Wilhelm Reich

Wilhelm Reich (March 24, 1897 – November 3, 1957) was an Austrian-American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst.

Reich was a respected analyst for much of his life, focusing on character structure, rather than on individual neurotic symptoms. He promoted adolescent sexuality, the availability of contraceptives and abortion, and the importance for women of economic independence. Reich's work influenced thinkers such as Alexander Lowen, Fritz Perls, Paul Goodman, Saul Bellow, Norman Mailer, and William Burroughs. He had a demonstrated ability to synthesize material from psychoanalysis, cultural anthropology, economics, sociology, and ethics.

Reich became a controversial figure for his studies on the link between human sexuality and neuroses, emphasizing "orgastic potency" as the foremost criterion for psycho-physical health. He said he had discovered a form of energy that permeated the atmosphere and all living matter, which he called "orgone." He built boxes called "orgone accumulators," which patients could sit inside, and which were intended to harness the energy for what he believed were its health benefits. It was this work, in particular, that cemented the rift between Reich and the psychiatric establishment.

Life

Reich was born in 1897 to Leon Reich, a prosperous farmer, and Cecilia Roniger, in Dobrzanica, a village in Galicia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Three years after his birth, the couple had a second son, Robert.

His father was by all accounts strict, cold, and jealous. He was Jewish, but Reich was later at pains to point out that his father had moved away from Judaism and had not raised his children as Jews; Reich wasn't allowed to play with Yiddish-speaking children, and as an adult did not want to be described as Jewish.

Shortly after his birth, the family moved south to a farm in Jujinetz, near Chernivtsi, Bukovina, where Reich's father took control of a cattle farm owned by his mother's family. Reich attributed his later interest in the study of sex and the biological basis of the emotions to his upbringing on the farm where, as he later put it, the "natural life functions" were never hidden from him.

He was taught at home until he was 12, when his mother committed suicide by drinking a cheap household cleaner after being discovered having an affair with Reich's tutor, who lived with the family. I He wrote that his "joy of life [was] shattered, torn apart from [his] inmost being for the rest of [his] life!"

Torn between the desire to tell his father and the wish to protect his mother from his father's revenge, he later blamed himself for what happened, waking in the night overwhelmed by the idea that he had killed her. Her death was particularly brutal because of the method she chose, which left her in great pain for days before she died. The tutor was sent away, and Reich was left without his mother or his teacher, and with a powerful sense of guilt.

He was sent to the all-male Czernowitz gymnasium, excelling at Latin, Greek, and the natural sciences.

Reich's father was "completely broken" by his wife's suicide. In or around 1914, he took out a life insurance policy, then stood for hours in a cold pond, apparently fishing, but in fact intending to commit slow suicide, according to Reich and his brother Robert. He contracted pneumonia and then tuberculosis, and died in 1914 as a result of his illness; despite his insurance policy, no money was forthcoming.

Reich managed the farm and continued with his studies, graduating in 1915 mit Stimmeneinhelligkeit (unanimous approval). In the summer of 1915, the Russians invaded Bukovina and the Reich brothers fled to Vienna, losing everything. In his Passion of Youth, Reich wrote: "I never saw either my homeland or my possessions again. Of a well-to-do past, nothing was left." ^{[citation needed]}

Sigmund Freud and Reich met in 1919 when Reich needed literature for a sexology seminar.

Reich joined the Austrian Army after school, serving from 1915-18, for the last two years as a lieutenant.

In 1918, when the war ended, he entered the medical school at the University of Vienna. As an undergraduate, he was drawn to the work of Sigmund Freud; the men first met in 1919 when Reich visited Freud to obtain literature for a seminar on sexology. Freud left a strong impression on Reich. Freud allowed him to start seeing analytic patients as early as 1920. Reich was accepted as a guest member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Association in the summer of 1920, and became a regular member in October 1920, at the age of 23. Reich's brilliance as an analyst and author of numerous important articles on psychoanalysis caused Freud to select him as a first assistant physician when Freud organized the Psychoanalytic-Polyclinic in Vienna in 1922.

He was allowed to complete his six-year medical degree in four years because he was a war veteran, and received his M.D. in July 1922.

In March 1938, Hitler annexed Austria. Reich was living in Germany when Adolf Hitler came to power. Labeled a communist Jew by the Nazis, he fled to Scandinavia in 1934 and subsequently to the United States in 1939. Reich's ex-wife and daughters had already left for the U.S., and Reich joined them in August 1939. He settled in Forest Hills, Long Island, and in 1946, married Ilse Ollendorf, with whom he had a son, Peter.

Reich died in his sleep of heart failure on November 3, 1957 in the federal penitentiary in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.

His work

Early career

He worked in internal medicine at University Hospital, Vienna, and studied neuropsychiatry from 1922-24 at the Neurological and Psychiatric Clinic under Professor Wagner-Jauregg, who won the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1927.

In 1922, he set up private practice as a psychoanalyst, and became a clinical assistant, and later deputy director, at Freud's Psychoanalytic Polyclinic. He joined the faculty of the Psychoanalytic Institute in Vienna in 1924, and conducted research into the social causes of neurosis. It was at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Association that Reich met Annie Pink, a patient of his and later an analyst herself. They married and had two daughters, Eva in 1924 and Lore in 1928. The couple separated in 1933, leaving the children with their mother. Reich's second wife, Elsa Lindenburg, was trained in Laban movement analysis, and was a pupil of Elsa Gindler, who had started to develop a system of breathing and somatic responsiveness named Arbeit am Menschen in 1910. It's likely through his second wife's exposure to these notions that Reich got the idea to get the body directly involved in therapy^{[citation needed]}. Reich first presented the principles of his vegetotherapy in a paper on "Psychic contact and vegetative current" in August 1934 at the 13th International Congress of Psychoanalysis at Lucerne, Switzerland, and went on to develop the technique between 1935 and 1940.

Reich developed a theory that the ability to feel sexual love depended on a physical ability to make love with what he called "orgastic potency." He attempted to measure the male orgasm, noting that four distinct phases occurred physiologically: first, the psychosexual build-up or tension; second, the tumescence of the penis, with an accompanying "charge," which Reich measured electrically; third, an electrical discharge at the moment of orgasm; and fourth, the relaxation of the penis. He believed the force that he measured was a distinct type of energy present in all life forms and later called it "orgone."

He was a prolific writer for psychoanalytic journals in Europe. Originally, psychoanalysis was focused on the treatment of neurotic symptoms. Reich's Character Analysis was a major step in the development of what today would be called "ego psychology." In Reich's view, a person's entire character, not only individual symptoms, could be looked at and treated as a neurotic phenomenon. The book also introduced Reich's theory of "body armoring." He argued that unreleased psychosexual energy could produce actual physical blocks within muscles and organs, and that these act as a "body armor," preventing the release of the energy. An orgasm was one way to break through the armor. These ideas developed into a general theory of the importance of a healthy sex life to overall well-being, a theory compatible with Freud's views.

Reich agreed with Freud that sexual development was the origin of mental disorder. They both believed that most psychological states were dictated by unconscious processes; that infant sexuality develops early but is repressed, and that this has important consequences for mental health. At that time a Marxist, Reich argued that the source of sexual repression was bourgeois morality and the socio-economic structures that produced it. As sexual repression was the cause of the neuroses, the best cure would be to have an active, guilt-free sex life. He argued that such a liberation could come about only through a morality not imposed by a repressive economic structure. In 1928, he joined the Austrian Communist Party and founded the Socialist Association for Sexual Counselling and Research, which organized counseling centers for workers — in contrast to Freud, who was perceived as treating only the bourgeoisie.

Reich employed an unusual therapeutic method. He used touch to accompany the talking cure, taking an active role in sessions, feeling his patients' chests to check their breathing, repositioning their bodies, and sometimes requiring them to remove their clothes, so that men were treated wearing shorts and women in bra and panties. These methods caused a split between Reich and the rest of the psychoanalytic community.

In 1930, he moved his practice to Berlin and joined the Communist Party of Germany. His best-known book, The Sexual Revolution, was published at this time in Vienna. Advocating free contraceptives and abortion on demand, he again set up clinics in working-class areas and taught sex education, but became too outspoken even for the communists, and eventually, after his book The Mass Psychology of Fascism was published, he was expelled from the party in 1933.

In this book, Reich categorized fascism as a symptom of sexual repression. The book was banned by the Nazis when they came to power. He realized he was in danger and hurriedly left Germany disguised as a tourist on a ski trip to Austria. Reich was expelled from the International Psychological Association in 1934 for political militancy. He spent some years in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, before leaving for the United States in 1939.

The bion experiments

From 1934-37, based for most of the period in Oslo, Reich conducted experiments seeking the origins of life.

He examined protozoa, single-celled creatures with nuclei. He grew cultured vesicles using grass, sand, iron, and animal tissue, boiling them, and adding potassium and gelatin. Having heated the materials to incandescence with a heat-torch, he noted bright, glowing, blue vesicles, which, he said, could be cultured, and which gave off an observable radiant energy. This he called "orgone." He named the vesicles "bions" and believed they were a rudimentary form of life, or halfway between life and non-life. ^{[citation needed]}

When he poured the cooled mixture onto growth media, bacteria were born. Based on various control experiments, Reich dismissed the idea that the bacteria were already present in the air, or in the other materials used. Reich's The Bion Experiments on the Origin of Life was published in Oslo in 1938, leading to attacks in the press that he was a "Jew pornographer" who was daring to meddle with the origins of life.

T-bacilli

In 1936, in Beyond Psychology, Reich wrote that "[s]ince everything is antithetically arranged, there must be two different types of single-celled organisms: (a) life-destroying organisms or organisms that form through organic decay, (b) life-promoting organisms that form from inorganic material that comes to life." This idea of spontaneous generation led him to believe he had found the cause of cancer. He called the life-destroying organisms "T-bacilli," with the T standing for Tod, German for death. He described in The Cancer Biopathy how he had found them in a culture of rotting cancerous tissue obtained from a local hospital. He wrote that T-bacilli were formed from the disintegration of protein; they were 0.2 to 0.5 micrometer in length, shaped like lancets, and when injected into mice, they caused inflammation and cancer. He concluded that, when orgone energy diminishes in cells through aging or injury, the cells undergo "bionous degeneration" or death. At some point, the deadly T-bacilli start to form in the cells. Death from cancer, he believed, was caused by an overwhelming growth of the T-bacilli.

Orgone accumulators and cloudbusters

In 1940, Reich built boxes called orgone accumulators to concentrate atmospheric orgone energy; some were for lab animals, and some were large enough for a human being to sit inside. Reich said orgone was the "primordial cosmic energy," blue in color, which he claimed was omnipresent and responsible for such things as weather, the color of the sky, gravity, the formation of He believed that sitting inside the box might provide a treatment for cancer and other illnesses. Based on experiments with the orgone accumulator, he argued that orgone energy was a negatively-entropic force in nature which was responsible for concentrating and organizing matter.

Reich posited a conjugate, life-annulling energy in opposition to orgone, which he dubbed Deadly Orgone or DOR. Reich claimed that accumulations of DOR played a role in desertification and designed a "cloudbuster" with which he said he could manipulate streams of orgone energy in the atmosphere to induce rain by forcing clouds to form and disperse.

According to Reich's theory, illness was primarily caused by depletion or blockages of the orgone energy within the body. He conducted clinical tests of the orgone accumulator on people suffering from a variety of illnesses. The patient would sit within the accumulator and absorb the "concentrated orgone energy." He built smaller, more portable accumulator-blankets of the same layered construction for application to parts of the body. The effects observed were claimed to boost the immune system, even to the point of destroying certain types of tumors, though Reich was hesitant to claim this constituted a "cure." The orgone accumulator was also tested on mice with cancer, and on plant-growth, the results convincing Reich that the benefits of orgone therapy could not be attributed to a placebo effect. He had, he believed, developed a grand unified theory of physical and mental health.

Orgone experiment with Einstein

Reich discussed orgone accumulators with Albert Einstein in 1941.

On December 30, 1940, Reich wrote to Albert Einstein saying he had a scientific discovery he wanted to discuss, and on January 13, 1941 went to visit Einstein in Princeton. They talked for five hours, and Einstein agreed to test an orgone accumulator, which Reich had constructed out of a Faraday cage made of galvanized steel and insulated by wood and paper on the outside. Einstein agreed that if, as Reich suggested, an object's temperature could be raised without an apparent heating source, it would be "a bomb" in physics. This heating effect would be an amazing result since it would allow the construction of a perpetual motion machine, which would violate the laws of thermodynamics.

Reich supplied Einstein with a small accumulator during their second meeting, and Einstein performed the experiment in his basement, which involved taking the temperature atop, inside, and near the device. He also stripped the device down to its Faraday cage to compare temperatures. In his attempt to replicate Reich's findings, Einstein observed a rise in temperature , which according to Reich was the result of a novel form of energy—orgone energy—that had accumulated inside the Faraday cage . However, one of Einstein's assistants pointed out that the temperature was lower at the floor than that on the ceiling. Following that remark, Einstein modified the experiment and, as a result, convinced himself that the effect was simply due to the temperature gradient inside the room. He then wrote back to Reich, describing his experiments and expressing the hope that Reich would develop a more skeptical approach .

Reich responded with a 25-page letter to Einstein, expressing concern that "convection from the ceiling" would join "air germs" and "Brownian movement" to explain away new findings, according to Reich's biographer, Myron Sharaf. Sharaf writes that Einstein conducted some more experiments, but then regarded the matter as "completely solved."

The correspondence between Reich and Einstein was published by Reich's press as The Einstein Affair in 1953, possibly without Einstein's permission.

Controversy

In 1947, following a series of critical articles about orgone in The New Republic and Harper's, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began an investigation into his claims, and won an injunction against the interstate sale of orgone accumulators. Charged with contempt of court for violating the injunction, Reich conducted his own defense, which involved sending the judge all his books to read. He was sentenced to two years in prison, and in August 1956, several tons of his publications were burned by the FDA. He died of heart failure in jail just over a year later, days before he was due to apply for parole.

Legacy

New research journals devoted to Reich's work began to appear in the 1960s. Physicians and natural scientists with an interest in Reich organized small study groups and institutes, and new research efforts were undertaken. James DeMeo undertook research at the University of Kansas into Reich's atmospheric theories. A later study by DeMeo subjected Reich's sex-economic theory to cross-cultural evaluations., later included in DeMeo's opus magnum Saharasia.

Reich's orgone research has not found an open reception; the mainstream scientific community remains largely uninterested in, and at times hostile to, his ideas. There is some use of orgone accumulator therapy by psychotherapists in Europe, particularly in Germany. A double-blind, controlled study of the psychological and physical effects of the orgone accumulator was carried out by Stefan Müschenich and Rainer Gebauer at the University of Marburg and appeared to validate some of Reich's claims. The study was later reproduced by Günter Hebenstreit at the University of Vienna. William Steig, Robert Anton Wilson, Norman Mailer, William S. Burroughs, Jerome D. Salinger and Orson Bean have all undergone Reich's orgone therapy.

Reich's influence is felt in modern psychotherapy. He was a pioneer of body psychotherapy and several emotions-based psychotherapies, influencing Fritz Perls' Gestalt therapy and Arthur Janov's primal therapy. See also Neo-Reichian massage. His pupil Alexander Lowen, the founder of bioenergetic analysis, Charles Kelley, the founder of Radix therapy, and James DeMeo ensure that his research receives widespread attention. Many practising psychoanalysts give credence to his theory of character, as outlined in his book Character Analysis (1933, enlarged 1949). The American College of Orgonomy, founded by the late Elsworth Baker M.D., and the Institute for Orgonomic Science, led by Dr. Morton Herskowitz, still use Reich's original therapeutic methods.

Nearly all Reich's publications have been reprinted, apart from his research journals which are available as photocopies from the Wilhelm Reich Museum. The first editions are not available: Reich continuously amended his books throughout his life, and the owners of Reich's intellectual property actively forbid anything other than the latest revised versions to be reprinted. In the late 1960s, Farrar, Straus & Giroux republished Reich's major works. Reich's earlier books, particularly The Mass Psychology of Fascism, are regarded as historically valuable.

Reich in popular culture

Reich's life and work continue to influence popular culture, with references to orgone and cloudbusting found in songs by Clutch, Hawkwind, Pop Will Eat Itself, Turbonegro and Patti Smith ("Birdland" on "Horses").

Kate Bush's song "Cloudbusting" and video (directed by Julian Doyle, conceived by Terry Gilliam and Kate Bush) describe Reich's arrest and incarceration through the eyes of Reich's son, Peter, who wrote his father's story in A Book of Dreams, published in 1973.

The philosopher and science fiction author Robert Anton Wilson wrote a play, Wilhelm Reich in Hell, based on his life. A film about Reich's teachings called W.R.: Mysteries of the Organism was made in 1971 by Yugoslavian director Dušan Makavejev. Reich appeared in 2000 as the superhero "Orgone Lad," a member of the League of Infinity in Supreme by Alan Moore. Quotes from Wilhelm Reich adorn the liner notes to Generic, an album by the San Francisco punk group Flipper.

Reich's work was an influential progenitor of many forms of bodywork prevalent today. One form of voice coaching, Fitzmaurice Voicework, was heavily influenced by Reich's work.

Major Works

German-language books

• Der triebhafte Charakter : Eine psychoanalytische Studie zur Pathologie des Ich, 1925
• Die Funktion des Orgasmus : Zur Psychopathologie und zur Soziologie des Geschlechtslebens, 1927
• Dialektischer Materialismus und Psychoanalyse, 1929
• Geschlechtsreife, Enthaltsamkeit, Ehemoral : Eine Kritik der bürgerlichen Sexualreform, 1930
• Der Einbruch der Sexualmoral : Zur Geschichte der sexuellen Ökonomie, 1932
• Charakteranalyse : Technik und Grundlagen für studierende und praktizierende Analytiker, 1933
• Massenpsychologie des Faschismus, 1933 (original Marxist edition, banned by the Nazis and the Communists)
• Was ist Klassenbewußtsein? : Über die Neuformierung der Arbeiterbewegung, 1934
• Psychischer Kontakt und vegetative Strömung, 1935
• Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf : Zur sozialistischen Umstrukturierung des Menschen, 1936
• Die Bione : Zur Entstehung des vegetativen Lebens, 1938

English-language books

• American Odyssey:Letters and Journals 1940-1947 (posthumous)
• Beyond Psychology:Letters and Journals 1934-1939 (posthumous)
• The Bioelectrical Investigation of Sexuality and Anxiety
• The Bion Experiments: On the Origins of Life
• Function of the Orgasm
• The Cancer Biopathy (1948)
• Character Analysis (translation of the enlarged version of Charakteranalyse from 1933)
• Children of the Future: On the Prevention of Sexual Pathology
• Contact With Space: Oranur Second Report (1957)
• Cosmic Superimposition: Man's Orgonotic Roots in Nature (1951)
• Early Writings

• "Concerning Specific Forms of Masturbation" (essay)

• Ether, God and Devil (1949)
• Genitality in the Theory and Therapy of Neuroses (translation of the original, unrevised version of Die Funktion des Orgasmus from 1927)
• The Invasion of Compulsory Sex-Morality (translation of the revised and enlarged version of Der Eindruch der Sexualmoral from 1932)
• Listen, Little Man! (1948)
• Mass Psychology of Fascism (translation of the revised and enlarged version of Massenpsychologie des Faschismus from 1933)
• The Murder of Christ (1953)
• The Oranur Experiment
• The Orgone Energy Accumulator, Its Scientific and Medical Use (1948)
• Passion of Youth: An Autobiography, 1897-1922 (posthumous)
• People in Trouble (1953)
• Record of a Friendship: The Correspondence of Wilhelm Reich and A.S. Neill (1936-1957)
• Reich Speaks of Freud (Interview by Kurt R. Eissler, letters, documents)
• Selected Writings: An Introduction to Orgonomy
• Sexpol. Essays 1929-1934 (ed. Lee Baxandall)
• The Sexual Revolution (translation of Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf from 1936)
• The Einstein Affair (1953)

Bibliography

• Baker, Elsworth F. Man In The Trap, Macmillan, NY, 1967.
• Bean, Orson. Me And The Orgone, St. Martin's Press, NY, 1971.
• Boadella, David. Wilhelm Reich, The Evolution Of His Work, Henry Regnery, Chicago, 1973.
• Boadella, David. (Ed.): In The Wake Of Reich, Coventure, London, 1976.
• Brady, Mildred Edie. "The Strange Case of Wilhelm Reich," New Republic, May 26, 1947
• Brady, Mildred Edie. "The New Cult of Sex and Anarchy," Harper's, April 1947.
• Cantwell, Alan. "Dr. Wilhelm Reich: Scientific Genius or Medical Madman New Dawn Magazine, May-June 2004
• Corrington, Robert S. Wilhelm Reich: Psychoanalyst and Radical Naturalist, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, NY, 2003
• DeMeo, James. The Orgone Accumulator Handbook: Construction Plans, Experimental Use and Protection Against Toxic Energy, Natural Energy Works, Ashland, Oregon 1989.
• DeMeo, James. (Ed.) "On Wilhelm Reich And Orgonomy" (Pulse of the Planet #4), Natural Energy Works, Ashland, Oregon 1993.
• DeMeo, James. "Saharasia: The 4000 B.C.E. Origins of Child-Abuse, Sex-Repression, Warfare and Social Violence, In the Deserts of the Old World", Natural Energy Works, Ashland, Oregon 1998.
• DeMeo, James & Senf, Bernd. (Eds.) Nach Reich: Neue Forschungen zur Orgonomie: Sexualokonomie, Die Entdeckung Der Orgonenergie (After Reich: New Research in Orgonomy: Sex-Economy, Discovery of the Orgone Energy), Zweitausendeins Verlag, Frankfurt, 1998.
• DeMeo, James. (Ed.) "Heretic's Notebook: Emotions, Protocells, Ether-Drift and Cosmic Life Energy, With New Research Supporting Wilhelm Reich", Natural Energy Works, Ashland, Oregon 2002.
• Greenfield, Jerome. Wilhelm Reich Vs. The USA, W.W. Norton, NY, 1974.
• Guillon, Claude. Pour en finir avec Reich, Alternative diffusion, 1978.
• Herskowitz, Morton. Emotional Armoring: An Introduction to Psychiatric Orgone Therapy, Transactions Press, NY 1998.
• Kendrick, William. "The Analyst as Outsider", a review of Myron Sharaf's Fury on Earth: A Biography of Wilhelm Reich, The New York Times, April 3, 1983.
• Laska, Bernd A.: Sigmund Freud contra Wilhelm Reich Auszug aus Laska, Bernd A. Wilhelm Reich. Bildmonographie. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1981, 1999
• Mann, Edward: Orgone. Reich And Eros: Wilhelm Reich's Theory Of The Life Energy, Simon & Schuster, NY, 1973.
• Mann, Edward & Hoffman, Ed. The Man Who Dreamed Of Tomorrow: A Conceptual Biography Of Wilhelm Reich, J.P. Tarcher, 1980.
• Martin, Jim. Wilhelm Reich and the Cold War, Flatland Books, Mendocino, CA, 2000.
• Meyerowitz, Jacob. Before the Beginning of Time, rRp Publishers, Easton, PA 1994.
• Norris, Lance. "Cloudhopping", Dutchco International, 2007
• Ollendorff, Ilse. Wilhelm Reich: A Personal Biography, St. Martin's Press, NY, 1969.
• Raknes, Ola. Wilhelm Reich And Orgonomy, St. Martin's Press, NY, 1970; Penguin, Baltimore, 1970.
• Reich, Peter. A Book Of Dreams, Harper & Row, NY, 1973.
• Ritter, Paul, Ed. Wilhelm Reich Memorial Volume, Ritter Press, Nottingham, England, 1958.
• Senf, Bernd. Die Wiederentdeckung des Lebendigen (The Rediscovery of the Living), Zweitausendeins Verlag, Frankfurt, 1996.
• Wilson, Robert Anton. Wilhelm Reich in Hell, Aires Press, 1998.
• Wyckoff, James. Wilhelm Reich: Life Force Explorer, Fawcett, Greenwich, CT, 1973.

The Einstein experiments

• Aspden, H (2001) "Gravity and its thermal anomaly: was the Reich-Einstein experiment evidence of energy inflow from the aether?," Infinite Energy, 41:61.
• Bearden, T (2002) "Energy from the vacuum," Cheniere Press, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 333-337.
• Brian, Denis. Einstein: A Life, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996. ISBN 0-471-11459-6 Reich is discussed on pages 325-327, 382, 399.
• Clark, Ronald W. Einstein: The Life and Times, New York: Avon, 1971, ISBN 0-380-01159-X Reich is on pages 689-90 of the paperback edition.
• Correa, P & Correa, A (1998, 2001) "The thermal anomaly in ORACs and the Reich-Einstein experiment: implications for blackbody theory," Akronos Publishing, Concord, ON, Canada, ABRI monograph AS2-05.
• Correa PN & Correa AN (2001) "The reproducible thermal anomaly of the Reich-Einstein experiment under limit conditions," Infinite Energy, 37:12.
• Mallove, E (2001) "Breaking Through: A Bombshell in Science," Infinite Energy, 37:6.
• Mallove, E (2001) "Breaking Through: Aether Science and Technology," Infinite Energy, 39:6.
• Smyth, W.B. "50 Years after Albert Einstein: The Failure of the Unified Field", extracts from Gone Dark.

External links

• Los Orgones, Argentinian site of Orgonomy
• Bibliography on Orgonomy, a full listing of scholarly works on Wilhelm Reich
• Orgonon - The Wilhelm Reich Museum
• Aetherometry - The Science of Massfree Energy; encompasses experimental and theoretical crystallization of, and enlargement upon, Reich's work
• Orgone Biophysical Research Laboratory
• On-Line Bibliography on Orgonomy (Includes list of University Theses and Dissertations focused on Reich's work)
• PORE, Public Orgonomic Research Exchange (Includes a Biography (Timeline) of Wilhelm Reich and his Orgonomic Research)
• Reich's FBI File
• Skeptic's Dictionary: orgone energy, Wilhelm Reich
• Response to Martin Gardner's Attack on Reich and Orgone Research in the Skeptical Inquirer
• The American College of Orgonomy
• Scientific Reproduction of Reich's Biophysical Experiments
• A Skeptical Scrutiny of the Works and Theories of Wilhelm Reich
• Wilhelm Reich within the Project LSR ("orgone forgone")
• Listen, Little Man - Wilhelm Reich
• Marxism and Psychoanalysis: Notes on Wilhelm Reich's life and work
• Reference to Reich-Einstein correspondence in Oregon State University archives
• A "rain engineering" service offered by a Singaporean company based on Reich's work.
• Looking at the work of Reich, Naessens, Bechamp, Rife and Enderlein with regard to disease research
• Lyrics to "Joey" by Bob Dylan
• Rare photos of Reich in Russian site
• The Einstein Affair, Orgone Institute Press, 1953

• Biography of Wilhelm Reich at the Wilhelm Reich Museum, run by the Wilhelm Reich Infant Trust
• Wilhelm Reich Gesellschaft
• Wilhelm Reich Orgon Institut Deutschland
• Wilhelm Reich Akademie

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