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications. In minor applications, (such as manganese phosphating), zinc and sometimes vanadium are viable substitutes.
Biological role
Manganese (in the form of manganese ions) is an essential trace nutrient in all known forms of life. Many classes of enzymes have manganese cofactors. They include oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases, lectins, and integrins. The best-known manganese-containing polypeptides (protein-like chains) may be arginase, Mn-containing superoxide dismutase, and the diphtheria toxin.
Compounds
The most stable oxidation state for manganese is +2, and many manganese(II) compounds are known, such as manganese(II) sulfate (MnSO4) and manganese(II) chloride (MnCl2). This oxidation state is also seen in the mineral rhodochrosite, (manganese(II) carbonate). The +3 oxidation state is also known, in compounds such as manganese(III) acetate—these are quite powerful oxidizing agents.
Potassium permanganate (KMnO4), also called Condy's crystals, is an oxidizing agent and a commonly used laboratory reagent. It also finds use as a topical medicine, such as in the treatment of fish diseases.
Manganese(IV) oxide (manganese dioxide, MnO2) is used in dry cells, and can be used to decolorize glass that is polluted by trace amounts of iron. It is also used in the manufacture of oxygen and chlorine and in black paints. Manganese compounds can color glass an amethyst color, and are responsible for the color of true amethyst.
Precautions
Manganese in excess is toxic. Exposure to manganese dusts and fumes should not exceed the upper limit of five milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) for even short periods because of its toxicity level.
Acidic permanganate solutions will oxidize any organic material they come into contact with. The oxidation process can generate enough heat to ignite some organic substances.
In 2005, a study suggested a possible link between manganese inhalation and central nervous system toxicity in rats.[1] It is hypothesized that long-term exposure to naturally occurring manganese in shower water puts up to 8.7 million Americans at risk.
A form of Parkinson's disease-type neurodegeneration called "manganism" has been linked to manganese exposure among miners and smelters since the early nineteenth century. Allegations of inhalation-induced manganism have been made regarding the welding industry. In the United States, manganese exposure in workplaces is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).[2]
See also
Notes
- ↑ Article Retrieved December 18, 2007.
- ↑ U.S. Department of Labor Retrieved December 18, 2007.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Los Alamos National Laboratory – Manganese Retrieved December 18, 2007.
External links
All Links Retrieved December 18, 2007.
- National Pollutant Inventory - Manganese and compounds Fact Sheet
- WebElements.com – Manganese
- International Manganese Institute
- Neurotoxicity of inhaled manganese: Public health danger in the shower?
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
