Difference between revisions of "Yale University" - New World Encyclopedia

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|established = 1701
 
|established = 1701
 
|type = Private
 
|type = Private
|endowment = $18 billion<ref>[http://www.yaledailynews.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=33408 The Yale Endowment: Endowment Update 2006]</ref>
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|endowment = $18 billion
 
|president = Richard C. Levin
 
|president = Richard C. Levin
 
|faculty = 2,300
 
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'''Yale University''' is a [[private university]] in [[New Haven, Connecticut]]. Founded in 1701 as the ''Collegiate School'', Yale is the [[Colonial colleges|third-oldest]] institution of [[higher education]] in the United States and is a member of the [[Ivy League]].  
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'''Yale University''' is a [[private university]] in [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Connecticut]]. Founded in 1701 as the ''Collegiate School,'' Yale is the third-oldest institution of [[higher education]] in the United States and is a member of the [[Ivy League]]. Yale and [[Harvard University|Harvard]] have been rivals in almost everything for most of their history, notably academics, [[Harvard-Yale Regatta|rowing]] and [[Harvard-Yale football games (The Game)|American football]].
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Yale uses a [[residential college]] housing system modeled after those at [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]. Each of 12 residential colleges houses a representative cross-section of the undergraduate student body, and features facilities, seminars, resident faculty, and support personnel. Women were admitted to the graduate school in 1892, but the university did not become fully [[coeducation]]al until 1969. Yale, like the other Ivy League schools, remains highly selective in admissions and is rated among the nation's top schools in terms of academic and social prestige. The school has produced leaders and visionaries in every area from [[art]] to [[politics]].
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Yale is confident that it can significantly impact the world for the better, based on its tangible assets, human resources, and internal culture that support its dedication to the preservation, transmission, and advancement of knowledge. However, for Yale to truly serve the world through its outstanding research programs and education of leaders, attention must be paid not only to the mastery of knowledge and skills, but also to understanding of the heart and spirit of humankind.
  
 
==Mission & Reputation==
 
==Mission & Reputation==
 
Yale was originally founded to continue the European tradition of liberal education in America.  
 
Yale was originally founded to continue the European tradition of liberal education in America.  
  
The school has since grown to one of the leading universities in almost every field imaginable from the sciences to the humanities. Particularly well-known are its [[undergraduate]] school, [[Yale College]], and the [[Yale Law School]], each of which has produced a number of [[U.S. presidents]] and foreign [[heads of state]]. The school has produced leaders and visionaries in everything from art to politics.
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The school has since grown to one of the leading universities in almost every field imaginable from the sciences to the humanities. Particularly well-known are its [[undergraduate]] school, [[Yale College]], and the [[Yale Law School]], each of which has produced a number of [[U.S. presidents]] and foreign [[head of state|heads of state]]. Also notable is the [[Yale School of Drama]], which has produced many prominent [[Hollywood]] and [[Broadway theater|Broadway]] actors and writers, as well as the [[Yale School of Art|art]], divinity, [[Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies|forestry and environment]], [[Yale School of Music|music]], [[Yale School of Medicine|medical]], management, [[Yale School of Nursing|nursing]] and [[Yale School of Architecture|architecture]] schools, each of which is often cited as among the finest in its field.  
  
===Criticisms of Yale===
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Yale president [[Richard Levin|Richard C. Levin]] summarized the university's institutional priorities for its fourth century:
Yale alumnus [[William F. Buckley, Jr.|William F. Buckley]]'s 1951 book, ''[[God and Man at Yale]]'', criticized Yale for indoctrinating liberalism, undermining Christianity, and failing to dismiss radical professors.
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<blockquote>First, among the nation's finest research universities, Yale is distinctively committed to excellence in undergraduate education. Second, in our graduate and professional schools, as well as in Yale College, we are committed to the education of leaders.<ref>''Yale Alumni Magazine'' [http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/96_12/levin.html "Preparing for Yale's Fourth Century."] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref></blockquote>
  
Yale claims to be less reliant on teaching assistants in undergraduate education than many of its peer institutions. Teaching assistants generally lead discussion sections and some introductory language classes; they also sometimes teach undergraduate seminars in which they have unique expertise.  Some graduate students have criticized Yale for an over-reliance on teaching assistants, claiming that when measured on a time per student basis, graduate teaching assistants do a majority of teaching at Yale.<ref>''[[Yale Alumni Magazine]]'': [http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/99_07/GESO.html "Who's Teaching Whom?"] Retrieved April 9, 2007.</ref> In comparison with its peer institutions, Yale senior faculty perform an unusually high amount of undergraduate teaching and are generally praised for being extremely accessible and interested in undergraduates. All tenured professors in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences teach undergraduate courses,<ref>Yale University: [http://www.yale.edu/admit/freshmen/facts/index.html "Yale Facts."] Retrieved April 9, 2007.</ref> and courses taught primarily by graduate students account for only 7% of total enrollments.<ref>Yale Colege's [http://www.yale.edu/admit/faq/index.html frequently asked questions]. Retrieved April 7, 2007.</ref>
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==History==
 
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[[Image:Original_Yale_College_Building.jpg|thumb|left|250 px|''Original building,'' 1718–1782]]
In 2001, three Yale graduate students published a report detailing Yale's historical connections with [[slavery]].<ref>YaleSlavery.org: [http://www.yaleslavery.org/YSA.pdf "Yale, Slavery and Abolition."] Retrieved April 9, 2007.</ref> The report noted that nine of Yale's residential colleges are named for slave owners or proponents of slavery such as [[John C. Calhoun]]; it also noted prominent abolitionists such as [[James Hillhouse]] associated with the university.
 
  
==History==
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Yale was founded to train ministers. It traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School" passed by the General Court of the [[Colony of Connecticut]] and dated October 9, 1701. Soon thereafter, a group of ten [[Congregational church|Congregationalist]] ministers led by [[James Pierpont (Yale founder)|James Pierpont]], all of whom were [[Harvard]] alumni (Harvard having been the only college in North America when they were school-aged), met in [[Branford, Connecticut]], to pool their books to form the school's first [[library]].<ref>''The Harvard Crimson'' [http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=97832 "I'm Gonna Git YOU Sukka: Classic Stories of Revenge at Harvard."] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> The group is now known as "The Founders."  
[[Image:Original_Yale_College_Building.jpg|thumb|left|250 px|''Original building'', 1718–1782]]
 
Yale traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School" passed by the General Court of the [[Colony of Connecticut]] and dated October 9 1701. Soon thereafter, a group of ten [[Congregational church|Congregationalist]] ministers led by [[James Pierpont (Yale founder)|James Pierpont]], all of whom were Harvard alumni (Harvard having been the only college in North America when they were school-aged), met in [[Branford, Connecticut]], to pool their books to form the school's first library.<ref>''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'': [http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=97832 "I'm Gonna Git YOU Sukka: Classic Stories of Revenge at Harvard."] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> The group is now known as "The Founders." Yale was founded to train ministers.
 
  
Originally called the ''Collegiate School'', the institution opened in the home of its first rector, [[Abraham Pierson]], in [[Killingworth, Connecticut|Killingworth]] (now [[Clinton, Connecticut|Clinton]]). It later moved to [[Old Saybrook, Connecticut|Saybrook]], and then [[Wethersfield, Connecticut|Wethersfield]]. In 1718, the college moved to [[New Haven, Connecticut]], where it remains to this day.
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Originally called the ''Collegiate School,'' the institution opened in the home of its first rector, [[Abraham Pierson]], in [[Killingworth, Connecticut|Killingworth]] (now [[Clinton, Connecticut|Clinton]]). It later moved to [[Old Saybrook, Connecticut|Saybrook]], and then [[Wethersfield, Connecticut|Wethersfield]]. In 1718, the college moved to [[New Haven, Connecticut]], where it remains to this day.
  
In the meanwhile, a rift was forming at Harvard between its sixth president [[Increase Mather]] (Harvard [[Bachelor of Arts|A.B]]., 1656) and the rest of the Harvard clergy, which Mather viewed as increasingly liberal, ecclesiastically lax, and overly broad in Church polity. The relationship worsened after Mather resigned, and the administration repeatedly rejected his son and ideological colleague, [[Cotton Mather]] (Harvard A.B., 1678), for the position of the Harvard presidency. The feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hopes that it would maintain the [[Puritan]] religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_057300_matherincrea.htm|title=Increase Mather, in the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]]''|publisher=[[Encylopedia Britannica]]|date=1911}}. Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref>
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In the meanwhile, a rift was forming at Harvard between its sixth president [[Increase Mather]] (Harvard [[Bachelor of Arts|A.B]]., 1656) and the rest of the Harvard clergy, which Mather viewed as increasingly liberal, ecclesiastically lax, and overly broad in Church polity. The relationship worsened after Mather resigned, and the administration repeatedly rejected his son and ideological colleague, [[Cotton Mather]] (Harvard A.B., 1678), for the position of the Harvard presidency. The feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hopes that it would maintain the [[Puritan]] religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not.<ref>[http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_057300_matherincrea.htm Increase Mather, in the ''Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition''. Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref>
 
[[Image:Old_Brick_Row,_Yale_College.jpg|thumb|right|250 px|''Old Brick Row'' in 1807]]
 
[[Image:Old_Brick_Row,_Yale_College.jpg|thumb|right|250 px|''Old Brick Row'' in 1807]]
In 1718, at the behest of either Rector [[Samuel Andrew|Andrew]] or Governor [[Saltonstall family|Gurdon Saltonstall]], Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman in [[Wales]] named [[Elihu Yale]] to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college. Yale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in India as a representative of the [[British East India Company|East India Company]], donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560, a substantial sum at the time. Yale also donated 417 books and a portrait of [[King George I]]. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to ''[[Yale College]]'' in gratitude to its benefactor, and to increase the chances that he would give the college another large donation or bequest. Elihu Yale was away in India when the news of the school's name change reached his home in [[Wrexham]], North Wales, a trip from which he never returned. And while he did ultimately leave his fortunes to the ''"Collegiate School within His Majesties Colony of Connecticot,"'' the institution was never able to successfully lay claim to it.  
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In 1718, at the behest of either Rector [[Samuel Andrew|Andrew]] or Governor [[Saltonstall family|Gurdon Saltonstall]], Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman in [[Wales]] named [[Elihu Yale]] to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college. Yale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in [[India]] as a representative of the [[British East India Company|East India Company]], donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560, a substantial sum at the time. Yale also donated 417 books and a portrait of [[King George I]]. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to ''[[Yale College]]'' in gratitude to its benefactor, and to increase the chances that he would give the college another large donation or bequest. Elihu Yale was away in India when the news of the school's name change reached his home in [[Wrexham]], North Wales, a trip from which he never returned. And while he did ultimately leave his fortunes to the "Collegiate School within His Majesties Colony of Connecticot," the institution was never able to successfully lay claim to it.  
  
 
Serious American students of [[theology]] and [[divinity]], particularly in [[New England]], regarded [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] as a classical language, along with [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin]], and essential for study of the [[Old Testament]] in the original words. The Reverend [[Ezra Stiles]], president of the College from 1778 to 1795, brought with him his interest in the Hebrew language as a vehicle for studying ancient [[Bible|Biblical texts]] in their original language (as was common in other schools), requiring all freshmen to study Hebrew (in contrast to Harvard, where only upperclassmen were required to study the language) and is responsible for the Hebrew words [[Urim and Thummim|"Urim" and "Thummim"]] on the Yale seal. Stiles' greatest challenge occurred in July, 1779 when hostile British forces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the College. Fortunately, Yale graduate [[Edmund Fanning (colonial administrator)|Edmund Fanning]], Secretary to the British General in command of the occupation, interceded and the College was saved. Fanning later was granted an honorary degree for his efforts.
 
Serious American students of [[theology]] and [[divinity]], particularly in [[New England]], regarded [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] as a classical language, along with [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin]], and essential for study of the [[Old Testament]] in the original words. The Reverend [[Ezra Stiles]], president of the College from 1778 to 1795, brought with him his interest in the Hebrew language as a vehicle for studying ancient [[Bible|Biblical texts]] in their original language (as was common in other schools), requiring all freshmen to study Hebrew (in contrast to Harvard, where only upperclassmen were required to study the language) and is responsible for the Hebrew words [[Urim and Thummim|"Urim" and "Thummim"]] on the Yale seal. Stiles' greatest challenge occurred in July, 1779 when hostile British forces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the College. Fortunately, Yale graduate [[Edmund Fanning (colonial administrator)|Edmund Fanning]], Secretary to the British General in command of the occupation, interceded and the College was saved. Fanning later was granted an honorary degree for his efforts.
  
 
[[Image:Woolsey_Hall,_Yale_University.jpg|thumb|left|250 px|''[[Woolsey Hall]]'' in c. 1905]]  
 
[[Image:Woolsey_Hall,_Yale_University.jpg|thumb|left|250 px|''[[Woolsey Hall]]'' in c. 1905]]  
Yale College expanded gradually, establishing the [[Yale School of Medicine]] (1810), [[Yale Divinity School]] (1822), [[Yale Law School]] (1843), [[Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]] (1847), the [[Sheffield Scientific School]] (1861), and the [[Yale School of Art|Yale School of Fine Arts]] (1869). (The divinity school was founded by [[Congregationalism|Congregationalists]] who felt that the [[Harvard Divinity School]] had become too liberal. This is similar to the [[Oxbridge rivalry]] in which dissident scholars left [[University of Oxford]] to form the [[University of Cambridge]]) In 1887, as the college continued to grow under the presidency of [[Timothy Dwight V]], ''[[Yale College]]'' was renamed to ''Yale University''. The university would later add the [[Yale School of Music]] (1894), [[Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies]] (1901), [[Yale School of Public Health]] (1915), [[Yale School of Nursing]] (1923), [[Yale Physician Associate Program]] (1973), and [[Yale School of Management]] (1976). It would also reorganize its relationship with the Sheffield Scientific School.  
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Yale College expanded gradually, establishing the [[Yale School of Medicine]] (1810), [[Yale Divinity School]] (1822), [[Yale Law School]] (1843), [[Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]] (1847), the [[Sheffield Scientific School]] (1861), and the [[Yale School of Art|Yale School of Fine Arts]] (1869). (The divinity school was founded by [[Congregationalism|Congregationalists]] who felt that the [[Harvard Divinity School]] had become too liberal. This is similar to the [[Oxbridge rivalry]] in which dissident scholars left [[University of Oxford]] to form the [[University of Cambridge]]) In 1887, as the college continued to grow under the presidency of [[Timothy Dwight V]], ''[[Yale College]]'' was renamed to ''Yale University.'' The university would later add the [[Yale School of Music]] (1894), [[Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies]] (1901), [[Yale School of Public Health]] (1915), [[Yale School of Nursing]] (1923), [[Yale Physician Associate Program]] (1973), and [[Yale School of Management]] (1976). It would also reorganize its relationship with the Sheffield Scientific School.  
  
In 1966, Yale initiated discussions with its sister school [[Vassar College]] concerning the possibility of a merger as an effective means to achieve coeducation. However, Vassar declined Yale's invitation and, ultimately, both Yale and Vassar decided to remain separate and introduce coeducation independently in 1969.<ref>http://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/index.php/A_History_of_the_Curriculum_1865-1970s. Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Amy Solomon was the first woman to register as a Yale undergraduate;<ref>Yale Bulletin and Calendar: [http://www.yale.edu/opa/v29.n23/story4.html "Transformations brought about by Yale women."] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> she was also the first woman at Yale to join an undergraduate society, [[St. Anthony Hall]]. (Women studied at Yale ''University'' as early as 1876, but in graduate-level programs at the [[Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]].)
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In 1966, Yale initiated discussions with its sister school [[Vassar College]] concerning the possibility of a merger as an effective means to achieve [[coeducation]]. However, Vassar declined Yale's invitation and, ultimately, both Yale and Vassar decided to remain separate and introduce coeducation independently in 1969.<ref>''Vassar Encyclopedia'' [http://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/index.php/A_History_of_the_Curriculum_1865-1970s. A History of the Curriculum 1865-1970s] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> [[Amy Solomon]] was the first woman to register as a Yale undergraduate;<ref>''Yale Bulletin and Calendar'' [http://www.yale.edu/opa/v29.n23/story4.html "Transformations brought about by Yale women."] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> she was also the first woman at Yale to join an undergraduate society, [[St. Anthony Hall]]. (Women studied at Yale ''University'' as early as 1876, but in graduate-level programs at the [[Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]].)
  
Yale, like other Ivy League schools, instituted policies in the early twentieth century designed artificially to increase the proportion of upper-class white Christians of notable families in the student body (see ''[[numerus clausus]]''), and was one of the last of the Ivies to eliminate such preferences, beginning with the class of 1970.<ref>''[[Yale Alumni Magazine]]'': [http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/99_12/admissions.html "The Birth of a New Institution."] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref>
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Yale, like other Ivy League schools, instituted policies in the early twentieth century designed artificially to increase the proportion of upper-class white Christians of notable families in the student body, and was one of the last of the Ivies to eliminate such preferences, beginning with the class of 1970.<ref>''Yale Alumni Magazine'': [http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/99_12/admissions.html "The Birth of a New Institution."] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref>
  
 
The [[President and Fellows of Yale College]], also known as the [[Yale Corporation]], is the governing board of the University.
 
The [[President and Fellows of Yale College]], also known as the [[Yale Corporation]], is the governing board of the University.
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==Education==
 
==Education==
 
[[Image:Beinecke Library interior 2.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Beinecke Library.]]
 
[[Image:Beinecke Library interior 2.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Beinecke Library.]]
Yale's 70 undergraduate majors are primarily focused on a [[liberal curriculum]], and few of the undergraduate departments are pre-professional in nature. About 20% of Yale undergraduates major in the [[sciences]], 35% in the [[social sciences]], and 45% in the arts and [[humanities]].<ref>Yale University: [http://www.yale.edu/oir/factsheet.html#Fall%201995%20Enrollment "Some Facts & Statistics About Yale University."] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> All tenured professors teach undergraduate courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually.
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Yale's 70 undergraduate majors are primarily focused on a [[liberal curriculum]], and few of the undergraduate departments are pre-professional in nature. About 20 percent of Yale undergraduates major in the [[sciences]], 35 percent in the [[social sciences]], and 45 percent in the arts and [[humanities]].<ref>Yale University [http://www.yale.edu/oir/factsheet.html#Fall%201995%20Enrollment "Some Facts & Statistics About Yale University."] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> All tenured professors teach undergraduate courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually.
  
 
Yale's English and Literature departments were part of the [[New Criticism]] movement. Of the New Critics, [[Robert Penn Warren]], [[W.K. Wimsatt]], and [[Cleanth Brooks]] were all Yale faculty. Later, after the passing of the New Critical fad, the Yale literature department became a center of American [[deconstruction]], with French and Comparative Literature departments centered around [[Paul de Man]] and supported by the English department. This has become known as the "[[Yale school (deconstruction)|Yale School]]." Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historian [[C. Vann Woodward]] is credited for beginning in the 1960s an important stream of [[American South|southern]] historians; likewise, [[David Montgomery]], a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Most noticeably, a tremendous number of currently active Latin American historians were trained at Yale in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s by [[Emìlia Viotta da Costa]]; younger Latin Americanists tend to be "intellectual cousins" in that their advisors were advised by the same people at Yale.
 
Yale's English and Literature departments were part of the [[New Criticism]] movement. Of the New Critics, [[Robert Penn Warren]], [[W.K. Wimsatt]], and [[Cleanth Brooks]] were all Yale faculty. Later, after the passing of the New Critical fad, the Yale literature department became a center of American [[deconstruction]], with French and Comparative Literature departments centered around [[Paul de Man]] and supported by the English department. This has become known as the "[[Yale school (deconstruction)|Yale School]]." Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historian [[C. Vann Woodward]] is credited for beginning in the 1960s an important stream of [[American South|southern]] historians; likewise, [[David Montgomery]], a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Most noticeably, a tremendous number of currently active Latin American historians were trained at Yale in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s by [[Emìlia Viotta da Costa]]; younger Latin Americanists tend to be "intellectual cousins" in that their advisors were advised by the same people at Yale.
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===Yale architecture===
 
===Yale architecture===
 
[[Image:Yale Harkness Tower.JPG|right|thumb|200 px|[[Harkness Tower]]]]
 
[[Image:Yale Harkness Tower.JPG|right|thumb|200 px|[[Harkness Tower]]]]
Yale is noted for its harmonious yet fanciful largely [[Collegiate Gothic]] campus<ref>[http://www.pbase.com/czsz/yale Assorted pictures of Yale's campus.] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: [[Louis Kahn]]'s Yale Art Gallery<ref>[http://artgallery.yale.edu/pages/collection/buildings/build_kahn.html About the Yale Art Gallery.] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> and Center for British Art, [[Eero Saarinen]]'s Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and [[Paul Rudolph]]'s Art & Architecture Building. Yale also owns many noteworthy 19th-century mansions along [[Hillhouse Avenue]].
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Yale is noted for its harmonious yet fanciful largely [[Collegiate Gothic]] campus<ref>[http://www.pbase.com/czsz/yale Assorted pictures of Yale's campus.] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: [[Louis Kahn]]'s Yale Art Gallery<ref>[http://artgallery.yale.edu/pages/collection/buildings/build_kahn.html About the Yale Art Gallery.] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> and Center for British Art, [[Eero Saarinen]]'s Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and [[Paul Rudolph]]'s Art & Architecture Building. Yale also owns many noteworthy nineteenth-century mansions along [[Hillhouse Avenue]].
  
Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the neo-Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931. Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative [[frieze]]s on the buildings depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, [[James Gamble Rogers]], faux-aged these buildings by splashing the walls with acid,<ref>''[[Yale Herald]]'': [http://www.yaleherald.com/article.php?Article=3566 "Donor steps up to fund CCL renovations."] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> deliberately breaking their [[leaded glass]] windows and repairing them in the style of the [[Middle Ages]], and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exception is [[Harkness Tower]], 216 feet tall, which was originally a free-standing stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the [[Yale Memorial Carillon]].   
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Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the neo-Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931. Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative [[frieze]]s on the buildings depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, [[James Gamble Rogers]], faux-aged these buildings by splashing the walls with acid,<ref>''Yale Herald'': [http://www.yaleherald.com/article.php?Article=3566 "Donor steps up to fund CCL renovations."] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> deliberately breaking their [[leaded glass]] windows and repairing them in the style of the [[Middle Ages]], and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exception is [[Harkness Tower]], 216 feet tall, which was originally a free-standing stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the [[Yale Memorial Carillon]].   
  
Other examples of the Gothic (also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic) style are on [[Old Campus]] by such architects as [[Henry Austin (architect)|Henry Austin]], [[Charles C. Haight]] and [[Russell Sturgis]]. Several are associated with members of the Vanderbilt family, including Vanderbilt Hall,<ref>[http://www.hsnparch.com/projects/yale/vanderbilt/vanderEXT1.htm Vanderbilt Hall] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Phelps Hall,<ref>[http://mssa.library.yale.edu/madid/showzoom.php?id=ru&ruid=151&pg=1&imgNum=4912 Phelps Hall] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> [[St. Anthony Hall]] (a commission for member [[Frederick William Vanderbilt]]), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories, dormitories for the [[Sheffield Scientific School]] (the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956) and elements of [[Silliman College]], the largest residential college.<ref>[http://www.facilities.yale.edu/Campus/Building1.asp%3FlstBldg%3D1800+charles+haight+yale&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=8 Silliman College] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref>
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Other examples of the Gothic (also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic) style are on [[Old Campus]] by such architects as [[Henry Austin (architect)|Henry Austin]], [[Charles C. Haight]] and [[Russell Sturgis]]. Several are associated with members of the [[Vanderbilt]] family, including Vanderbilt Hall,<ref>[http://www.hsnparch.com/projects/yale/vanderbilt/vanderEXT1.htm Vanderbilt Hall] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Phelps Hall,<ref> Phelps Hall.</ref> [[St. Anthony Hall]] (a commission for member [[Frederick William Vanderbilt]]), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories, dormitories for the [[Sheffield Scientific School]] (the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956) and elements of [[Silliman College]], the largest residential college.<ref>[http://www.facilities.yale.edu/Campus/Building1.asp%3FlstBldg%3D1800+charles+haight+yale&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=8 Silliman College] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref>
  
 
[[Image:Connecticut_Hall.jpg|left|thumb|250 px|[[Connecticut Hall]]]]
 
[[Image:Connecticut_Hall.jpg|left|thumb|250 px|[[Connecticut Hall]]]]
 
Ironically, the oldest building on campus, [[Connecticut Hall]] (built in 1750), is in the [[Georgian architecture|Georgian style]] and appears much more modern. Georgian-style buildings erected from 1929 to 1933 include [[Timothy Dwight College]], [[Pierson College]], and [[Davenport College]], except the latter's east, York Street façade, which was constructed in the Gothic style.
 
Ironically, the oldest building on campus, [[Connecticut Hall]] (built in 1750), is in the [[Georgian architecture|Georgian style]] and appears much more modern. Georgian-style buildings erected from 1929 to 1933 include [[Timothy Dwight College]], [[Pierson College]], and [[Davenport College]], except the latter's east, York Street façade, which was constructed in the Gothic style.
  
The [[Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library]], designed by [[Gordon Bunshaft]] of [[Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill]], is one of the largest buildings in the world reserved exclusively for the preservation of rare books and manuscripts.<ref>Beinecke Rare Book Library: [http://www.library.yale.edu/beinecke/brblinfo/brblslides.html "About the Library Building."] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> It is located near the center of the University in [[Hewitt Quadrangle]], which is now more commonly referred to as "[[Beinecke Plaza]]." The library's six-story above-ground tower of book stacks is surrounded by a windowless rectangular building with walls made of translucent Vermont marble, which transmit subdued lighting to the interior and provide protection from direct light, while glowing from within after dark.  
+
The [[Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library]], designed by [[Gordon Bunshaft]] of [[Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill]], is one of the largest buildings in the world reserved exclusively for the preservation of rare books and manuscripts.<ref>Beinecke Rare Book Library [http://www.library.yale.edu/beinecke/brblinfo/brblslides.html "About the Library Building."] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> It is located near the center of the University in [[Hewitt Quadrangle]], which is now more commonly referred to as "[[Beinecke Plaza]]." The library's six-story above-ground tower of book stacks is surrounded by a windowless rectangular building with walls made of translucent Vermont marble, which transmit subdued lighting to the interior and provide protection from direct light, while glowing from within after dark.  
  
 
The sculptures in the sunken courtyard by [[Isamu Noguchi]] are said to represent time (the pyramid), the sun (the circle), and chance (the cube).
 
The sculptures in the sunken courtyard by [[Isamu Noguchi]] are said to represent time (the pyramid), the sun (the circle), and chance (the cube).
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===Notable nonresidential campus buildings===
 
===Notable nonresidential campus buildings===
 
[[Image:Sterling Memorial Library.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Sterling Memorial Library]]
 
[[Image:Sterling Memorial Library.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Sterling Memorial Library]]
Notable nonresidential campus buildings and landmarks include:<ref>Further architectural data is online at http://www.facilities.yale.edu/Campus/Campus.asp</ref>
+
Notable nonresidential campus buildings and landmarks include:
 
*[[Sterling Memorial Library]]
 
*[[Sterling Memorial Library]]
 
*[[Harkness Tower]]
 
*[[Harkness Tower]]
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*[[Berzelius]], [[Don Barber]] in an austere cube with classical detailing (erected in 1908 or 1910).
 
*[[Berzelius]], [[Don Barber]] in an austere cube with classical detailing (erected in 1908 or 1910).
 
*[[Book and Snake]], [[Louis R. Metcalfe]] in a [[Greek Ionic]] style (erected in 1901).
 
*[[Book and Snake]], [[Louis R. Metcalfe]] in a [[Greek Ionic]] style (erected in 1901).
*[[Elihu (secret society)|Elihu]], architect unknown but built in a [[Colonial]] style (constructed with an early 17th century foundation and while the building is from 18th century).
+
*[[Elihu (secret society)|Elihu]], architect unknown but built in a [[Colonial]] style (constructed with an early seventeenth century foundation and while the building is from eighteenth century).
 
*[[Manuscript Society]], [[King Lui-Wu]] with [[Dan Kniley]] responsible for landscaping and [[Joseph Albers]] for the brickwork intaglio mural. Building constructed in a [[mid-century modern]] style.
 
*[[Manuscript Society]], [[King Lui-Wu]] with [[Dan Kniley]] responsible for landscaping and [[Joseph Albers]] for the brickwork intaglio mural. Building constructed in a [[mid-century modern]] style.
*[[Scroll and Key]], [[Richard Morris Hunt]] in a Moorish- or Islamic-inspired [[Beaux-Arts]] style (erected 1869–70).
+
*[[Scroll and Key]], [[Richard Morris Hunt]] in a Moorish- or Islamic-inspired [[Beaux-Arts]] style (erected 1869–1870).
 
*[[Skull and Bones]], possibly [[Alexander Jackson Davis]] or [[Henry Austin (architect)|Henry Austin]] in an [[Egyptian Revival|Egypto-Doric style]] utilizing [[Brownstone]] (in 1856 the first wing was completed, in 1903 the second wing, 1911 the [[Neo-Gothic]] towers in rear garden were completed).
 
*[[Skull and Bones]], possibly [[Alexander Jackson Davis]] or [[Henry Austin (architect)|Henry Austin]] in an [[Egyptian Revival|Egypto-Doric style]] utilizing [[Brownstone]] (in 1856 the first wing was completed, in 1903 the second wing, 1911 the [[Neo-Gothic]] towers in rear garden were completed).
 
*[[St. Anthony Hall]], ([[Charles C. Haight]] in a [[neo-Gothic]] style (erected circa 1913 to match the flanking donated dormitories {dated 1903–1906} now part of [[Silliman College]]).
 
*[[St. Anthony Hall]], ([[Charles C. Haight]] in a [[neo-Gothic]] style (erected circa 1913 to match the flanking donated dormitories {dated 1903–1906} now part of [[Silliman College]]).
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===Collections===
 
===Collections===
[[Image:NightCafe.jpg|right|thumb|250 px|''The Night Café'', Vincent van Gogh, 1888, Yale Art Gallery.]]
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[[Image:NightCafe.jpg|right|thumb|250 px|''The Night Café,'' Vincent van Gogh, 1888, Yale Art Gallery.]]
 
[[Yale University Library]] is the second-largest university collection in the world with a total of almost 11 million volumes. The main library, [[Sterling Memorial Library]], contains about four million volumes, and other holdings are dispersed at a variety of subject libraries.  
 
[[Yale University Library]] is the second-largest university collection in the world with a total of almost 11 million volumes. The main library, [[Sterling Memorial Library]], contains about four million volumes, and other holdings are dispersed at a variety of subject libraries.  
  
Rare books are found in a number of Yale collections. The [[Beinecke Rare Book Library]] has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The [[Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library]] includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instruments. The [[Lewis Walpole Library]] contains the largest collection of 18th Century British literary works. And the [[Elizabethan Club]], while technically a private organization, makes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researchers through Yale.
+
Rare books are found in a number of Yale collections. The [[Beinecke Rare Book Library]] has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The [[Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library]] includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instruments. The [[Lewis Walpole Library]] contains the largest collection of eighteenth century British literary works. And the [[Elizabethan Club]], while technically a private organization, makes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researchers through Yale.
  
Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The [[Yale University Art Gallery]] is the country's first university-affiliated art museum. It contains important collections of modern art as well as old masters, with over 180,000 total works. The works are housed in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, [[Louis Kahn]]'s first large-scale American work (1953), was recently renovated and reopened in December 2006. The [[Yale Center for British Art]] is the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, originally the gift of [[Paul Mellon]] and also housed in a building [[http://flickr.com/photos/plemeljr/tags/louiskahn/]] designed by Louis Kahn.
+
Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The [[Yale University Art Gallery]] is the country's first university-affiliated [[art museum]]. It contains important collections of modern art as well as Old Masters, with over 180,000 total works. The works are housed in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, [[Louis Kahn]]'s first large-scale American work (1953), was recently renovated and reopened in December 2006. The [[Yale Center for British Art]] is the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, originally the gift of [[Paul Mellon]] and also housed in a building designed by Louis Kahn.
  
The [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]] is New Haven's most popular museum, well-used by school children as well as containing research collections in anthropology, archaeology, and the natural environment. The [[Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments]], affiliated with the Yale School of Music, is perhaps the least well-known of Yale's collections, because its hours of opening are restricted.
+
The [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]] is New Haven's most popular museum, well-used by school children as well as containing research collections in [[anthropology]], [[archaeology]], and the natural environment. The [[Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments]], affiliated with the Yale School of Music, is perhaps the least well-known of Yale's collections, because its hours of opening are restricted.
  
 
==Student Life==
 
==Student Life==
Yale College students come from a variety of ethnic, national, and socio-economic backgrounds. Of the 2006-07 freshman class, 9% are international students, while 54% went to public high schools.[http://www.yale.edu/oir/factsheet.html#Yale%20College%20Student%20Body%20Characteristics] Minority students are visible and active in numerous cultural organizations, several cultural houses, and campus events.  
+
Yale College students come from a variety of ethnic, national, and socio-economic backgrounds. Of the 2006-2007 freshman class, 9 percent are international students, while 54 percent went to public high schools.<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/oir/factsheet.html#Yale%20College%20Student%20Body%20Characteristics] Retrieved July 11, 2008.</ref>Minority students are visible and active in numerous cultural organizations, several cultural houses, and campus events.  
  
Yale is also an open campus for the [[gay community]]. Its active LGBT community first received wide publicity in the late 1980s, when Yale obtained a reputation as the "gay Ivy," due largely to a 1987 [[Wall Street Journal]] article written by [[Julie V. Iovine]], an alumna and the spouse of a Yale faculty member. During the same year, the University hosted a national conference on gay and lesbian studies and established the Lesbian and Gay Studies Center.[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE6DA1F3BF932A15753C1A961948260] The slogan "One in Four, Maybe More; One in Two, Maybe You" was coined by the campus gay community. While the community in the 1980s and early 1990s was very activist, today most LGBT events have become part of the general campus social scene. For example, the annual LGBT Co-op Dance attracts queer as well as straight students. The strong programs at the [[Yale School of Music|School of Music]], [[Yale School of Drama|School of Drama]], and [[Yale School of Art|School of Art]] also thrive.
+
Yale is also an open campus for the [[gay community]]. Its active LGBT community first received wide publicity in the late 1980s, when Yale obtained a reputation as the "gay Ivy," due largely to a 1987 [[Wall Street Journal]] article written by [[Julie V. Iovine]], an alumna and the spouse of a Yale faculty member. During the same year, the University hosted a national conference on gay and lesbian studies and established the Lesbian and Gay Studies Center.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE6DA1F3BF932A15753C1A961948260] Retrieved July 11, 2008.</ref>The slogan "One in Four, Maybe More; One in Two, Maybe You" was coined by the campus gay community. While the community in the 1980s and early 1990s was very activist, today most LGBT events have become part of the general campus social scene. For example, the annual LGBT Co-op Dance attracts both homosexual and straight students. The strong programs at the [[Yale School of Music|School of Music]], [[Yale School of Drama|School of Drama]], and [[Yale School of Art|School of Art]] also thrive.
  
 
Campus cultural life features many concerts, shows, recitals, and operas.
 
Campus cultural life features many concerts, shows, recitals, and operas.
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In 1990, Yale launched a series of massive renovations to the older residential buildings, whose decades of existence had seen only routine maintenance and incremental improvements to plumbing, heating, and electrical and network wiring. Renovations to many of the colleges are now complete, and among other improvements, renovated colleges feature newly built basement facilities including restaurants, game rooms, theaters, athletic facilities and music practice rooms.
 
In 1990, Yale launched a series of massive renovations to the older residential buildings, whose decades of existence had seen only routine maintenance and incremental improvements to plumbing, heating, and electrical and network wiring. Renovations to many of the colleges are now complete, and among other improvements, renovated colleges feature newly built basement facilities including restaurants, game rooms, theaters, athletic facilities and music practice rooms.
  
The Yale administration is currently evaluating the feasibility of building two new residential colleges.<ref>''[[Yale Daily News]]'': [http://www.yaledailynews.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=33374 "Study on expansion accelerates."] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref>
+
In 2006, the Yale administration began evaluating the feasibility of building two new residential colleges.<ref>''Yale Daily News'' [http://www.yaledailynews.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=33374 "Study on expansion accelerates."] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref>
  
 
===Sports===
 
===Sports===
[[Image:YaleBowl-WalterCampGate1.JPG|thumb|250px|left|The [[Walter Camp]] Gate at the Yale Athletic Complex.]]
+
 
Yale supports 35 varsity athletic teams that compete in the [[Ivy League]] Conference, the [[Eastern College Athletic Conference]], the [[New England Intercollegiate Sailing Associaton]], and Yale is an [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] Division I member. Like other members of the Ivy League, Yale does not offer athletic scholarships and is no longer competitive with the top echelon of American college teams in the big-money sports of basketball and football. Nevertheless, American football was largely created at Yale by player and coach [[Walter Camp]], who evolved the rules of the game away from rugby and soccer in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the [[Yale Bowl]] (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] and the [[Rose Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl]]), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the [[Payne Whitney Gymnasium]], the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world.<ref>''[[Yale Herald]]'': [http://www.yaleherald.com/archive/frosh/2000/field/p78payne.html "House of Payne gets ready for the new millennium." Retrieved April 9, 2007.]</ref>  
+
Yale supports 35 varsity athletic teams that compete in the [[Ivy League]] Conference, the [[Eastern College Athletic Conference]], the [[New England Intercollegiate Sailing Associaton]], and Yale is an [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] Division I member. Like other members of the Ivy League, Yale does not offer athletic scholarships and is no longer competitive with the top echelon of American college teams in the big-money sports of basketball and football. Nevertheless, American football was largely created at Yale by player and coach [[Walter Camp]], who evolved the rules of the game away from rugby and soccer in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the [[Yale Bowl]] (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] and the [[Rose Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl]]), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the [[Payne Whitney Gymnasium]], the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world.<ref>''Yale Herald'' [http://www.yaleherald.com/archive/frosh/2000/field/p78payne.html "House of Payne gets ready for the new millennium." Retrieved April 9, 2007.]</ref>  
  
 
October 21st, 2000 marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The [[Gilder Boathouse]] is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the [[Gales Ferry]] site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the prestigious [[Yale-Harvard Boat Race]]. Yale crew is the oldest collegiate athletic team in America, and today Yale Rowing boasts lightweight men, heavyweight men, and a women's team.  All of an internationally competitive caliber.
 
October 21st, 2000 marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The [[Gilder Boathouse]] is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the [[Gales Ferry]] site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the prestigious [[Yale-Harvard Boat Race]]. Yale crew is the oldest collegiate athletic team in America, and today Yale Rowing boasts lightweight men, heavyweight men, and a women's team.  All of an internationally competitive caliber.
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The school mascot is "[[Handsome Dan]]," the famous Yale [[bulldog]], and the Yale [[fight song]] (written by alumnus [[Cole Porter]]) contains the [[refrain]], "Bulldog, bulldog, bow wow wow." The school color is [[Yale Blue]].
 
The school mascot is "[[Handsome Dan]]," the famous Yale [[bulldog]], and the Yale [[fight song]] (written by alumnus [[Cole Porter]]) contains the [[refrain]], "Bulldog, bulldog, bow wow wow." The school color is [[Yale Blue]].
  
Yale athletics are supported by the [[Yale Precision Marching Band]]. The band attends every home football game and many away, as well as most hockey and basketball games throughout the winter.
+
Yale athletics are supported by the [[Yale Precision Marching Band]]. The [[marching band]] attends every home football game and many away, as well as most hockey and basketball games throughout the winter.
  
 
Yale intramural sports are a vibrant aspect of student life. Students compete for their respective residential colleges, which fosters a friendly rivalry. The year is divided into fall, winter, and spring seasons, each of which includes about ten different sports. About half the sports are coed. At the end of the year, the residential college with the most points (not all sports count equally) wins the Tyng Cup.
 
Yale intramural sports are a vibrant aspect of student life. Students compete for their respective residential colleges, which fosters a friendly rivalry. The year is divided into fall, winter, and spring seasons, each of which includes about ten different sports. About half the sports are coed. At the end of the year, the residential college with the most points (not all sports count equally) wins the Tyng Cup.
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[[The Yale Political Union]], the oldest student political organization in the United States, is often the largest organization on campus, and is advised by alumni political leaders such as [[John Kerry]] and [[George Pataki]].
 
[[The Yale Political Union]], the oldest student political organization in the United States, is often the largest organization on campus, and is advised by alumni political leaders such as [[John Kerry]] and [[George Pataki]].
  
The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. The latter category includes the ''[[Yale Daily News]]'', which was first published in 1878 and is the oldest daily college newspaper in the United States, as well as the weekly ''[[Yale Herald]]'', first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale undergraduates working on more than 60 community service initiatives in New Haven. The Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities and student services. The [[Yale Dramatic Association]] and [[Bulldog Productions]] cater to the theater and film communities, respectively.
+
The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. The latter category includes the ''[[Yale Daily News]],'' which was first published in 1878 and is the oldest daily college newspaper in the United States, as well as the weekly ''[[Yale Herald]],'' first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale undergraduates working on more than 60 community service initiatives in New Haven. The Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities and student services. The [[Yale Dramatic Association]] and [[Bulldog Productions]] cater to the theater and film communities, respectively.
  
The campus also includes several [[fraternities and sororities]]. The campus features at least 18 ''a capella'' groups, the most famous of which is [[The Whiffenpoofs]], who are unusual among college singing groups in being made up solely of senior men. A number of prominent [[secret society|senior societies]], including [[Skull and Bones]], [[Scroll and Key]] and [[Wolf's Head]], are composed of Yale College seniors.
+
The campus also includes several [[fraternities and sororities]]. The campus features at least 18 ''a capella'' groups, the most famous of which is [[The Whiffenpoofs]], who are unusual among college singing groups in being made up solely of senior men. A number of prominent [[secret society|senior societies]], including [[Skull and Bones]], [[Scroll and Key]] and [[Wolf's Head]], are composed of Yale College seniors.
 
 
===New Haven===
 
[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] has experienced major economic growth in the past couple of decades, turning it into a state cultural center and hub for travel. In the past decade, technology and biotech firms and investment by Yale have put a new face on this colonial city. In 2003, New Haven was selected as an [[All-America City]], in recognition of its immigrant neighborhoods, city parks, and blocks of old mansions, quaint stores and big chains, and one of the world's pre-eminent universities.
 
 
 
Yale students run for alderman, work in City Hall, and launch non-profit organizations. Yalies go to [[Toad's Place]] to hear bands like [[Built to Spill]] and [[Rufus Wainwright]], enjoy cheap martinis at Hot Tomatoes, or buy home-brewed beer and brick-oven pizza at BAR; and visitors check out exhibits at the [[Peabody Museum of Natural History|Peabody Museum]] before taking in a show at the [[Shubert Theater]].
 
 
 
The area's quality of life attracts businesses and residents who are unaffiliated with the university. For example, hedge funds are moving east from the world's hedge-fund capital of Greenwich. [[Downtown New Haven]]'s luxury apartments draw thousands of young professionals who reverse-commute to high-paying corporate jobs in more suburban parts of Connecticut. The city has become a center for architecture firms, due in part to Eero Saarinen, whose firm moved to New Haven in the early 1960s, and younger colleagues including [[Cesar Pelli]], whose "alumni" of his large New Haven firm have started firms of their own in the city.
 
  
 
==Traditions==
 
==Traditions==
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*Yale's [[Handsome Dan]] is believed to be the first live college [[mascot]] in America, having been established in 1889.
 
*Yale's [[Handsome Dan]] is believed to be the first live college [[mascot]] in America, having been established in 1889.
  
*Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus. Actual students rarely do so.<ref>[http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/98_03/talltales.html "Yale's Tallest Tales"] by Mark Alden Branch, ''Yale Alumni Magazine'', March 1998.</ref>
+
*Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus. Actual students rarely do so.<ref>Mark Alden Branch [http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/98_03/talltales.html "Yale's Tallest Tales"] ''Yale Alumni Magazine'' (March 1998).</ref>
  
 
* Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their "bright college years."
 
* Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their "bright college years."
 +
 +
==Controversies==
 +
Yale alumnus [[William F. Buckley, Jr.|William F. Buckley]]'s 1951 book, ''[[God and Man at Yale]],'' criticized Yale for indoctrinating [[liberalism]], undermining [[Christianity]], and failing to dismiss radical professors.
 +
 +
Yale claims to be less reliant on teaching assistants in undergraduate education than many of its peer institutions. On the other hand, some graduate students have criticized Yale for an over-reliance on teaching assistants, claiming that when measured on a time per student basis, graduate teaching assistants do a majority of teaching at Yale.<ref>''Yale Alumni Magazine'' [http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/99_07/GESO.html "Who's Teaching Whom?"] Retrieved April 9, 2007.</ref> In comparison with its peer institutions, Yale senior faculty perform an unusually high amount of undergraduate teaching and are generally praised for being extremely accessible and interested in undergraduates. All [[tenure]]d professors in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences teach undergraduate courses,<ref>Yale University [http://www.yale.edu/admit/freshmen/facts/index.html "Yale Facts."] Retrieved April 9, 2007.</ref> and courses taught primarily by graduate students account for only 7% of total enrollments.<ref>Yale College's [http://www.yale.edu/admit/faq/index.html frequently asked questions]. Retrieved April 7, 2007.</ref>
 +
 +
In 2001, three Yale graduate students published a report detailing Yale's historical connections with [[slavery]].<ref>''YaleSlavery.org'' [http://www.yaleslavery.org/YSA.pdf "Yale, Slavery and Abolition."] Retrieved April 9, 2007.</ref> The report noted that nine of Yale's residential colleges are named for slave owners or proponents of slavery such as [[John C. Calhoun]]; it also noted prominent [[abolition]]ists such as [[James Hillhouse]] associated with the university.
  
 
==Notable Alumni==
 
==Notable Alumni==
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Other Yale-educated presidents were [[William Howard Taft]] (B.A.) and [[Gerald Ford]] (LL.B). Alumni also include several [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] justices, including current Justices [[Clarence Thomas]] and [[Samuel Alito]].
 
Other Yale-educated presidents were [[William Howard Taft]] (B.A.) and [[Gerald Ford]] (LL.B). Alumni also include several [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] justices, including current Justices [[Clarence Thomas]] and [[Samuel Alito]].
  
Yale counts twenty-nine [[Nobel Prize]] laureates among its alumni including:
+
Yale counts 29 [[Nobel Prize]] laureates among its alumni including:
*[[George Akerlof]] (B.A. 1962). Economics, 2001.<ref>[http://www.berkeley.edu/news/features/2001/nobel/index.html "George Akerlof Wins Nobel Prize in Economics" ] Campus News at the University of California, Berkeley 10/10/01. Retrieved August 4, 2007. </ref>
+
*[[George Akerlof]] (B.A. 1962). Economics, 2001.<ref>[http://www.berkeley.edu/news/features/2001/nobel/index.html "George Akerlof Wins Nobel Prize in Economics"] Campus News at the University of California, Berkeley 10/10/01. Retrieved August 4, 2007. </ref>
*[[Raymond Davis Jr.]] (Ph.D. 1942).<ref>[http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/PR_display.asp?prID=06-69 "Nobel Laureate Raymond Davis Dies" ]Brookhaven National Laboratory press release, June 1, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Physics, 2002.
+
*[[Raymond Davis Jr.]] (Ph.D. 1942).<ref>[http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/PR_display.asp?prID=06-69 "Nobel Laureate Raymond Davis Dies"]Brookhaven National Laboratory press release, June 1, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Physics, 2002.
 
*[[John F. Enders]] (B.A. 1920).<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1954/enders-bio.html Nobel Prize biography of Enders] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Physiology or Medicine, 1954.
 
*[[John F. Enders]] (B.A. 1920).<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1954/enders-bio.html Nobel Prize biography of Enders] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Physiology or Medicine, 1954.
*[[John Fenn]] (Ph.D. 1940).<ref>[http://www.eng.yale.edu/content/HistoricFenn.asp Yale Engineering profile of Fenn] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/oct2002/od-09.htm National Institutes of Health press release on Fenn] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Chemistry, 2002.
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*[[John Fenn]] (Ph.D. 1940).<ref>[http://www.eng.yale.edu/content/HistoricFenn.asp Yale Engineering profile of Fenn] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref><ref> National Institutes of Health press release on Fenn.</ref> Chemistry, 2002.
 
*[[Murray Gell-Mann]] (B.S. 1948).<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1969/gell-mann-bio.html Nobel Prize profile of Gell-Mann] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Physics, 1969.
 
*[[Murray Gell-Mann]] (B.S. 1948).<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1969/gell-mann-bio.html Nobel Prize profile of Gell-Mann] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Physics, 1969.
*[[Alfred G. Gilman]] (B.S. 1962).<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9001529 Encyclopedia Britannica article on Gilman] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Physiology or Medicine, 1994.
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*[[Alfred G. Gilman]] (B.S. 1962).<ref> Gilman Encyclopedia Britannica.</ref> Physiology or Medicine, 1994.
*[[Ernest Lawrence]] (Ph.D. 1925).<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1939/lawrence-bio.html Nobel Prize profile of Lawrence] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Physics, 1939. [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] & [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] are named for him.<ref>[http://www.llnl.gov/llnl/history/eolawrence.html Who Was Ernest O. Lawrence?] from the [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory] Retrieved August 4, 2007.]</ref>
+
*[[Ernest Lawrence]] (Ph.D. 1925).<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1939/lawrence-bio.html Nobel Prize profile of Lawrence] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Physics, 1939. [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] & [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] are named for him.<ref>[http://www.llnl.gov/llnl/history/eolawrence.html Who Was Ernest O. Lawrence?] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref>
 
*[[Joshua Lederberg]] (Ph.D. 1948).<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1958/lederberg-bio.html Nobel Prize profile of Lederberg] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Physiology or Medicine, 1958.
 
*[[Joshua Lederberg]] (Ph.D. 1948).<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1958/lederberg-bio.html Nobel Prize profile of Lederberg] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Physiology or Medicine, 1958.
*[[David Lee (physicist)|David Lee]] (Ph.D. 1959).<ref>[http://www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/96/10.10.96/Nobel_Prize.html  "Robert Richardson and David Lee win Nobel Prize in physics" ] Press release from Cornell University October 10, 1996. Retrieved August 4, 2007. </ref> Physics, 1996.
+
*[[David Lee (physicist)|David Lee]] (Ph.D. 1959).<ref>[http://www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/96/10.10.96/Nobel_Prize.html  "Robert Richardson and David Lee win Nobel Prize in physics"] Press release from Cornell University October 10, 1996. Retrieved August 4, 2007. </ref> Physics, 1996.
*[[Sinclair Lewis]] (B.A. 1908).<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048025 Encyclopedia Britannica article on Lewis] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Literature, 1930.
+
*[[Sinclair Lewis]] (B.A. 1908).<ref>Lewis Encyclopedia Britannica.</ref> Literature, 1930.
 
*[[Lars Onsager]] (Ph.D. 1935).<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1968/onsager-bio.html Nobel Prize profile of Onsager] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Chemistry, 1968.
 
*[[Lars Onsager]] (Ph.D. 1935).<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1968/onsager-bio.html Nobel Prize profile of Onsager] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Chemistry, 1968.
 
*[[Edmund Phelps]] (Ph.D. 1959). Economics, 2006.
 
*[[Edmund Phelps]] (Ph.D. 1959). Economics, 2006.
Line 208: Line 209:
 
*[[William Vickrey]] (B.S. 1935).<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1996/vickrey-bio.html Nobel Prize profile of Vickrey] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Economics, 1996.
 
*[[William Vickrey]] (B.S. 1935).<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1996/vickrey-bio.html Nobel Prize profile of Vickrey] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Economics, 1996.
 
*[[George Whipple]] (A.B. 1900).<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1934/whipple-bio.html Nobel Prize profile of Whipple] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Physiology or Medicine, 1934.
 
*[[George Whipple]] (A.B. 1900).<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1934/whipple-bio.html Nobel Prize profile of Whipple] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Physiology or Medicine, 1934.
*[[Eric Wieschaus]] (Ph.D. 1974).<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9002469 Encyclopedia Britannica article on Wieschaus] Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref> Physiology or Medicine, 1995.
+
*[[Eric Wieschaus]] (Ph.D. 1974).<ref> Wieschaus Encyclopedia Britannica.</ref> Physiology or Medicine, 1995.
  
Beyond these people, Yale has graduated many [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, actors, politicians, businessmen, activists, and scholars.
+
Beyond these, Yale has graduated many [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, actors, politicians, businessmen, activists, and scholars.
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
Line 216: Line 217:
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
*Bagg, Lyman H. ''Four Years at Yale'', New Haven, 1891.
+
*Bagg, Lyman H. ''Four Years at Yale.'' New Haven, 1891.
*Camp, Walter and L. S. Welch, ''Yale: Her Campus, Classrooms and Athletics'', Boston, 1899.
+
*Camp, Walter and L. S. Welch, ''Yale: Her Campus, Classrooms and Athletics.'' Boston, MA, 1899.
*Dana, Arnold G. ''Yale Old and New'', 78 vols. personal scrapbook, 1942.
+
*Dana, Arnold G. ''Yale Old and New,'' 78 vols. personal scrapbook, 1942.
*Deming, Clarence ''Yale Yesterdays'', New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1915.
+
*Deming, Clarence ''Yale Yesterdays.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1915.
*Dexter, Franklin B. ''Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Yale: Yale College with Annals of the College History, 6 vols. New York, 1885–1912.
+
*Dexter, Franklin B. ''Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Yale: Yale College with Annals of the College History.'' 6 vols. New York, 1885–1912.
*French, Robert Dudley. ''The Memorial Quadrangle'', New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1929.
+
*French, Robert Dudley. ''The Memorial Quadrangle.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1929.
*Furniss, Edgar S. ''The Graduate School of Yale'', New Haven, 1965.
+
*Furniss, Edgar S. ''The Graduate School of Yale.'' New Haven, 1965.
*Gilpin, Toni, Gary Isaac, Dan Letwin, and Jack McKivigan, ''On Strike For Respect,'' University of Illinois Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0252064548
+
*Gilpin, Toni, Gary Isaac, Dan Letwin, and Jack McKivigan, ''On Strike For Respect.'' University of Illinois Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0252064548
*Holden, Reuben A. ''Yale: A Pictorial History'', New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1967. ISBN 978-0300005653
+
*Holden, Reuben A. ''Yale: A Pictorial History.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1967. ISBN 978-0300005653
*Kingsley, William L. ''Yale College. A Sketch of its History'', 2 vols. New York, 1879.
+
*Kingsley, William L. ''Yale College. A Sketch of its History.'' 2 vols. New York, 1879.
*Millegan, Kris (ed.), ''Fleshing Out Skull & Bones'', TrineDay, 2003. ISBN 0975290606
+
*Millegan, Kris, ed., ''Fleshing Out Skull & Bones.'' TrineDay, 2003. ISBN 0975290606
*Nelson, Cary (ed.) ''Will Teach for Food: Academic Labor in Crisis,'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0816630349
+
*Nelson, Cary, ed., ''Will Teach for Food: Academic Labor in Crisis.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0816630349
*Oren, Dan A. ''Joining the Club: A History of Jews and Yale,'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0300084689  
+
*Oren, Dan A. ''Joining the Club: A History of Jews and Yale.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0300084689  
*Oviatt, Edwin. ''The Beginnings of Yale (1701–1726)'', New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1916.
+
*Oviatt, Edwin. ''The Beginnings of Yale (1701–1726).'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1916.
*Pierson, George Wilson. ''Yale College, An Educational History (1871–1921)'', New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1952.
+
*Pierson, George Wilson. ''Yale College, An Educational History (1871–1921).'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1952.
*Pierson, George Wilson. ''The Founding of Yale: The Legend of the Forty Folios'', New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0300042528
+
*Pierson, George Wilson. ''The Founding of Yale: The Legend of the Forty Folios.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0300042528
*Pinnell, Patrick L. ''The Campus Guide: Yale University'', Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 1999. ISBN 978-1568981673
+
*Pinnell, Patrick L. ''The Campus Guide: Yale University.'' Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 1999. ISBN 978-1568981673
*Robbins, Alexandra, ''Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power'', Little Brown & Co., 2002; ISBN 0316735612
+
*Robbins, Alexandra, ''Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power.'' Boston: Little Brown & Co., 2002; ISBN 0316735612
*Stokes, Anson Phelps. ''Memorials of Eminent Yale Men'', 2 vols. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1914.
+
*Stokes, Anson Phelps. ''Memorials of Eminent Yale Men.'' 2 vols. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1914.
*Yale University Press. ''Yale, The University College (1921–1937)'', New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1955.
+
*Yale University Press. ''Yale, The University College (1921–1937).'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1955.
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
All links Retrieved December 29, 2007.
+
All links retrieved May 22, 2023.
  
 
* [http://www.yale.edu Yale University official website]
 
* [http://www.yale.edu Yale University official website]
 
* [http://www.yaledailynews.com ''Yale Daily News'']
 
* [http://www.yaledailynews.com ''Yale Daily News'']
*[http://business.yale.edu/map/ Campus map from Yale University website]
+
* [http://map.yale.edu/map/ Campus map from Yale University website]
  
 
{{Ivy League}}
 
{{Ivy League}}
 
{{Association of American Universities}}
 
{{Association of American Universities}}
 
{{Credits|Yale_University|148880504|}}
 
{{Credits|Yale_University|148880504|}}

Latest revision as of 10:04, 22 May 2023


Yale University
Harkness Tower at Yale
Motto Urim and Thummim

אורים ותמים (Hebrew)
Lux et veritas (Latin)
(Light and truth)

Established 1701
Type Private
Location New Haven, Connecticut USA
Website www.yale.edu

Yale University is a private university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 as the Collegiate School, Yale is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and is a member of the Ivy League. Yale and Harvard have been rivals in almost everything for most of their history, notably academics, rowing and American football.

Yale uses a residential college housing system modeled after those at Oxford and Cambridge. Each of 12 residential colleges houses a representative cross-section of the undergraduate student body, and features facilities, seminars, resident faculty, and support personnel. Women were admitted to the graduate school in 1892, but the university did not become fully coeducational until 1969. Yale, like the other Ivy League schools, remains highly selective in admissions and is rated among the nation's top schools in terms of academic and social prestige. The school has produced leaders and visionaries in every area from art to politics.

Yale is confident that it can significantly impact the world for the better, based on its tangible assets, human resources, and internal culture that support its dedication to the preservation, transmission, and advancement of knowledge. However, for Yale to truly serve the world through its outstanding research programs and education of leaders, attention must be paid not only to the mastery of knowledge and skills, but also to understanding of the heart and spirit of humankind.

Mission & Reputation

Yale was originally founded to continue the European tradition of liberal education in America.

The school has since grown to one of the leading universities in almost every field imaginable from the sciences to the humanities. Particularly well-known are its undergraduate school, Yale College, and the Yale Law School, each of which has produced a number of U.S. presidents and foreign heads of state. Also notable is the Yale School of Drama, which has produced many prominent Hollywood and Broadway actors and writers, as well as the art, divinity, forestry and environment, music, medical, management, nursing and architecture schools, each of which is often cited as among the finest in its field.

Yale president Richard C. Levin summarized the university's institutional priorities for its fourth century:

First, among the nation's finest research universities, Yale is distinctively committed to excellence in undergraduate education. Second, in our graduate and professional schools, as well as in Yale College, we are committed to the education of leaders.[1]

History

Original building, 1718–1782

Yale was founded to train ministers. It traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School" passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut and dated October 9, 1701. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers led by James Pierpont, all of whom were Harvard alumni (Harvard having been the only college in North America when they were school-aged), met in Branford, Connecticut, to pool their books to form the school's first library.[2] The group is now known as "The Founders."

Originally called the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, in Killingworth (now Clinton). It later moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1718, the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, where it remains to this day.

In the meanwhile, a rift was forming at Harvard between its sixth president Increase Mather (Harvard A.B., 1656) and the rest of the Harvard clergy, which Mather viewed as increasingly liberal, ecclesiastically lax, and overly broad in Church polity. The relationship worsened after Mather resigned, and the administration repeatedly rejected his son and ideological colleague, Cotton Mather (Harvard A.B., 1678), for the position of the Harvard presidency. The feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hopes that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not.[3]

Old Brick Row in 1807

In 1718, at the behest of either Rector Andrew or Governor Gurdon Saltonstall, Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman in Wales named Elihu Yale to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college. Yale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in India as a representative of the East India Company, donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560, a substantial sum at the time. Yale also donated 417 books and a portrait of King George I. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College in gratitude to its benefactor, and to increase the chances that he would give the college another large donation or bequest. Elihu Yale was away in India when the news of the school's name change reached his home in Wrexham, North Wales, a trip from which he never returned. And while he did ultimately leave his fortunes to the "Collegiate School within His Majesties Colony of Connecticot," the institution was never able to successfully lay claim to it.

Serious American students of theology and divinity, particularly in New England, regarded Hebrew as a classical language, along with Greek and Latin, and essential for study of the Old Testament in the original words. The Reverend Ezra Stiles, president of the College from 1778 to 1795, brought with him his interest in the Hebrew language as a vehicle for studying ancient Biblical texts in their original language (as was common in other schools), requiring all freshmen to study Hebrew (in contrast to Harvard, where only upperclassmen were required to study the language) and is responsible for the Hebrew words "Urim" and "Thummim" on the Yale seal. Stiles' greatest challenge occurred in July, 1779 when hostile British forces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the College. Fortunately, Yale graduate Edmund Fanning, Secretary to the British General in command of the occupation, interceded and the College was saved. Fanning later was granted an honorary degree for his efforts.

Woolsey Hall in c. 1905

Yale College expanded gradually, establishing the Yale School of Medicine (1810), Yale Divinity School (1822), Yale Law School (1843), Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1847), the Sheffield Scientific School (1861), and the Yale School of Fine Arts (1869). (The divinity school was founded by Congregationalists who felt that the Harvard Divinity School had become too liberal. This is similar to the Oxbridge rivalry in which dissident scholars left University of Oxford to form the University of Cambridge) In 1887, as the college continued to grow under the presidency of Timothy Dwight V, Yale College was renamed to Yale University. The university would later add the Yale School of Music (1894), Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (1901), Yale School of Public Health (1915), Yale School of Nursing (1923), Yale Physician Associate Program (1973), and Yale School of Management (1976). It would also reorganize its relationship with the Sheffield Scientific School.

In 1966, Yale initiated discussions with its sister school Vassar College concerning the possibility of a merger as an effective means to achieve coeducation. However, Vassar declined Yale's invitation and, ultimately, both Yale and Vassar decided to remain separate and introduce coeducation independently in 1969.[4] Amy Solomon was the first woman to register as a Yale undergraduate;[5] she was also the first woman at Yale to join an undergraduate society, St. Anthony Hall. (Women studied at Yale University as early as 1876, but in graduate-level programs at the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.)

Yale, like other Ivy League schools, instituted policies in the early twentieth century designed artificially to increase the proportion of upper-class white Christians of notable families in the student body, and was one of the last of the Ivies to eliminate such preferences, beginning with the class of 1970.[6]

The President and Fellows of Yale College, also known as the Yale Corporation, is the governing board of the University.

Education

Beinecke Library.

Yale's 70 undergraduate majors are primarily focused on a liberal curriculum, and few of the undergraduate departments are pre-professional in nature. About 20 percent of Yale undergraduates major in the sciences, 35 percent in the social sciences, and 45 percent in the arts and humanities.[7] All tenured professors teach undergraduate courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually.

Yale's English and Literature departments were part of the New Criticism movement. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, after the passing of the New Critical fad, the Yale literature department became a center of American deconstruction, with French and Comparative Literature departments centered around Paul de Man and supported by the English department. This has become known as the "Yale School." Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historian C. Vann Woodward is credited for beginning in the 1960s an important stream of southern historians; likewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Most noticeably, a tremendous number of currently active Latin American historians were trained at Yale in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s by Emìlia Viotta da Costa; younger Latin Americanists tend to be "intellectual cousins" in that their advisors were advised by the same people at Yale.

Facilities

Yale architecture

Harkness Tower

Yale is noted for its harmonious yet fanciful largely Collegiate Gothic campus[8] as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: Louis Kahn's Yale Art Gallery[9] and Center for British Art, Eero Saarinen's Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and Paul Rudolph's Art & Architecture Building. Yale also owns many noteworthy nineteenth-century mansions along Hillhouse Avenue.

Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the neo-Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931. Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative friezes on the buildings depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, James Gamble Rogers, faux-aged these buildings by splashing the walls with acid,[10] deliberately breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages, and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exception is Harkness Tower, 216 feet tall, which was originally a free-standing stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the Yale Memorial Carillon.

Other examples of the Gothic (also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic) style are on Old Campus by such architects as Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis. Several are associated with members of the Vanderbilt family, including Vanderbilt Hall,[11] Phelps Hall,[12] St. Anthony Hall (a commission for member Frederick William Vanderbilt), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories, dormitories for the Sheffield Scientific School (the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956) and elements of Silliman College, the largest residential college.[13]

Connecticut Hall

Ironically, the oldest building on campus, Connecticut Hall (built in 1750), is in the Georgian style and appears much more modern. Georgian-style buildings erected from 1929 to 1933 include Timothy Dwight College, Pierson College, and Davenport College, except the latter's east, York Street façade, which was constructed in the Gothic style.

The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, designed by Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, is one of the largest buildings in the world reserved exclusively for the preservation of rare books and manuscripts.[14] It is located near the center of the University in Hewitt Quadrangle, which is now more commonly referred to as "Beinecke Plaza." The library's six-story above-ground tower of book stacks is surrounded by a windowless rectangular building with walls made of translucent Vermont marble, which transmit subdued lighting to the interior and provide protection from direct light, while glowing from within after dark.

The sculptures in the sunken courtyard by Isamu Noguchi are said to represent time (the pyramid), the sun (the circle), and chance (the cube).

Alumnus Eero Saarinen, Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal, and the CBS Building in Manhattan, designed Ingalls Rink at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse. These latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano — a prototype chosen for the town's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like stone towers. These tower forms at Yale act in counterpoint to the college's many Gothic spires and Georgian cupolas.[15]

Notable nonresidential campus buildings

Sterling Memorial Library

Notable nonresidential campus buildings and landmarks include:

  • Sterling Memorial Library
  • Harkness Tower
  • Woolsey Hall
  • Beinecke Rare Book Library
  • Yale University Art Gallery
  • Yale Center for British Art
  • Payne Whitney Gymnasium
  • Ingalls Rink
  • Battell Chapel
  • Yale Art & Architecture Building
  • Osborne Memorial Laboratories
  • Sterling Hall of Medicine
  • Sterling Law Buildings
  • Kline Biology Tower
  • Peabody Museum of Natural History

Yale's secret societies, whose buildings (some of which are called "tombs") were built both to be intensely private yet ostentatiously theatrical, display diversity and fancifulness of architectural expression, include:

  • Berzelius, Don Barber in an austere cube with classical detailing (erected in 1908 or 1910).
  • Book and Snake, Louis R. Metcalfe in a Greek Ionic style (erected in 1901).
  • Elihu, architect unknown but built in a Colonial style (constructed with an early seventeenth century foundation and while the building is from eighteenth century).
  • Manuscript Society, King Lui-Wu with Dan Kniley responsible for landscaping and Joseph Albers for the brickwork intaglio mural. Building constructed in a mid-century modern style.
  • Scroll and Key, Richard Morris Hunt in a Moorish- or Islamic-inspired Beaux-Arts style (erected 1869–1870).
  • Skull and Bones, possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin in an Egypto-Doric style utilizing Brownstone (in 1856 the first wing was completed, in 1903 the second wing, 1911 the Neo-Gothic towers in rear garden were completed).
  • St. Anthony Hall, (Charles C. Haight in a neo-Gothic style (erected circa 1913 to match the flanking donated dormitories {dated 1903–1906} now part of Silliman College).
  • Wolf's Head, Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue (erected in the 1920s).

Collections

The Night Café, Vincent van Gogh, 1888, Yale Art Gallery.

Yale University Library is the second-largest university collection in the world with a total of almost 11 million volumes. The main library, Sterling Memorial Library, contains about four million volumes, and other holdings are dispersed at a variety of subject libraries.

Rare books are found in a number of Yale collections. The Beinecke Rare Book Library has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instruments. The Lewis Walpole Library contains the largest collection of eighteenth century British literary works. And the Elizabethan Club, while technically a private organization, makes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researchers through Yale.

Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The Yale University Art Gallery is the country's first university-affiliated art museum. It contains important collections of modern art as well as Old Masters, with over 180,000 total works. The works are housed in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, Louis Kahn's first large-scale American work (1953), was recently renovated and reopened in December 2006. The Yale Center for British Art is the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, originally the gift of Paul Mellon and also housed in a building designed by Louis Kahn.

The Peabody Museum of Natural History is New Haven's most popular museum, well-used by school children as well as containing research collections in anthropology, archaeology, and the natural environment. The Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments, affiliated with the Yale School of Music, is perhaps the least well-known of Yale's collections, because its hours of opening are restricted.

Student Life

Yale College students come from a variety of ethnic, national, and socio-economic backgrounds. Of the 2006-2007 freshman class, 9 percent are international students, while 54 percent went to public high schools.[16]Minority students are visible and active in numerous cultural organizations, several cultural houses, and campus events.

Yale is also an open campus for the gay community. Its active LGBT community first received wide publicity in the late 1980s, when Yale obtained a reputation as the "gay Ivy," due largely to a 1987 Wall Street Journal article written by Julie V. Iovine, an alumna and the spouse of a Yale faculty member. During the same year, the University hosted a national conference on gay and lesbian studies and established the Lesbian and Gay Studies Center.[17]The slogan "One in Four, Maybe More; One in Two, Maybe You" was coined by the campus gay community. While the community in the 1980s and early 1990s was very activist, today most LGBT events have become part of the general campus social scene. For example, the annual LGBT Co-op Dance attracts both homosexual and straight students. The strong programs at the School of Music, School of Drama, and School of Art also thrive.

Campus cultural life features many concerts, shows, recitals, and operas.

Residential colleges

Yale has a system of 12 residential colleges, instituted in 1933 through a grant by Yale graduate Edward S. Harkness, who admired the college systems at Oxford and Cambridge. Each college has a carefully constructed support structure for students, including a Dean, Master, affiliated faculty, and resident Fellows. Each college also features distinctive architecture, secluded courtyards, and facilities ranging from libraries to squash courts to darkrooms. While each college at Yale offers its own seminars, social events, and Master's Teas with guests from the world, Yale students also take part in academic and social programs across the university, and all of Yale's 2,000 courses are open to undergraduates from any college.

Residential colleges are named for important figures or places in university history or notable alumni; they are deliberately not named for benefactors.

In 1990, Yale launched a series of massive renovations to the older residential buildings, whose decades of existence had seen only routine maintenance and incremental improvements to plumbing, heating, and electrical and network wiring. Renovations to many of the colleges are now complete, and among other improvements, renovated colleges feature newly built basement facilities including restaurants, game rooms, theaters, athletic facilities and music practice rooms.

In 2006, the Yale administration began evaluating the feasibility of building two new residential colleges.[18]

Sports

Yale supports 35 varsity athletic teams that compete in the Ivy League Conference, the Eastern College Athletic Conference, the New England Intercollegiate Sailing Associaton, and Yale is an NCAA Division I member. Like other members of the Ivy League, Yale does not offer athletic scholarships and is no longer competitive with the top echelon of American college teams in the big-money sports of basketball and football. Nevertheless, American football was largely created at Yale by player and coach Walter Camp, who evolved the rules of the game away from rugby and soccer in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world.[19]

October 21st, 2000 marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The Gilder Boathouse is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the Gales Ferry site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the prestigious Yale-Harvard Boat Race. Yale crew is the oldest collegiate athletic team in America, and today Yale Rowing boasts lightweight men, heavyweight men, and a women's team. All of an internationally competitive caliber.

The Yale Corinthian Yacht Club, founded in 1881, is the oldest collegiate sailing club in the world. The yacht club, located in nearby Branford, Connecticut, is the home of the Yale Sailing Team, which has produced several Olympic sailors.

Ingalls Rink by Eero Saarinen, thin-shell and tensile structure

Mascot

The school mascot is "Handsome Dan," the famous Yale bulldog, and the Yale fight song (written by alumnus Cole Porter) contains the refrain, "Bulldog, bulldog, bow wow wow." The school color is Yale Blue.

Yale athletics are supported by the Yale Precision Marching Band. The marching band attends every home football game and many away, as well as most hockey and basketball games throughout the winter.

Yale intramural sports are a vibrant aspect of student life. Students compete for their respective residential colleges, which fosters a friendly rivalry. The year is divided into fall, winter, and spring seasons, each of which includes about ten different sports. About half the sports are coed. At the end of the year, the residential college with the most points (not all sports count equally) wins the Tyng Cup.

Student organizations

There are a large number of student organizations.

The Yale Political Union, the oldest student political organization in the United States, is often the largest organization on campus, and is advised by alumni political leaders such as John Kerry and George Pataki.

The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. The latter category includes the Yale Daily News, which was first published in 1878 and is the oldest daily college newspaper in the United States, as well as the weekly Yale Herald, first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale undergraduates working on more than 60 community service initiatives in New Haven. The Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities and student services. The Yale Dramatic Association and Bulldog Productions cater to the theater and film communities, respectively.

The campus also includes several fraternities and sororities. The campus features at least 18 a capella groups, the most famous of which is The Whiffenpoofs, who are unusual among college singing groups in being made up solely of senior men. A number of prominent senior societies, including Skull and Bones, Scroll and Key and Wolf's Head, are composed of Yale College seniors.

Traditions

Bladderball at Yale in 1974. The game has left the Old Campus and spilled over to the streets of New Haven.
  • Yale students claim to have invented Frisbee, by tossing around empty pie tins from the Frisbie Pie Company.
  • Another traditional Yale game was bladderball, played between 1954 and 1982. A game started in 1954 as a prelude to the Yale-Dartmouth football game, bladderball pitted several campus organizations against each other in a struggle for a giant inflated ball. The event inspired near riots and a few outrageous hijinks until it was banned in 1982, after a spate of serious injuries resulting from participation in the event.[20]
  • Yale's Handsome Dan is believed to be the first live college mascot in America, having been established in 1889.
  • Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus. Actual students rarely do so.[21]
  • Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their "bright college years."

Controversies

Yale alumnus William F. Buckley's 1951 book, God and Man at Yale, criticized Yale for indoctrinating liberalism, undermining Christianity, and failing to dismiss radical professors.

Yale claims to be less reliant on teaching assistants in undergraduate education than many of its peer institutions. On the other hand, some graduate students have criticized Yale for an over-reliance on teaching assistants, claiming that when measured on a time per student basis, graduate teaching assistants do a majority of teaching at Yale.[22] In comparison with its peer institutions, Yale senior faculty perform an unusually high amount of undergraduate teaching and are generally praised for being extremely accessible and interested in undergraduates. All tenured professors in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences teach undergraduate courses,[23] and courses taught primarily by graduate students account for only 7% of total enrollments.[24]

In 2001, three Yale graduate students published a report detailing Yale's historical connections with slavery.[25] The report noted that nine of Yale's residential colleges are named for slave owners or proponents of slavery such as John C. Calhoun; it also noted prominent abolitionists such as James Hillhouse associated with the university.

Notable Alumni

Yale's 300 years of history has produced many notable alumni including presidents George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton (who attended the University's Law School along with his wife, New York Senator Hillary Clinton), and George W. Bush, and Vice President Dick Cheney, (although he did not graduate). Many of the 2004 presidential candidates attended Yale: Bush, John Kerry, Howard Dean, and Joe Lieberman.

Other Yale-educated presidents were William Howard Taft (B.A.) and Gerald Ford (LL.B). Alumni also include several Supreme Court justices, including current Justices Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito.

Yale counts 29 Nobel Prize laureates among its alumni including:

  • George Akerlof (B.A. 1962). Economics, 2001.[26]
  • Raymond Davis Jr. (Ph.D. 1942).[27] Physics, 2002.
  • John F. Enders (B.A. 1920).[28] Physiology or Medicine, 1954.
  • John Fenn (Ph.D. 1940).[29][30] Chemistry, 2002.
  • Murray Gell-Mann (B.S. 1948).[31] Physics, 1969.
  • Alfred G. Gilman (B.S. 1962).[32] Physiology or Medicine, 1994.
  • Ernest Lawrence (Ph.D. 1925).[33] Physics, 1939. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory & Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory are named for him.[34]
  • Joshua Lederberg (Ph.D. 1948).[35] Physiology or Medicine, 1958.
  • David Lee (Ph.D. 1959).[36] Physics, 1996.
  • Sinclair Lewis (B.A. 1908).[37] Literature, 1930.
  • Lars Onsager (Ph.D. 1935).[38] Chemistry, 1968.
  • Edmund Phelps (Ph.D. 1959). Economics, 2006.
  • Dickinson W. Richards (B.A. 1917).[39] Physiology or Medicine, 1956.
  • William Vickrey (B.S. 1935).[40] Economics, 1996.
  • George Whipple (A.B. 1900).[41] Physiology or Medicine, 1934.
  • Eric Wieschaus (Ph.D. 1974).[42] Physiology or Medicine, 1995.

Beyond these, Yale has graduated many Pulitzer Prize winners, actors, politicians, businessmen, activists, and scholars.

Notes

  1. Yale Alumni Magazine "Preparing for Yale's Fourth Century." Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  2. The Harvard Crimson "I'm Gonna Git YOU Sukka: Classic Stories of Revenge at Harvard." Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  3. [http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_057300_matherincrea.htm Increase Mather, in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  4. Vassar Encyclopedia A History of the Curriculum 1865-1970s Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  5. Yale Bulletin and Calendar "Transformations brought about by Yale women." Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  6. Yale Alumni Magazine: "The Birth of a New Institution." Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  7. Yale University "Some Facts & Statistics About Yale University." Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  8. Assorted pictures of Yale's campus. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  9. About the Yale Art Gallery. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  10. Yale Herald: "Donor steps up to fund CCL renovations." Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  11. Vanderbilt Hall Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  12. Phelps Hall.
  13. Silliman College Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  14. Beinecke Rare Book Library "About the Library Building." Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  15. Assorted pictures of Ezra Stiles College. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  16. [1] Retrieved July 11, 2008.
  17. [2] Retrieved July 11, 2008.
  18. Yale Daily News "Study on expansion accelerates." Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  19. Yale Herald "House of Payne gets ready for the new millennium." Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  20. Bladderball: 30 years of zany antics, dangerous fun Yale Daily News February 28, 2001. Retrieved December 29, 2007.
  21. Mark Alden Branch "Yale's Tallest Tales" Yale Alumni Magazine (March 1998).
  22. Yale Alumni Magazine "Who's Teaching Whom?" Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  23. Yale University "Yale Facts." Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  24. Yale College's frequently asked questions. Retrieved April 7, 2007.
  25. YaleSlavery.org "Yale, Slavery and Abolition." Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  26. "George Akerlof Wins Nobel Prize in Economics" Campus News at the University of California, Berkeley 10/10/01. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  27. "Nobel Laureate Raymond Davis Dies"Brookhaven National Laboratory press release, June 1, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  28. Nobel Prize biography of Enders Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  29. Yale Engineering profile of Fenn Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  30. National Institutes of Health press release on Fenn.
  31. Nobel Prize profile of Gell-Mann Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  32. Gilman Encyclopedia Britannica.
  33. Nobel Prize profile of Lawrence Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  34. Who Was Ernest O. Lawrence? Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  35. Nobel Prize profile of Lederberg Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  36. "Robert Richardson and David Lee win Nobel Prize in physics" Press release from Cornell University October 10, 1996. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  37. Lewis Encyclopedia Britannica.
  38. Nobel Prize profile of Onsager Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  39. Nobel Prize profile of Richards Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  40. Nobel Prize profile of Vickrey Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  41. Nobel Prize profile of Whipple Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  42. Wieschaus Encyclopedia Britannica.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Bagg, Lyman H. Four Years at Yale. New Haven, 1891.
  • Camp, Walter and L. S. Welch, Yale: Her Campus, Classrooms and Athletics. Boston, MA, 1899.
  • Dana, Arnold G. Yale Old and New, 78 vols. personal scrapbook, 1942.
  • Deming, Clarence Yale Yesterdays. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1915.
  • Dexter, Franklin B. Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Yale: Yale College with Annals of the College History. 6 vols. New York, 1885–1912.
  • French, Robert Dudley. The Memorial Quadrangle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1929.
  • Furniss, Edgar S. The Graduate School of Yale. New Haven, 1965.
  • Gilpin, Toni, Gary Isaac, Dan Letwin, and Jack McKivigan, On Strike For Respect. University of Illinois Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0252064548
  • Holden, Reuben A. Yale: A Pictorial History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1967. ISBN 978-0300005653
  • Kingsley, William L. Yale College. A Sketch of its History. 2 vols. New York, 1879.
  • Millegan, Kris, ed., Fleshing Out Skull & Bones. TrineDay, 2003. ISBN 0975290606
  • Nelson, Cary, ed., Will Teach for Food: Academic Labor in Crisis. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0816630349
  • Oren, Dan A. Joining the Club: A History of Jews and Yale. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0300084689
  • Oviatt, Edwin. The Beginnings of Yale (1701–1726). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1916.
  • Pierson, George Wilson. Yale College, An Educational History (1871–1921). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1952.
  • Pierson, George Wilson. The Founding of Yale: The Legend of the Forty Folios. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0300042528
  • Pinnell, Patrick L. The Campus Guide: Yale University. Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 1999. ISBN 978-1568981673
  • Robbins, Alexandra, Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power. Boston: Little Brown & Co., 2002; ISBN 0316735612
  • Stokes, Anson Phelps. Memorials of Eminent Yale Men. 2 vols. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1914.
  • Yale University Press. Yale, The University College (1921–1937). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1955.

External links

All links retrieved May 22, 2023.


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