Difference between revisions of "Tool" - New World Encyclopedia

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:''This article is about pieces of equipment used for mechanical tasks.''
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[[Image:Hammer2.jpg|right|thumb|A modern [[hammer]] is directly descended from ancient hand tools.]]
 
[[Image:Hammer2.jpg|right|thumb|A modern [[hammer]] is directly descended from ancient hand tools.]]
  
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One definition of a [[tool]] applicable to its common usage in mechanical engineering, is a device or a piece of equipment that typically provides a [[mechanical advantage]] in accomplishing a [[task]] or enables the accomplishment of a task not otherwise possible.  
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A '''tool''' may be defined as a device or piece of equipment that is used to facilitate or accomplish a mechanical task. A broader definition of a tool is an entity used to interface between two or more domains, to facilitate more effective action of one domain on the other.  
  
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A broader definition of a tool is an entity used to interface between two or more domains that facilitates more effective action of one domain upon the other. The most basic tools are [[simple machine]]s. For example, a [[crowbar (tool)|crowbar]] simply functions as a [[lever]]. The further out from the pivot point, the more force is transmitted along the lever. A hammer typically interfaces between the operator's hand and the nail the operator wishes to strike.  
+
The most basic tools are [[simple machine]]s. For example, a hammer typically interfaces between the operator's hand and the nail the operator wishes to strike. A saw interfaces between the carpenter and the piece of wood being cut. A [[crowbar (tool)|crowbar]] functions as a [[lever]]: when pressure is exerted farther away from the pivot point, greater force is transmitted along the lever. Also, in communications technology, a telephone (or the phone system) is a tool that allows communication between people. In computer science, a tool is a software program that may generate, modify, or analyze other programs.
  
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A telephone is a communication tool that interfaces between two people engaged in conversation at one level. And between each user and the communication network at another. It is in the domain of media and communications technology that a counterintuitive aspect of our relationships with our tools first began to gain popular recognition. Marshall McLuhan famously said "We shape our tools. And then our tools shape us." McLuhan was referring to the fact that our social practices co-evolve with our use of new tools and the refinements we make to existing tools.
+
== Some historical highlights ==
  
−
Tools that have evolved for use in particular domains can be given  different assignations. For example, tools designed for domestic use are often called ''utensils''.
+
Evidence of the manufacture and use of [[stone tool]]s dates back to the beginnings of the [[Stone Age]], although it is possible that earlier tools of less durable material may not have survived. Stone tools found in China have been dated (magnetostratigraphically) to approximately 1.36 million years ago. The transition from stone to metal tools roughly coincided with the development of [[metal]] smelting, [[agriculture]], and animal domestication around the fourth millennium B.C.E. Early metal tools were made of [[copper]] and then [[bronze]], followed by [[iron]].
  
−
Most [[anthropology|anthropologists]] believe that the use of tools was an important step in the [[Human evolution|evolution of mankind]].<ref name=lilley>Sam Lilley, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Cj0EAAAAMAAJ&q=tools+history&dq=tools+history&pgis=1 Men, Machines and History: The Story of Tools and Machines in Relation to Social Progress]'', 1948 Cobbett Press.</ref> Humans evolved an [[opposable thumb]] - useful in holding tools - and increased dramatically in intelligence, which aided in the use of tools.<ref>[http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookHumEvol.html Primates and Their Adaptations, 2001], M.J. Farabee. Retrieved on November 6, 2006.</ref>
+
The development of civilizations was intimately linked to the development of various types of tools. There was a major expansion in the invention and production of [[Mechanics|mechanical]] devices during the [[Middle Ages]], with the systematic employment of new energy sources, namely, water (in the form of [[waterwheel]]s) and wind (in the form of [[windmill]]s).
  
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== History ==
+
The production of new tools surged during the [[Industrial Revolution]], in the form of [[machine tool]]s. Advocates of [[nanotechnology]] expect a similar surge as tools become microscopic in size.<ref>David Whelan (2004), [http://www.forbes.com/2004/01/28/cx_dw_0129pollnanotechmidas04_xyz.html Nanotechnology: Big Potential In Tiny Particles] Forbes.com. Retrieved October 21, 2008.</ref><ref>Katrina C. Arabe (2004), [http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/archives/2004/03/will_this_tiny.html?t=archive Will this Tiny Science Usher in the Next Industrial Revolution?] ThomasNet. Retrieved October 21, 2008.</ref>
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<<CHECK ARTICLE ON [[History of technology]]>>
 
  
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Evidence of [[stone tool]] manufacture and use dates from the start of the [[Stone Age]], though it is possible that earlier tools of less durable material have not survived. Stone tools found in China magnetostratigraphically date back to approximately 1.36 million years ago. The transition from stone to metal tools roughly coincided with the development of [[agriculture]] around the 4th millennium B.C.E.
+
== Types of tools and their functions ==
 +
 
 +
* '''Cutting tools:''' Cutting tools are wedge-shaped implements that produce a [[Shear stress|shearing force]] along a narrow face. Examples are the [[knife|knives]], [[scythe]]s, [[sickle]]s, [[gouge]]s, and [[drill bit]]s. Ideally, the edge of the tool needs to be [[Hardness|harder]] than the material being cut, or else the blade will become dulled with repeated use. But even resilient tools require periodic [[sharpening]], which is the process of removing deformation wear from the edge.
 +
 
 +
* '''Moving tools:''' These are tools used to move things of varying sizes, ranging from tiny to huge. Concentrating force tools like the [[hammer]] moves a nail, and the [[maul]] moves a stake. They operate by applying [[physical compression]] to a surface. In the case of the [[screwdriver]], the force is sideways and called [[torque]]. [[Writing implements]] deliver a fluid to a surface via compression to activate the ink cartridge. Also grabbing and twisting nuts and blots with [[pliers]], a [[glove]], a [[wrench]], etc...) All these tools move items by some kind of force. Also [[Trucks]], [[Rockets]] and [[Planes]] move larger items.
 +
 
 +
* '''Tools that trigger chemical changes:''' They include [[lighter]]s, [[blowtorch]]es and [[solvent]] sprays. They may ignite materials, raise the [[temperature]], and lead to chemical changes.
  
−
[[Mechanics|Mechanical]] devices experienced a major expansion in their use in the [[Middle Ages]] with the systematic employment of new energy sources: water ([[waterwheel]]s) and wind ([[windmill]]s).
+
* '''Guiding and measuring tools:''' Examples are a [[straightedge]] (including the [[ruler]]), [[set square]], and [[theodolite]] (that measures horizontal and vertical angles).
  
−
[[Machine tool]]s occasioned a surge in producing new tools in the [[industrial revolution]]. Advocates of [[nanotechnology]] expect a similar surge as tools become microscopic in size.<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2004/01/28/cx_dw_0129pollnanotechmidas04_xyz.html Nanotechnology: Big Potential In Tiny Particles], David Whelan. Retrieved on November 6, 2006</ref><ref>[http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/archives/2004/03/will_this_tiny.html?t=archive Will this Tiny Science Usher in the Next Industrial Revolution?], Katrina C. Arabe. Retrieved on November 6, 2006</ref>
+
* '''Shaping tools:''' Examples of shaping tools include [[molds]], [[jigs]], [[trowels]], concrete [[formwork]], and [[caulk]].
  
−
== Types of tools and their functions ==
+
* '''Fastening tools:''' Examples of fastening tools are [[welder]]s, [[rivet gun]]s, [[nail gun]]s, and [[glue gun]]s.
 +
 
 +
=== Machine tools ===
  
−
* Cutting tools, such as the [[knife]], [[scythe]] or [[sickle]], are wedge-shaped implements that produce a [[Shear stress|shearing force]] along a narrow face. Ideally, the edge of the tool needs to be [[Hardness|harder]] than the material being cut or else the blade will become dulled with repeated use. But even resilient tools will require periodic [[sharpening]], which is the process of removing deformation wear from the edge. Also [[gouge|gouges]] and [[drill bit]]s.
+
A ''machine tool'' is a powered mechanical device, typically used to fabricate metal components of machines by [[machining]], which is the selective removal of metal. The term ''machine tool'' is usually reserved for a tool that uses a power source other than [[human]] effort, but it may also be powered by a person if appropriately set up. Examples of machine tools include [[Lathe (tool)|lathe]]s, [[Broach (metalwork)|broaching machine]]s, [[hobbing machine]]s, [[shaper]]s, [[Planer (metalworking)|planers]], [[Stewart platform]] mills, and [[grinding machine|grinder]]s.
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* Moving tools move huge and tiny things, e.g. concentrating force tools like the [[hammer]] moves a nail, the [[maul]] moves a stake, or a [[whip]] moves flesh on a horse. These operate by applying [[physical compression]] to a surface. In the case of the [[screwdriver]], the force is sideways and called [[torque]]. [[Writing implements]] deliver a fluid to a surface via compression to activate the ink cartridge. Also grabbing and twisting nuts and blots with [[pliers]], a [[glove]], a [[wrench]], etc...) All these tools move items by some kind of force. Also [[Trucks]], [[Rockets]] and [[Planes]] move larger items.
 
−
* Tools which enact chemical changes, including temperature and ignition, such as [[lighter]]s, [[blowtorch]]es and [[solvent]] sprays.
 
−
* Guiding and measuring tools include the [[ruler]], [[set square]], [[straightedge]] and [[theodolite]].
 
−
* Shaping tools, such as [[moulds]], [[jigs]], [[trowels]], concrete [[formwork]], [[caulk]], [[concrete]].
 
−
* Fastening tools, such as [[welder]]s, [[rivet gun]]s, [[nail gun]]s, [[glue gun]]s, [[glue]].  
 
  
 
=== Multi-use tools ===
 
=== Multi-use tools ===
−
* A [[Multitool]] is a hand tool that incorporates several tools into a single, portable device.
+
 
−
* [[Lineman's pliers]] incorporate a gripper and cutter, and are often used secondarily as a [[hammer]].
+
* A [[multitool]] is a hand tool that incorporates several tools in a single, portable device.
 +
 
 +
* [[Lineman's pliers]] incorporate a gripper and cutter, and may be used secondarily as a [[hammer]].
 +
 
 
* [[Hand saw]]s often incorporate the functionality of the [[carpenter's square]] in the right-angle between the blade's dull edge and the saw's handle.
 
* [[Hand saw]]s often incorporate the functionality of the [[carpenter's square]] in the right-angle between the blade's dull edge and the saw's handle.
−
+
 
−
=== Tool substitution ===
+
== Tool substitution ==
−
Often, by design or coincidence, a tool may share key functional attributes with one or more other tools. In this case, some tools can substitute for other tools, either as a make-shift solution or as a matter of practical efficiency. "One tool does it all" is a motto of some importance for workers who cannot practically carry every specialized tool to the location of every work task. Tool substitution may be divided broadly into two classes: substitution "by-design," or "multi-purpose" use, and substitution as make-shift. In many cases, the designed secondary functions of tools are not widely known. As an example of the former, many wood-cutting [[hand saws]] integrate a [[carpenter's square]] by incorporating a specially shaped handle which allows 90° and 45° angles to be marked by aligning the appropriate part of the handle with an edge and scribing along the back edge of the saw. The latter is illustrated by the saying "All tools can be used as hammers." Nearly all tools can be re purposed to function as a hammer, even though very few tools are intentionally designed for it.
+
 
 +
Often, by design or coincidence, a tool may share key functional attributes with one or more other tools. In this case, some tools can substitute for other tools, either as a make-shift solution or as a matter of practical efficiency. "One tool does it all" is a motto of some importance for workers who cannot practically carry every specialized tool to the location of every work task.
 +
 
 +
Tool substitution may be divided broadly into two classes: substitution "by design" (or "multi-purpose" use) and substitution as "make-shift." In many cases, the designed secondary functions of tools are not widely known. As an example of the former, many wood-cutting [[hand saws]] integrate a [[carpenter's square]] by incorporating a specially shaped handle that allows 90° and 45° angles to be marked by aligning the appropriate part of the handle with an edge and scribing along the back edge of the saw. The latter is illustrated by the saying "All tools can be used as hammers." Many tools may be used as hammers, even though few tools are intentionally designed for that purpose.
  
 
== Safety ==
 
== Safety ==
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Protective gear is recommended for people who use tools. [[Personal protective equipment]] includes such items as [[glove]]s, [[safety glasses]], [[ear defender]]s, and [[biohazard]] suits. These items themselves are not considered tools, because they do not directly help perform work but they protect the worker from injury.
 
Protective gear is recommended for people who use tools. [[Personal protective equipment]] includes such items as [[glove]]s, [[safety glasses]], [[ear defender]]s, and [[biohazard]] suits. These items themselves are not considered tools, because they do not directly help perform work but they protect the worker from injury.
  
−
== Use of tools by other species ==
+
== Development of human civilization ==
 +
 
 +
Most [[anthropology|anthropologists]] believe that the use of tools was an important step in the development of human civilization.<ref name=lilley>Sam Lilley, ''Men, Machines and History; The Story of Tools and Machines in Relation to Social Progress'' (New York: International Publishers, 1966, OCLC 504396).</ref> Humans have an [[opposable thumb]]&mdash;useful in holding tools&mdash;and increased dramatically in intelligence, which aided in the use of tools.<ref>M.J. Farabee (2001), [http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookHumEvol.html Human Evolution: Primates and Their Adaptations] Retrieved October 21, 2008.</ref>
 +
 
 +
It is in the domain of media and communications technology that a counter-intuitive aspect of our relationships with our tools first began to gain popular recognition. Marshall McLuhan famously said "We shape our tools. And then our tools shape us." McLuhan was referring to the fact that our social practices adapt with our use of new tools and the refinements we make to existing tools.
 +
 
 +
== Philosophical implications ==
 +
 
 +
Philosophers once thought that only humans had the ability to make and use tools. It has, however, been observed that various other species can use tools, including [[monkey]]s, [[ape]]s, [[sea otter]]s, and several types of [[bird]]s. In addition, zoologists have reported that some birds and monkeys can make tools.<ref>William H. Calvin (1991), [http://williamcalvin.com/bk2/bk2ch3.htm Woman, the Toolmaker?] In ''The Throwing Madonna: Essays on the Brain''. Bantam. Retrieved October 21, 2008.</ref><ref> Chimp Minds Scientific American Frontiers, Program #1504. Transcript at PBS.org, Airdate Feb. 9, 2005. </ref><ref>[http://www.rollinghillswildlife.com/animals/c/chimpanzee/ Chimpanzee] Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure. Retrieved October 21, 2008.</ref>
  
−
Observation has confirmed that various species can use tools, including [[monkey]]s, [[ape]]s, several [[bird]]s, [[sea otter]]s, and others. Philosophers once thought that only humans had the ability to ''make'' tools, until [[zoologist]]s observed birds<ref>[http://users.ox.ac.uk/~kgroup/diameter_select.pdf Selection of tool diameter by New Caledonian crows ''Corvus moneduloides''], Jackie Chappell and Alex Kacelnik November 29, 2003</ref> and monkeys<ref>[http://williamcalvin.com/bk2/bk2ch3.htm The Throwing Madonna: Essays on the Brain], William H. Calvin</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/saf/1504/resources/transcript.htm Scientific American Frontiers, Program #1504 "Chimp Minds"] transcript PBS.org Airdate [[Feb 9]], 2005</ref><ref>[http://www.rollinghillswildlife.com/animals/c/chimpanzee/ Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure: Chimpanzee]</ref> making tools. Now humans' unique relationship to tools is considered to be that we are the only species that uses tools to make ''other'' tools.
+
Many now think that the unique relationship between humans and tools is that we are the only species that uses tools to make other tools.
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==
  
 +
* [[Force]]
 +
* [[Industrial Revolution]]
 
* [[Lever]]
 
* [[Lever]]
 +
* [[Machine]]
 +
* [[Mechanical work]]
  
 
== Notes ==
 
== Notes ==
Line 55: Line 75:
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
  
−
* Dodds, Steve. 2005. ''Tools: A Tool-by-Tool Guide to Choosing and Using 150 Home Essentials.'' Richmond Hill, Ont: Firefly. ISBN 978-1554070602.
+
* Dodds, Steve. 2005. ''Tools: A Tool-by-Tool Guide to Choosing and Using 150 Home Essentials.'' Richmond Hill, Ont: Firefly. ISBN 978-1554070602
−
 
+
* Ettlinger, Steve. 2002. ''The Complete Illustrated Guide to Everything Sold in Hardware Stores and Garden Centers (Except the Plants).'' Philadelphia, PA: Courage Books. ISBN 0762414936
−
* Ettlinger, Steve. 2002. ''The Complete Illustrated Guide to Everything Sold in Hardware Stores and Garden Centers (Except the Plants).'' Philadelphia, PA: Courage Books. ISBN 0762414936.
+
* Krar, Stephen F., Arthur Gill, and Peter Smid. 2005. ''Technology of Machine Tools'', 6th ed. Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0078307228
−
 
+
* Miller, Rex, and Mark R. Miller. 2004. ''Audel Machine Shop Tools and Operations'', 5th ed. The Audel Machinist's Library. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Pub. ISBN 0764555278
−
* Krar, Stephen F., Arthur Gill, and Peter Smid. 2005. ''Technology of Machine Tools.'' 6th ed. Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0078307228.
+
* Nagyszalanczy, Sandor. 2003. ''The Homeowner's Ultimate Tool Guide: Choosing the Right Tool for Every Home Improvement Job.'' Newtown, CT: Taunton Press. ISBN 1561585823
−
 
+
* Rae, Andy. 2002. ''Choosing & Using Hand Tools.'' New York: Lark Books. ISBN 1600592740
−
* Miller, Rex, and Mark R. Miller. 2004. ''Audel Machine Shop Tools and Operations.'' 5th ed. The Audel Machinist's Library. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Pub. ISBN 0764555278.
 
−
 
 
−
* Nagyszalanczy, Sandor. 2003. ''The Homeowner's Ultimate Tool Guide: Choosing the Right Tool for Every Home Improvement Job.'' Newtown, CT: Taunton Press. ISBN 1561585823.
 
−
 
 
−
* Rae, Andy. 2002. ''Choosing & Using Hand Tools.'' New York: Lark Books. ISBN 1600592740.
 
  
 
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[[Category:Technology]]
 
[[Category:Technology]]
  
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{{credit|235958287}}
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{{credits|Tool|235958287|Machine_tool|243945376}}

Latest revision as of 17:21, 18 April 2023

A modern hammer is directly descended from ancient hand tools.

A tool may be defined as a device or piece of equipment that is used to facilitate or accomplish a mechanical task. A broader definition of a tool is an entity used to interface between two or more domains, to facilitate more effective action of one domain on the other.

The most basic tools are simple machines. For example, a hammer typically interfaces between the operator's hand and the nail the operator wishes to strike. A saw interfaces between the carpenter and the piece of wood being cut. A crowbar functions as a lever: when pressure is exerted farther away from the pivot point, greater force is transmitted along the lever. Also, in communications technology, a telephone (or the phone system) is a tool that allows communication between people. In computer science, a tool is a software program that may generate, modify, or analyze other programs.

Some historical highlights

Evidence of the manufacture and use of stone tools dates back to the beginnings of the Stone Age, although it is possible that earlier tools of less durable material may not have survived. Stone tools found in China have been dated (magnetostratigraphically) to approximately 1.36 million years ago. The transition from stone to metal tools roughly coincided with the development of metal smelting, agriculture, and animal domestication around the fourth millennium B.C.E. Early metal tools were made of copper and then bronze, followed by iron.

The development of civilizations was intimately linked to the development of various types of tools. There was a major expansion in the invention and production of mechanical devices during the Middle Ages, with the systematic employment of new energy sources, namely, water (in the form of waterwheels) and wind (in the form of windmills).

The production of new tools surged during the Industrial Revolution, in the form of machine tools. Advocates of nanotechnology expect a similar surge as tools become microscopic in size.[1][2]

Types of tools and their functions

  • Cutting tools: Cutting tools are wedge-shaped implements that produce a shearing force along a narrow face. Examples are the knives, scythes, sickles, gouges, and drill bits. Ideally, the edge of the tool needs to be harder than the material being cut, or else the blade will become dulled with repeated use. But even resilient tools require periodic sharpening, which is the process of removing deformation wear from the edge.
  • Moving tools: These are tools used to move things of varying sizes, ranging from tiny to huge. Concentrating force tools like the hammer moves a nail, and the maul moves a stake. They operate by applying physical compression to a surface. In the case of the screwdriver, the force is sideways and called torque. Writing implements deliver a fluid to a surface via compression to activate the ink cartridge. Also grabbing and twisting nuts and blots with pliers, a glove, a wrench, etc...) All these tools move items by some kind of force. Also Trucks, Rockets and Planes move larger items.
  • Tools that trigger chemical changes: They include lighters, blowtorches and solvent sprays. They may ignite materials, raise the temperature, and lead to chemical changes.
  • Guiding and measuring tools: Examples are a straightedge (including the ruler), set square, and theodolite (that measures horizontal and vertical angles).
  • Shaping tools: Examples of shaping tools include molds, jigs, trowels, concrete formwork, and caulk.
  • Fastening tools: Examples of fastening tools are welders, rivet guns, nail guns, and glue guns.

Machine tools

A machine tool is a powered mechanical device, typically used to fabricate metal components of machines by machining, which is the selective removal of metal. The term machine tool is usually reserved for a tool that uses a power source other than human effort, but it may also be powered by a person if appropriately set up. Examples of machine tools include lathes, broaching machines, hobbing machines, shapers, planers, Stewart platform mills, and grinders.

Multi-use tools

  • A multitool is a hand tool that incorporates several tools in a single, portable device.
  • Lineman's pliers incorporate a gripper and cutter, and may be used secondarily as a hammer.
  • Hand saws often incorporate the functionality of the carpenter's square in the right-angle between the blade's dull edge and the saw's handle.

Tool substitution

Often, by design or coincidence, a tool may share key functional attributes with one or more other tools. In this case, some tools can substitute for other tools, either as a make-shift solution or as a matter of practical efficiency. "One tool does it all" is a motto of some importance for workers who cannot practically carry every specialized tool to the location of every work task.

Tool substitution may be divided broadly into two classes: substitution "by design" (or "multi-purpose" use) and substitution as "make-shift." In many cases, the designed secondary functions of tools are not widely known. As an example of the former, many wood-cutting hand saws integrate a carpenter's square by incorporating a specially shaped handle that allows 90° and 45° angles to be marked by aligning the appropriate part of the handle with an edge and scribing along the back edge of the saw. The latter is illustrated by the saying "All tools can be used as hammers." Many tools may be used as hammers, even though few tools are intentionally designed for that purpose.

Safety

Protective gear is recommended for people who use tools. Personal protective equipment includes such items as gloves, safety glasses, ear defenders, and biohazard suits. These items themselves are not considered tools, because they do not directly help perform work but they protect the worker from injury.

Development of human civilization

Most anthropologists believe that the use of tools was an important step in the development of human civilization.[3] Humans have an opposable thumb—useful in holding tools—and increased dramatically in intelligence, which aided in the use of tools.[4]

It is in the domain of media and communications technology that a counter-intuitive aspect of our relationships with our tools first began to gain popular recognition. Marshall McLuhan famously said "We shape our tools. And then our tools shape us." McLuhan was referring to the fact that our social practices adapt with our use of new tools and the refinements we make to existing tools.

Philosophical implications

Philosophers once thought that only humans had the ability to make and use tools. It has, however, been observed that various other species can use tools, including monkeys, apes, sea otters, and several types of birds. In addition, zoologists have reported that some birds and monkeys can make tools.[5][6][7]

Many now think that the unique relationship between humans and tools is that we are the only species that uses tools to make other tools.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ David Whelan (2004), Nanotechnology: Big Potential In Tiny Particles Forbes.com. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
  2. ↑ Katrina C. Arabe (2004), Will this Tiny Science Usher in the Next Industrial Revolution? ThomasNet. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
  3. ↑ Sam Lilley, Men, Machines and History; The Story of Tools and Machines in Relation to Social Progress (New York: International Publishers, 1966, OCLC 504396).
  4. ↑ M.J. Farabee (2001), Human Evolution: Primates and Their Adaptations Retrieved October 21, 2008.
  5. ↑ William H. Calvin (1991), Woman, the Toolmaker? In The Throwing Madonna: Essays on the Brain. Bantam. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
  6. ↑ Chimp Minds Scientific American Frontiers, Program #1504. Transcript at PBS.org, Airdate Feb. 9, 2005.
  7. ↑ Chimpanzee Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure. Retrieved October 21, 2008.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Dodds, Steve. 2005. Tools: A Tool-by-Tool Guide to Choosing and Using 150 Home Essentials. Richmond Hill, Ont: Firefly. ISBN 978-1554070602
  • Ettlinger, Steve. 2002. The Complete Illustrated Guide to Everything Sold in Hardware Stores and Garden Centers (Except the Plants). Philadelphia, PA: Courage Books. ISBN 0762414936
  • Krar, Stephen F., Arthur Gill, and Peter Smid. 2005. Technology of Machine Tools, 6th ed. Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0078307228
  • Miller, Rex, and Mark R. Miller. 2004. Audel Machine Shop Tools and Operations, 5th ed. The Audel Machinist's Library. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Pub. ISBN 0764555278
  • Nagyszalanczy, Sandor. 2003. The Homeowner's Ultimate Tool Guide: Choosing the Right Tool for Every Home Improvement Job. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press. ISBN 1561585823
  • Rae, Andy. 2002. Choosing & Using Hand Tools. New York: Lark Books. ISBN 1600592740
 Types of tools
Cutting tools - Adze | Axe | Bolt cutters | Ceramic tile cutter | Chainsaw | Machete | Kukri | Saw | Knife | Broach | Endmill | Reamer | Drill bit | Tool bit | Countersink | Front teeth | Milling cutter | Razor blade |Scalpel | Scissors | Blade | Fingernail | Switchblade | Water jet cutter
Garden tools - Cultivator | Garden fork | Hedge trimmer | Hoe | Hori hori | Lawnmower | Lawn aerator | Leaf blower | Leaf sweeper | Loppers | Mattock | McLeod | Mini-tractor | Pitchfork | Plow | Pruning shears | Pulaski | Rake (tool) | Secateurs | Spade | Sprinkler | String trimmer | Trimmer
Hand tools - Brace | Chisel | Hammer | Screwdriver | Handsaw | Pliers | Torque wrench | Clamp | Level | Sponge
Power tools - Band saw | Belt sander | Chainsaw | Circular saw | Concrete saw | Crusher | Diamond blade | Disc sander | Drill | Impact wrench | Grinder | Heat gun | Jointer | Jigsaw | Lathe | Radial arm saw | Random orbital sander | Rotary tool | Sander | Table saw | Thickness planer | Wood router
See also - Antique tools | Diamond tools

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