Difference between revisions of "Uzbekistan" - New World Encyclopedia

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|native_name              = <span style="line-height:1.25em;">''O‘zbekiston Respublikasi''<br/>''O‘zbekiston Jumhuriyati''<br/>Ўзбекистон Республикаси</span>
 
|native_name              = <span style="line-height:1.25em;">''O‘zbekiston Respublikasi''<br/>''O‘zbekiston Jumhuriyati''<br/>Ўзбекистон Республикаси</span>

Revision as of 16:06, 19 March 2007

O‘zbekiston Respublikasi
O‘zbekiston Jumhuriyati
Ўзбекистон Республикаси
Republic of Uzbekistan
Flag of Uzbekistan Coat of arms of Uzbekistan
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: none
Anthem: National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Location of Uzbekistan
Capital
(and largest city) 		Tashkent
41°16′N 69°13′E
Official languages Uzbek
Government Authoritarian republic
 - President Islom Karimov
 - Prime Minister Shavkat Mirziyoyev
Independence from the Soviet Union 
 - Formation 1747, as Bukharian Emirate, Kokand Khanate, Khwarezm 
 - Declared September 1 1991 
 - Recognized December 8 1991 
 - Completed December 25 1991 
Area
 - Total 447,400 km² (56th)
172,742 sq mi 
 - Water (%) 4.9
Population
 - July 2005 estimate 26,593,000
 - Density 59/km²
153/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2005 estimate
 - Total $50.395 billion
 - Per capita $1,920
HDI  (2003) 0.694 (medium)
Currency Uzbekistani som (UZS)
Time zone UZT (UTC+5)
 - Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+5)
Internet TLD .uz
Calling code +998

Uzbekistan (alternately Uzbekstan or Ozbekistan), officially the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or O‘zbekiston Jumhuriyati, or Ўзбекистон Республикаси in Cyrillic or Russian:'Республика Узбекистан' ), is a country in Central Asia, formerly of the Soviet Union. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south. This gives Uzbekistan a status shared only with Europe's Liechtenstein in that it is doubly landlocked, that is, it is surrounded entirely by other landlocked states. The only official language, Uzbek, is a Turkic language, but Russian continues to be widely used, a holdover from Soviet rule. About 1 million Tajiks, an ethnic group closely related to the Persians, inhabit Uzbekistan,[1] making up approximately 4.8% of the population.[2] The word Ozbek means Real/original/true (Oz) Leaders, Nobles (bek).

History

The territory of Uzbekistan was populated in the second millennium B.C.E. There are findings of early human tools and monuments in Ferghana, Tashkent, Bukhara, Khorezm (Khwarezm, Chorasmia) and Samarkand regions.


Alexander the Great conquered Sogdiana and Bactria in 327 B.C.E., marrying Roxana, daughter of a local Bactrian chieftain. However, the conquest was supposedly of little help to Alexander as popular resistance was fierce, causing Alexander's army to be bogged down in the region.

For many centuries the region of Uzbekistan was ruled by Iranian Empires such as the Parthian and Sassanid Empires.

In the 14th century AD, Timur, known in the west as Tamerlane, overpowered the Mongols and built an empire. In his military campaigns, Tamerlane reached as far as the Middle East. He defeated Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I. Bayezid was captured, and died in captivity. Tamerlane sought to build a capital of his empire in Samarkand. Today Tamerlane is considered to be one of the greatest heroes in Uzbekistan who plays a significant role in its national identity and history. Following the fall of the Timurid Empire, Uzbek nomads conquered the region.

File:Vasili Vereshchagin Pust' Voidut.jpg
Khiva under Russian attack.

In the 19th century, the Russian Empire began to expand, and spread into Central Asia. The "Great Game" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907. Following the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 a second less intensive phase followed. At the start of the 19th century, there were some 2,000 miles (3,200 km) separating British India and the outlying regions of the Tsarist Russia. Much of the land in between was unmapped.

By the beginning of the 20th century, Central Asia was firmly in the hands of Russia and despite some early resistance to Bolsheviks, Uzbekistan and the rest of Central Asia became a part of the Soviet Union. On August 31 1991, Uzbekistan reluctantly declared independence, marking September 1 as a national holiday. In subsequent ethnic tensions, two million Russians left the country for Russia.

The country now seeks to gradually lessen its dependence on agriculture - it is the world's second-largest exporter of cotton - while developing its mineral and petroleum reserves. By the year 2004 there were very few Russians still living in Uzbekistan. The Russians that do still live there mostly consist of the elderly and the very poor.

Geography

Uzbekistan is approximately the size of Morocco or California and has an area of 447,400 square kilometers (172,700 sq mi). It is the 56th-largest country (after Sweden).

Uzbekistan stretches 1,425 kilometers (885 mi) from west to east and 930 kilometers (578 mi) from north to south. Bordering Turkmenistan to the southwest, Kazakhstan and the Aral Sea to the north, and Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan to the south and east, Uzbekistan is not only one of the larger Central Asian states but also the only Central Asian state to border all of the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border with Afghanistan to the south.

Uzbekistan is a dry, double-landlocked country of which 10% consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. It is one of two double-landlocked countries in the world - the others being Liechtenstein; and although in the case of Uzbekistan this is less clear, since it has borders with two countries (Kazakhstan in the north and Turkmenistan in the south) bordering the landlocked but non-freshwater Caspian Sea from which ships can reach the Sea of Azov and thus the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the oceans.

The highest point in Uzbekistan is Adelunga Toghi at 4,301 meters (14,111 ft).

See also: List of cities in Uzbekistan

Administrative divisions

Uzbekistan is divided into 12 provinces (viloyatlar, singular - viloyat, viloyati in compound, e.g. Toshkent viloyati, Samarqand viloyati), 1 autonomous republic ([respublika], respublikasi in compound, e.g. Qaraqalpaqstan Avtonom Respublikasi, Karakalpakistan Autonomous Republic), and 1 independent city (shahar or shahri in compounds, e.g. the Tashkent city with a K, Toshkent shahri). Names are given below in the Uzbek language, although numerous variations of the transliterations of each name exist.

Map of Uzbekistan
Political Map of Uzbekistan
Division Capital City Area
(km²)		 Population Key
Andijon Viloyati Andijon 4,200 1,899,000 2
Buxoro Viloyati Buxoro (Bukhara) 39,400 1,384,700 3
Farg'ona Viloyati Farg'ona (Fergana)　 6,800 2,597,000 4
Jizzax Viloyati Jizzax 20,500 910,500 5
Xorazm Viloyati Urganch 6,300　 1,200,000 13
Namangan Viloyati Namangan 7,900 1,862,000 6
Navoiy Viloyati Navoiy 110,800 767,500 7
Qashqadaryo Viloyati Qarshi 28,400 2,029,000 8
Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikasi Nukus 160,000 1,200,000 14
Samarqand Viloyati Samarqand 16,400　 2,322,000 9
Sirdaryo Viloyati Guliston 5,100 648,100 10
Surxondaryo Viloyati Termez 20,800 1,676,000 11
Toshkent Viloyati Toshkent (Tashkent) 15,300　 4,450,000 12
Toshkent Shahri Toshkent (Tashkent) ??? ??? 1

The statistics for Toshkent Viloyati also include the statistics for Toshkent Shahri.

Enclaves and exclaves

There are four Uzbek Exclaves, all of them surrounded by Kyrgyz territory in the Fergana Valley region where Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan meet. Two of them are the towns of: Sokh, area of 325 km² (125 sq mi) with a population of 42,800 in 1993 (although some estimates go as high as 70,000) (99% are Tajiks and the remainder Uzbeks [1]); and Shakhrimardan (also known as Shakirmardon or Shah-i-Mardan), area of 90 km² (35 sq mi) with a population of 5,100 in 1993 (91% are Uzbeks and the remainder Kyrgyz). The other two are the tiny territories of Chong-Kara (or Kalacha), roughly 3 km (1.9 mi) long by 1 km (0.6 mi) wide, and Dzhangail, a dot of land barely 2 or 3 km (1.5 mi) across. Chong-Kara is on the Sokh river, between the Uzbek border and the Sokh exclave.

Uzbekistan has a Tajikistan enclave, the village of Sarvan, which includes a narrow, long strip of land about 15 km (9 mi) long by 1 km (0.6 mi) wide, alongside the road from Angren to Kokand. Last but not least, there is a tiny Kyrgyzstan enclave, the village of Barak (population 627), between the towns of Margilan and Fergana.

Economy

Uzbekistan is a country with a GNI per capita of US$460 and PPP equivalent of US$1860 [2]. Economic production is concentrated in commodities: Uzbekistan is now the world's fourth-largest producer and the world's second-largest exporter of cotton and the seventh world major producer of gold. It is also a regionally significant producer of natural gas, coal, copper, oil, silver, and uranium [3]. Agriculture contributes about 37% of GDP while employing 44% of the labor force [4]. Unemployment and underemployment are estimated to be at least 20% [5].

File:RomanovPalace.jpg
Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan.

Facing a multitude of economic challenges upon acquiring independence, the government adopted an evolutionary reform strategy, with emphasis on state control, reduction of import, and self-sufficiency in energy. Since 1994, state controlled media repeatedly proclaimed success of this "Uzbek Economic Model" [6] as a unique example of smooth transition to the market economy while avoiding shock, pauperization, and stagnation. The gradualist reform strategy has involved postponing significant macroeconomic and structural reforms. The state in the hands of the bureaucracy has remained a dominant influence in the economy. Corruption permeated the society: Uzbekistan's 2005 Index of perception of corruption is 137 out of 159. A February 2006 report on the country by the International Crisis Group illustrates one aspect of this corruption:

Much of Uzbekistan’s GDP growth comes from favourable prices for certain key exports, especially cotton, gold, and increasingly gas but the revenues from these commodities are distributed among a very small circle of the ruling elite, with little or no benefit for the populace at large. [7], [8].

According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, "the government is hostile to allowing the development of an independent private sector, over which it would have no control" [9]. Thus, the national bourgeoisie in general, and the middle class in particular, are marginalized economically, and, consequently, politically.

The economic policies have repelled foreign investment, which is the lowest per capita in the CIS [10]. For years, the largest barrier to foreign companies entering the Uzbek market has been difficulty in currency conversion. In 2003, the government accepted the obligations of Article VIII under the International Monetary Fund [11], providing for full currency convertibility. However, strict currency controls and tightening of borders have lessened its effects.

Inflation, though lower than in the mid-1990s, remained high up until 2003 (estimated 50% in 2002, 21.9% in 2003, [12]). Tight economic policies in 2004 resulted in drastic reduction of inflation, to 3.8% (while alternative estimates [13] based on price of true market basket, put it at 15%). However, the relief appears to be transient, as IMF estimate of CPI-based inflation in Uzbekistan in 2005 is 14.1% [14].

The government of Uzbekistan restricts imports in many ways, including high import duties. Excise taxes are applied in a highly discriminatory manner to protect locally produced goods. Official tariffs are combined with unofficial, discriminatory charges resulting in total charges amounting to as much as 100 to 150 percent of the actual value of the product, making imported products virtually unaffordable [15]. Import substitution is an officially declared policy and the government proudly reports [16] reduction in the consumer goods import by a factor of two. A number of the CIS countries are officially exempt from Uzbekistan import duties.

Demographics

Uzbekistan is Central Asia's most populous country. Its 26 million people, concentrated in the south and east of the country, comprise nearly half the region's total population. Uzbekistan had been one of the poorest republics of the Soviet Union; much of its population was engaged in cotton farming in small rural collective farms (kolkhozy). In the recent years, the fraction of the rural population has continued to increase [17] now reaching 63.5%. The population of Uzbekistan is very young: 34.1% of it are people younger than 14.

Uzbekistan is predominantly Uzbek in ethnic composition. According to the CIA World Factbook[18], Uzbeks comprise 80% of the total population. Other ethnic groups include Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakhs 3%, Karakalpak 2.5%, and Tatar 1.5%. The nation is 88% Muslim (mostly Sunni, with a 5% Shi'a minority) and 9% Eastern Orthodox. Uzbek is the only official state language. However, Russian is the de facto language for interethnic communication, including much day-to-day technical, scientific, governmental and business use. According to Ethnologue, 49% of the population of Uzbekistan can speak Russian. There is also some controversy in regard of the Tajik population. While official numbers from Uzbekistan put the number at 5%, some Western scholars believe the number to be much higher, going as far as 40%.[3]

According to government figures about 817,000 disabled people were registered in Uzbekistan in 2003. This figure only shows how many disabled people have been registered according to Uzbek law. As many disabled people do not have the chance to get registered (due to knowledge about the legislation and difficulties to go through the registration procedure) it can be assumed that many more people are disabled. The World Health Organisation estimates that about 10% of each population have a disability. According to the WHO estimations the number of 2.5 million disabled people is more realistic.

The name Uzbek, both for the people and for the nation itself, is said to be self-referential from the period the Russians first encountered the people, parsing as ozum bek, or "I am the lord (or ruler)".

Uzbekistan enjoys 99.3% literacy rate (among adults older than 15) which, in part, is attributable to the free and universal education system of the Soviet Union.

Communications

According to the official source report, by the end of 2004, there were 544,100 users of cellular phones in Uzbekistan (an increase of 168% since the beginning of the year). An independent source, Ferghana.Ru, claims, however, that the users of cellular phones in Uzbekistan was only 450,000.

The number of Internet providers and operators by the end of 2004 was 477 (+181.4%). There were 675,000 Internet users in the country (+137%). 96.4% cities and 72.5% district centers have digital telecommunications systems.

Transportation

Tashkent, the nation's capital and largest city, has a 3 line-subway built in 1977, and expanded 2001 after independence from the Soviet Union. Uzbekistan is considered as the only country in Central Asia with subway system which is considered as one of the cleanest subway systems in the world. There are government operated trams, buses and trolleybuses (buses connected to the electric cables above them) running across the city. Also there are many taxis, both registered and not registered. Uzbekistan has car producing plans which produce modern cars. The car production is supported by the government and Korean auto company "Daewoo". The train links are good. They connect many towns within Uzbekistan as well as with neighbouring ex-republics of the Soviet Union. Moreoever, after independence two fast running train systems have been established. Also, there is a huge plane plan that was built during Soviet era.

Military

Uzbekistan possesses the largest military force in the Central Asian region, having around 65,000 people in uniform. Its structure is inherited from the Soviet armed forces, although it is moving rapidly toward a fully restructured organization, which will eventually be built around light and Special Forces. The Uzbek Armed Forces' equipment is not modern, and training, while improving, is neither uniform nor adequate for its new mission of territorial security. The government has accepted the arms control obligations of the former Soviet Union, acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (as a non-nuclear state), and supported an active program by the U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) in western Uzbekistan (Nukus and Vozrozhdeniye Island). The Government of Uzbekistan spends about 3.7% of GDP on the military but has received a growing infusion of Foreign Military Financing (FMF) and other security assistance funds since 1998. Uzbekistan approved the U.S. Central Command's request for access to a vital military air base, Karshi-Khanabad Airbase, in southern Uzbekistan following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S. After the Andijan riot and subsequent U.S. reaction, Uzbekistan demanded that the U.S. withdraw from the airbases. The last US troops left Uzbekistan in November 2005.

Foreign relations

Uzbekistan joined the Commonwealth of Independent States in December 1991. However, it is opposed to reintegration and withdrew from the CIS collective security arrangement in 1999. Since that time, Uzbekistan has participated in the CIS peacekeeping force in Tajikistan and in UN-organized groups to help resolve the Tajik and Afghan conflicts, both of which it sees as posing threats to its own stability.

Previously close to Washington (which gave Uzbekistan half a billion dollars in aid in 2004, about a quarter of it military), the government of Uzbekistan has restricted American military use of the airbase at Karshi-Khanabad which is used for air operations in neighboring Afghanistan. See AP article

Uzbekistan was an active supporter of U.S. efforts against worldwide terrorism and joined the coalitions that have dealt with both Afghanistan and Iraq. The relationship between Uzbekistan and the United States began to deteriorate after the so-called "color revolutions" in Georgia and Ukraine (and to a lesser extent Kyrgystan). When the U.S. joined in a call for an independent international investigation of the bloody events at Andijon, the relationship took an additional nosedive and President Islam Karimov changed the political alignment of the country closer to Russia and China, countries which chose not to criticize Uzbekistan's leaders for the alleged human rights violations.

In late July, 2005, the government of Uzbekistan ordered the United States to vacate an air base in Karshi-Kanabad (near the Uzbek border with Afghanistan) within 180 days. Karimov had offered use of the base to the U.S. shortly after 9/11. It is also believed by some Uzbeks that the protests in Andijan were inspired seclusively by the UK and US influences in the area of Andijan. So far, this is another reason for the hostility between Uzbekistan and the West.

It is a member of the United Nations (since March 2, 1992), the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, Partnership for Peace, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). It belongs to the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) and the Economic Cooperation Organization—comprised of the five Central Asian countries, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. In 1999, Uzbekistan joined the GUAM alliance (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova), which was formed in 1997 (making it GUUAM), but pulled out of the organization in 2005. Uzbekistan is also a member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and hosts the SCO’s Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) in Tashkent. Uzbekistan also joined the new Central Asian Cooperation Organization (CACO) in 2002. The CACO consists of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. It is a founding member of and remains involved in the Central Asian Union, formed with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, joined in March, 1998, by Tajikistan.

In September the UNESCO presented Islam Karimov an award for Uzbekistan's preservation of its rich culture and traditions. Despite the fact that the former received criticism, this seems to be a sign of ameliorating relationships between Uzbekistan and the West.

The month of October 2006 tends to decrease the isolation of Uzbekistan from the West. The EU recently announced that it was planning to send its delegation to Uzbekistan to talk about human rights and liberties after a long time of hostile relations between the two. Although it is not completely decisive on whether the official or unofficial version about the Andijan Massacre is true, the EU showed concern at easing its economic sanctions against Uzbekistan. Nevertheless, it is highly assumed among the Uzbek population that the Uzbek government will stand firm in maintaining its close ties with the Russian Federation and in its critique that the 2004-2005 protests in Uzbekistan were promoted by the USA and UK.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Uzbekistan

  • Music of Uzbekistan
  • Kurash
  • Islam in Uzbekistan
  • Scout Association of Uzbekistan

Further reading

  • Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia by Tom Bissell
  • A Historical Atlas of Uzbekistan by Aisha Khan
  • The Modern Uzbeks From the 14th Century to the Present: A Cultural History by Edward A. Allworth
  • Nationalism in Uzbekistan: Soviet Republic's Road to Sovereignty by James Critchlow
  • Odyssey Guide: Uzbekistan by Calcum Macleod and Bradley Mayhew
  • Uzbekistan: Heirs to the Silk Road by Johannes Kalter and Margareta Pavaloi
  • "Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East?" by Ted Rall
  • Murder in Samarkand - A British Ambassador's Controversial Defiance of Tyranny in the War on Terror by Craig Murray

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  1. ↑ - Encylopedia of the Nations - Tajikistan.
  2. ↑ - Mid-Continent Eye Bank - Foreign Project: Operation Restore Sight.
  3. ↑ D. Carlson, "Uzbekistan: Ethnic Composition and Discriminations", Harvard University, August 2003

See also

  • Agriculture in Uzbekistan
  • Afghanistan-Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge
  • Companies of Uzbekistan
  • Economy of Uzbekistan
  • Uzbek cuisine
  • Human rights in Uzbekistan
  • President of Uzbekistan
  • Prime Minister of Uzbekistan
  • Politics of Uzbekistan
  • Senate of Uzbekistan
  • Supreme Court of Uzbekistan
  • Trade unions of Uzbekistan
  • Transport in Uzbekistan
  • Trans-Caspian railway
  • Tourism in Uzbekistan

External links

Template:Countries of Central Asia

Countries of Asia

Afghanistan · Armenia · Azerbaijan1 · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Bhutan · Brunei · Cambodia · China, People's Republic of · China, Republic of (Taiwan)2 · Cyprus · Egypt3 · Georgia1 · India · Indonesia4 · Iran · Iraq · Israel · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan1 · Korea, Democratic People's Republic of · Korea, Republic of · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Lebanon · Malaysia · Maldives · Mongolia · Myanmar · Nepal · Oman · Pakistan · Philippines · Qatar · Russia1 · Saudi Arabia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Syria · Tajikistan · Thailand · Timor-Leste (East Timor)4 · Turkey1 · Turkmenistan · United Arab Emirates · Uzbekistan · Vietnam · Yemen3

For dependent and other territories, see Dependent territory and List of unrecognized countries.

1 Partly or significantly in Europe.  2 The Republic of China (Taiwan) is not officially recognized by the United Nations; see Political status of Taiwan.
3 Partly or significantly in Africa.  4 Partly or wholly reckoned in Oceania.

Template:Commonwealth of Independent States

Turkic-speaking regions

Federal subjects of Russia shown in italics

Western Turkic
Flag of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan1
Flag of Gagauzia Gagauzia (Moldova)
Flag of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan
Flag of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan

Eastern Turkic
Flag of the Altai Republic Altai Republic
Flag of Tuva Tuva


Flag of Bashkortostan Bashkortostan
Flag of Kabardino-Balkaria Kabardino-Balkaria
Flag of Tatarstan Tatarstan
Flag of People's Republic of China Xinjiang (China (PRC))


Flag of Khakassia Khakassia


Flag of Chuvashia Chuvashia
Flag of Karachay-Cherkessia Karachay-Cherkessia
Flag of Turkey Turkey


Flag of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus2
Flag of Karakalpakstan Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan)
Flag of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan



Flag of the Sakha Republic Sakha Republic

1 Includes the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. 2 Recognized only by Turkey; see Cyprus dispute.

Template:GUAM

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