Cole, Thomas (artist)
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| − | | famous works = [[ | + | | famous works = [[The Titan's Goblet]]'' (1833)<br>''[[The Course of Empire (paintings)|The Course of Empire]]'' (1833–1836)<br>''[[The Oxbow]]'' (1836)<br>''[[The Voyage of Life]]'' (1842) |
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| − | '''Thomas Cole''' (February 1, 1801 - February 11, 1848) was a nineteenth century [[United States|American]] artist whose works initiated the first indigenous art movement in the U.S. He is regarded as the "Founding Father" of the [[Hudson River School]], an American [[art]] movement | + | '''Thomas Cole''' (February 1, 1801 - February 11, 1848) was a nineteenth century [[United States|American]] artist whose works initiated the first indigenous art movement in the U.S. He is regarded as the "Founding Father" of the [[Hudson River School]], an American [[art]] movement concerned with the [[realism|realistic]] portrayal of [[nature]] that flourished in the mid-nineteenth century. His [[romanticism|romanticized]] depiction of nature inspired not only artists of his time, but those that followed, to depict the inspiration and [[beauty]] of nature, often in a fantastic or [[allegory|allegorical]] fashion. |
| − | + | {{toc}} | |
| − | His historical and allegorical paintings of the | + | His historical and allegorical paintings of the 1820s and 1830s gave way to the religious allegories that dominated the last decade of his life and still exhibited his genius for landscapes. He worked religious emblems into his works and exhibited the paintings with a text that identified and explained each [[Symbolism|symbol]]. |
== Early life and education == | == Early life and education == | ||
| − | + | Thomas Cole was born in [[Bolton]], [[Lancashire]], [[England]]. In 1818, his family emigrated to the United States, settling in [[Steubenville]], [[Ohio]], where Cole, who had studied [[engraving]] briefly in England, taught art in his sister's school. He learned the rudiments of painting from a wandering [[portraiture|portrait]] painter named Stein, but was mostly self taught. However, he had little success painting portraits, and his interest shifted to [[landscape art|landscape]] painting. Cole moved to [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], in 1823, and then to [[Philadelphia]] in 1824, where he drew from casts at the [[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] and exhibited for the first time. The following year, Cole rejoined his parents and sister in [[New York City]]. | |
| − | Thomas Cole was born in [[Bolton]], [[Lancashire]], [[England]]. In 1818 his family emigrated to the United States, settling in [[Steubenville]], [[Ohio]], where Cole, who had studied [[engraving]] briefly in England, taught art in his sister's school. He learned the rudiments of painting from a wandering [[portraiture|portrait]] painter named Stein, but was mostly self taught. However, he had little success painting portraits, and his interest shifted to [[landscape art|landscape]] painting. Cole moved to [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]] in 1823 and then to [[Philadelphia]] in 1824, where he drew from casts at the [[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] and exhibited for the first time. | ||
== Painting == | == Painting == | ||
| − | + | In New York City, Cole sold three paintings to [[George W. Bruen]], who financed a summer trip to the Hudson Valley, where he visited the [[Catskill Mountain House]] and painted the ruins of [[Fort Putnam]].<ref>[https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/92539 View of Fort Putnam] ''Philadelphia Museum of Art''. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</ref> Returning to New York, he displayed three [[landscape art|landscape]]s in the window of a bookstore, where they attracted the attention of the painter and president of the [[American Academy of Fine Arts]] [[John Trumbull]], who bought one of his canvases, sought him out, and put him into contact with a number of his artist and aristocratic friends including [[Robert Gilmore]] of [[Baltimore]] and [[Daniel Wadsworth]] of [[Hartford]], who became important patrons of the artist, gaining him widespread commissions.<ref>[https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/hurs/hd_hurs.htm The Hudson River School] ''Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History'', The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</ref> | |
| − | In New York City | + | [[Image:Cole Thomas Landscape 1825.jpg|thumb|400px|Thomas Cole, ''Landscape'' (1825)]] |
| + | In 1826, he moved to [[Catskill (town), New York|Catskill, New York]], where he maintained a studio at the farm called [[Thomas Cole House|Cedar Grove]]. He painted a significant portion of his work in this studio, inspired by the pastoral beauty of the [[White Mountains]] and [[Niagra Falls]]. | ||
| − | + | By 1829, when he decided to go to [[Europe]] to study firsthand the great works of the past, he had become one of the founding members of the [[National Academy of Design]] and was generally recognized as America's leading landscape painter. Cole spent the years 1829 to 1832 in [[England]] and [[Italy]] supported by his patron Robert Gilmore. At one point he lived with [[Sculpture|sculptor]] [[Horatio Greenough]] in [[Florence]]. During this time he began to express in his painting the elevated moral tone and concern with lofty themes previously the province of history painting. | |
| − | + | He then returned to New York, in 1832, where the New York merchant [[Luman Reed]], commissioned him to paint ''The Course of Empire'' (1836), a five-canvas extravaganza depicting the progress of a society from the savage state to the heights of luxury and, finally, to dissolution and extinction.<ref>[http://www.artchive.com/artchive/C/cole.html Thomas Cole] ''Artchive''. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</ref> | |
| − | + | [[Image:Cole Thomas Moonlight 1833-34.jpg|thumb|400px|right|''Moonlight'' (1833-34)]] | |
| − | [[Image:Cole Thomas Moonlight 1833-34.jpg|thumb| | + | In 1836, he married Maria Bartow of Catskill, whose family home, Cedar Grove, became their permanent residence.<ref>Robert M. Toole, [https://thomascole.org/history-of-cedar-grove/ Cedar Grove: The Home Of Thomas Cole] ''Thomas Cole National Historic Site''. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</ref> |
| − | In 1836 he married Maria Bartow of Catskill, whose family home became their permanent residence. <ref>[ | ||
| − | In March 1839, following the success of ''The Course of Empire'' Cole received his next important commission: ''The Voyage of Life'' for [[Samuel Ward]] (1786-1839) (father of [[Julia Ward Howe]]) who, like Cole's patron Luman Reed (1787-1836), had a gallery of paintings in his house in New York City. While ''The Course of Empire'' represented the emergence of Cole as a mature artist, ''The Voyage of Life'' was the creative enterprise that dominated his later career.<ref> | + | In March 1839, following the success of ''The Course of Empire,'' Cole received his next important commission: ''The Voyage of Life'' for [[Samuel Ward]] (1786-1839) (father of [[Julia Ward Howe]]) who, like Cole's patron, Luman Reed (1787-1836), had a gallery of paintings in his house in New York City. While ''The Course of Empire'' represented the emergence of Cole as a mature artist, ''The Voyage of Life'' was the creative enterprise that dominated his later career.<ref> [https://www.nga.gov/collection/highlights/cole-the-voyage-of-life-childhood.html ''The Voyage of Life: Childhood''] ''National Gallery of Art''. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</ref> These were said to be considerably influenced by [[J.M.W. Turner]]'s ''Building of Carthage,'' which Cole had seen while in London. |
| − | Cole went to [[Europe]] again in 1841, returned home, and visited Mount Desert on the coast [[Maine]] and Niagra. He died aged 47 in Catskill, New York on February 11, 1848. His home, ''Cedar Grove'' | + | Cole went to [[Europe]] again in 1841, returned home, and visited Mount Desert on the coast, [[Maine]], and Niagra. He died, aged 47, in Catskill, New York, on February 11, 1848. His home, ''Cedar Grove,'' located in Catskill, is a [[National Historic Site]] affiliated with the [[National Park Service]]. |
| − | After his return from Europe, Cole made the decision to receive [[baptism]], [[confirmation]] and [[communion]] in the [[Episcopal Church]] and became a member of Saint Luke's Episcopal Church in Catskill. Cole later designed a new church building for Saint Luke's and for his friend and eventual biographer, The Reverend [[Louis L. Noble]], the Church Rector. The present Saint Luke's Church is situated on William Street where a stained glass window honors the Cole Family.<ref>[http://www. | + | After his return from Europe, Cole made the decision to receive [[baptism]], [[confirmation]], and [[communion]] in the [[Episcopal Church]] and became a member of Saint Luke's Episcopal Church in Catskill. Cole later designed a new church building for Saint Luke's and for his friend and eventual biographer, The Reverend [[Louis L. Noble]], the Church Rector. The present Saint Luke's Church is situated on William Street where a stained glass window honors the Cole Family.<ref>[http://www.stlukescatskill.org/parish-history.html Parish History] ''St. Luke's Episcopal Church''. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</ref> |
| − | [[William Cullen Bryant]] in his eulogy for Cole said, <blockquote> | + | [[William Cullen Bryant]], in his eulogy for Cole, said, |
| + | <blockquote>The contemplation of his works made men better. It is said of one of the old Italian painters, that he never began a painting without first offering a prayer. The paintings of Cole are of that nature that it hardly transcends the proper use of language to call them acts of religion. Yet do they never strike us as strained or forced in character; they teach but what rose spontaneously in the mind of the artist; they were the sincere communications of his own moral and intellectual being.<ref> William Cullen Bryant, [https://www.catskillarchive.com/cole/wcb.htm On the life of Thomas Cole] ''National Academy of Design'', New York, May 4, 1848. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</ref></blockquote> | ||
| − | ===Allegorical | + | ===Allegorical works=== |
| − | [[Image:Cole Thomas Expulsion from the Garden of Eden 1828.jpg|thumb| | + | [[Image:Cole Thomas Expulsion from the Garden of Eden 1828.jpg|thumb|400px|right|''Expulsion from the Garden of Eden'' (1828)]] |
| − | Cole was primarily a painter of [[landscape art|landscape]]s, but he also painted allegorical works. The most famous of these are the five-part series, [[The Course of Empire]], which he painted in the winter of 1835-1836 in Catskill. | + | Cole was primarily a painter of [[landscape art|landscape]]s, but he also painted allegorical works. The most famous of these are the five-part series, ''[[The Course of Empire]],'' which he painted in the winter of 1835-1836, in Catskill. At the time, Cole had strong concerns for the negative impact of [[industry|industrial]] development on nature and the Catskill landscape became a major source of his artistic inspiration. The local growth of railroads was particularly disconcerting to him.<ref name=Biography>[https://thomascole.org/biography-of-thomas-cole/ Biography of Thomas Cole] ''Thomas Cole National Historic Site''. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</ref> |
| − | [[Image:Cole Thomas The Cross and the World Study 1846-48.jpg|thumb| | + | [[Image:Cole Thomas The Cross and the World Study 1846-48.jpg|thumb|400px|right|''The Cross and the World Study'' (1846-48)]] |
| − | Another of Cole's allegorical works includes the four-part [[The Voyage of Life]] which he painted two versions of; one which resides at the [[National Gallery of Art|National Gallery]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], and the other at the [[Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute]] in [[Utica, New York]]. The four pictures in ''The Voyage of Life'' - ''Childhood'' | + | Another of Cole's allegorical works includes the four-part ''[[The Voyage of Life]],'' which he painted two versions of; one which resides at the [[National Gallery of Art|National Gallery]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], and the other at the [[Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute]] in [[Utica, New York]]. The four pictures in ''The Voyage of Life''--''Childhood,'' ''Youth,'' ''Manhood,'' and ''Old Age''--offered a simple allegorical message about the pilgrim's journey through life, concluding with the promise of eternal [[salvation]].<ref>[https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.52451.html Thomas Cole ''The Voyage of Life: Youth, 1842''] ''National Gallery of Art''. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</ref> The second painting of the series shows a young man being sent off down [[river]] in a boat by a beckoning [[angel]]. The youth, with raised hand, full of promise, looks towards an almost translucent and ethereal [[palace]] in the [[sky]]. It remains one of of Cole's most popular works. |
| − | Nearing the time of his death he was painting the religious allegory ''Cross of the World.'' | + | Nearing the time of his death, he was painting the religious allegory, ''Cross of the World.'' His final work was meant to be another series of five paintings. At his premature death, he had completed all five studies but only two of the actual paintings. The idea to be conveyed was of two youths setting out on a [[pilgrimage]] through a chain of mountains with craggy peaks, with one youth taking the path of the cross and the other the path of the world. By the end of their journeys, the pilgrim of the cross reaches a bright light and angels, but the pilgrim of the world finds only a wasteland of emptiness and fear.<ref>[https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/pilgrim-cross-end-his-journey-study-series-cross-and-world-5078 The Pilgrim of the Cross at the End of His Journey (study for series, ''The Cross and the World'')] ''Smithsonian American Art Museum''. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</ref> |
==Hudson River School== | ==Hudson River School== | ||
| − | [[Image:Cole Thomas Sunny Morning on the Hudson River 1827.jpg|thumb| | + | [[Image:Cole Thomas Sunny Morning on the Hudson River 1827.jpg|thumb|400px|right|''Sunny Morning on the Hudson River'' (1827)]] |
| − | The [[Hudson River School]] was a group of artists influenced by [[romanticism]] who painted the landscapes of the Hudson River Valley, the Catskill Mountains, the Adirondack Mountains, and the New Hampshire White Mountains. | + | The [[Hudson River School]] was a group of artists influenced by [[romanticism]] who painted the landscapes of the Hudson River Valley, the Catskill Mountains, the Adirondack Mountains, and the New Hampshire White Mountains. Thomas Cole is called the founder of this school, having made one of the first landscape paintings of the eastern Catskill Mountains, in 1825. |
| − | Artistic peers of Cole | + | Artistic peers of Cole which he influenced include [[Asher B. Durand]] and [[Frederic Edwin Church]], who studied with him from 1844-1846. The Hudson River School also included well known painter [[Albert Bierstadt]] and a second generation of painters that were several in number. |
| − | The Hudson River Art School's thematic scenes of | + | The Hudson River Art School's thematic scenes of nineteenth century America bolstered movements to create city parks, protect national parks, and to move west into the vast wilderness of the country. Their works are still valued today for their glorification of nature and their messages of discovery, exploration, and the settlement of America. |
==Architecture== | ==Architecture== | ||
| − | + | Cole dabbled in [[architecture]], a not uncommon practice at the time when the profession was not so codified. Cole was an entrant in the [[design]] competition held in 1838, to create a new state government building in [[Columbus, Ohio]]. His entry won third place, and many contend that the finished building, a composite of the first, second, and third place entries, bears a great similarity to Cole's entry. In addition, Cole made designs for a new building for ''Saint Luke's Episcopal Church,'' in Catskill, [[New York]], where he received [[baptism]] and became a member in 1842.<ref name=Biography/> | |
| − | Cole dabbled in [[architecture]], a not uncommon practice at the time when the profession was not so codified. Cole was an entrant in the [[design]] competition held in 1838 to create a new state government building in [[Columbus, Ohio]]. His entry won third place, and many contend that the finished building, a composite of the first, second and third place entries, bears a great similarity to Cole's entry. | ||
==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
| − | Cole consistently recorded his thoughts in a formidable body of writing: | + | Cole consistently recorded his thoughts in a formidable body of writing: Detailed [[journal]]s, many [[Poetry|poems]], and an influential [[essay]] on American scenery. Further, he encouraged and fostered the careers of [[Asher B. Durand]] and [[Frederic E. Church]], two artists who would continue the painting tradition he had established. |
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| − | + | The second generation of [[Hudson River School]] artists emerged to prominence after Cole's premature death in 1848, including Cole's understudy, [[Frederic Edwin Church]], [[John Frederick Kensett]], and [[Sanford Robinson Gifford]] and [[Alfred Bierstadt]]. Works by artists of this second generation are often described as examples of [[Luminism]], or the Luminist movement in American art. In addition to pursuing their art, many of the artists, including Kensett, Gifford, and Church, were founders of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York City. | |
| − | + | One of the largest collections of paintings by artists of the Hudson River School is at the ''Wadsworth Atheneum'' in [[Hartford]], [[Connecticut]]. Some of the most notable works in the Atheneum's collection are thirteen landscapes by Thomas Cole, and eleven by Hartford native Frederic E. Church, both of whom were personal friends of the museum's founder, [[Daniel Wadsworth]]. Other important collections of Hudson River School art can be seen at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the [[New-York Historical Society]], both in New York City; the [[Brooklyn Museum]] in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]]; the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]; the ''Gilcrease Museum'' in [[Tulsa]], [[Oklahoma]]; and the ''Westervelt Warner Museum of American Art'' in [[Tuscaloosa]], [[Alabama]]. | |
| − | == | + | ==Gallery images== |
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
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Image:Cole Thomas The Voyage of Life Manhood 1840.jpg|''[[The Voyage of Life]] Manhood'' (1840) | Image:Cole Thomas The Voyage of Life Manhood 1840.jpg|''[[The Voyage of Life]] Manhood'' (1840) | ||
Image:Cole Thomas The Voyage of Life Old Age 1842.jpg|''[[The Voyage of Life]] Old Age'' (1842) | Image:Cole Thomas The Voyage of Life Old Age 1842.jpg|''[[The Voyage of Life]] Old Age'' (1842) | ||
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Image:Cole Thomas The Departure 1837.jpg|''The Departure'' (1837) | Image:Cole Thomas The Departure 1837.jpg|''The Departure'' (1837) | ||
Image:Cole Thomas The Return 1837.jpg|''The Return'' (1837) | Image:Cole Thomas The Return 1837.jpg|''The Return'' (1837) | ||
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Image:Cole Thomas The Past 1838.jpg|''The Past'' (1838) | Image:Cole Thomas The Past 1838.jpg|''The Past'' (1838) | ||
Image:Cole Thomas The Present 1838.jpg|''The Present'' (1838) | Image:Cole Thomas The Present 1838.jpg|''The Present'' (1838) | ||
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Image:Cole Thomas The Course of Empire The Savage State 1836.jpg|''The Course of Empire The Savage State'' (1836) | Image:Cole Thomas The Course of Empire The Savage State 1836.jpg|''The Course of Empire The Savage State'' (1836) | ||
Image:Cole Thomas The Course of Empire The Arcadian or Pastoral State 1836.jpg|''The Course of Empire The Arcadian or Pastoral State'' (1836) | Image:Cole Thomas The Course of Empire The Arcadian or Pastoral State 1836.jpg|''The Course of Empire The Arcadian or Pastoral State'' (1836) | ||
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Image:Cole Thomas The Course of Empire Destruction 1836.jpg|''The Course of Empire Destruction'' (1836) | Image:Cole Thomas The Course of Empire Destruction 1836.jpg|''The Course of Empire Destruction'' (1836) | ||
Image:Cole Thomas The Course of Empire Desolation 1836.jpg|''The Course of Empire Desolation'' (1836) | Image:Cole Thomas The Course of Empire Desolation 1836.jpg|''The Course of Empire Desolation'' (1836) | ||
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Image:Cole Thomas L-Allegro (Italian Sunset 1845.jpg|''[[L'Allegro]] (Italian Sunset)'' (1845) | Image:Cole Thomas L-Allegro (Italian Sunset 1845.jpg|''[[L'Allegro]] (Italian Sunset)'' (1845) | ||
Image:Cole Thomas Il Penseroso 1845.jpg|''[[Il Penseroso]]'' (1845) | Image:Cole Thomas Il Penseroso 1845.jpg|''[[Il Penseroso]]'' (1845) | ||
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Image:Cole Thomas The Oxbow (The Connecticut River near Northampton 1836.jpg|[[The Oxbow|''The Oxbow (The Connecticut River near Northampton)'']] (1836) | Image:Cole Thomas The Oxbow (The Connecticut River near Northampton 1836.jpg|[[The Oxbow|''The Oxbow (The Connecticut River near Northampton)'']] (1836) | ||
Image:Cole Thomas The Garden of Eden 1828.jpg|''The [[Garden of Eden]]'' (1828) | Image:Cole Thomas The Garden of Eden 1828.jpg|''The [[Garden of Eden]]'' (1828) | ||
Image:Cole Thomas Romantic Landscape with Ruined Tower 1832-36.jpg|''Romantic [[landscape art|landscape]] with Ruined Tower'' (1832-36) | Image:Cole Thomas Romantic Landscape with Ruined Tower 1832-36.jpg|''Romantic [[landscape art|landscape]] with Ruined Tower'' (1832-36) | ||
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</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
| + | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | * | + | *Baigell, Matthew. ''Thomas Cole.'' Watson-Guptill, 2000. ISBN 0823006476 |
| − | + | *Cole, Thomas, Ellwood Parry, Dan A. Kushel, and Paul D. Schweizer. ''The Voyage of Life by Thomas Cole: Paintings, Drawings, and Prints.'' Utica, NY: Museum of Art, Munson-Williams-Proctor Institute, 1985. ISBN 091589503X | |
| − | + | *Cole, Thomas and Marshall B. Tymn. ''Thomas Cole's Poetry; the Collected Poems of America's Foremost Painter of the Hudson River School Reflecting his Feelings for Nature and the Romantic Spirit of the Nineteenth Century.'' York, PA: Liberty Cap Books, 1972. ISBN 0873870573 | |
| − | *Cole, Thomas, Ellwood Parry, Dan A. Kushel, and Paul D. Schweizer | + | *Miller, Angela. ''The Empire of the Eye: Landscape Representation and American Cultural Politics, 1825-1875''. New York: Cornell University Press, 1993. ISBN 0801428300 |
| − | *Cole, Thomas | + | *Noble, Louis Legrand, Thomas Cole, and Elliot S. Vesell. ''The Life and Works of Thomas Cole.'' Hensonville, NY: Black Dome Press, 1997. ISBN 1883789133 |
| − | *Miller, Angela | + | *Powell, Earl A. ''Thomas Cole.'' New York: Harry N Abrams Inc, 1990. ISBN 0810931583 |
| − | * | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | + | All links retrieved April 30, 2023. | |
| − | *[ | + | *[https://thomascole.org/ Thomas Cole National Historical Site] |
| − | + | *[http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/cole_thomas.html Thomas Cole] ''Artcyclopedia'' | |
| − | *[http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/cole_thomas.html Thomas Cole] ''Artcyclopedia | + | *[http://www.artchive.com/artchive/C/cole.html Thomas Cole] ''Artchive'' |
| − | *[http://www.artchive.com/artchive/C/cole.html Thomas Cole] ''Artchive | + | *[https://www.whitemountainart.com/about-3/artists/thomas-cole-gallery/ Thomas Cole Gallery] ''White Mountain Art & Artists'' |
| − | *[ | + | *[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/9365212/thomas-cole Thomas Cole] ''Find a Grave'' |
| − | + | *[http://www.catskillarchive.com/cole/wcb.htm On the Life of Thomas Cole] ''Catskill Archive'' | |
| − | + | *[https://www.tfaoi.org/aa/2aa/2aa612b.htm The Voyage of Life: A Chronology] by Dr. Paul D. Schweizer ''Munson Williams Proctor Institute'' | |
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| − | *[http://www.catskillarchive.com/cole/wcb.htm On the Life of Thomas Cole]'' | ||
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[[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]] | [[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:34, 7 September 2023
| Thomas Cole | |
 Thomas Cole | |
| Born | February 1 1801 Bolton, Lancashire, England |
| Died | February 11 1848 (aged 47) Catskill, New York |
| Nationality | English |
| Field | painting |
| Movement | Hudson River School |
| Famous works | The Titan's Goblet (1833) The Course of Empire (1833–1836) The Oxbow (1836) The Voyage of Life (1842) |
| Influenced | Asher B. Durand and Frederic Edwin Church |
Thomas Cole (February 1, 1801 - February 11, 1848) was a nineteenth century American artist whose works initiated the first indigenous art movement in the U.S. He is regarded as the "Founding Father" of the Hudson River School, an American art movement concerned with the realistic portrayal of nature that flourished in the mid-nineteenth century. His romanticized depiction of nature inspired not only artists of his time, but those that followed, to depict the inspiration and beauty of nature, often in a fantastic or allegorical fashion.
His historical and allegorical paintings of the 1820s and 1830s gave way to the religious allegories that dominated the last decade of his life and still exhibited his genius for landscapes. He worked religious emblems into his works and exhibited the paintings with a text that identified and explained each symbol.
Early life and education
Thomas Cole was born in Bolton, Lancashire, England. In 1818, his family emigrated to the United States, settling in Steubenville, Ohio, where Cole, who had studied engraving briefly in England, taught art in his sister's school. He learned the rudiments of painting from a wandering portrait painter named Stein, but was mostly self taught. However, he had little success painting portraits, and his interest shifted to landscape painting. Cole moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1823, and then to Philadelphia in 1824, where he drew from casts at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and exhibited for the first time. The following year, Cole rejoined his parents and sister in New York City.
Painting
In New York City, Cole sold three paintings to George W. Bruen, who financed a summer trip to the Hudson Valley, where he visited the Catskill Mountain House and painted the ruins of Fort Putnam.[1] Returning to New York, he displayed three landscapes in the window of a bookstore, where they attracted the attention of the painter and president of the American Academy of Fine Arts John Trumbull, who bought one of his canvases, sought him out, and put him into contact with a number of his artist and aristocratic friends including Robert Gilmore of Baltimore and Daniel Wadsworth of Hartford, who became important patrons of the artist, gaining him widespread commissions.[2]
In 1826, he moved to Catskill, New York, where he maintained a studio at the farm called Cedar Grove. He painted a significant portion of his work in this studio, inspired by the pastoral beauty of the White Mountains and Niagra Falls.
By 1829, when he decided to go to Europe to study firsthand the great works of the past, he had become one of the founding members of the National Academy of Design and was generally recognized as America's leading landscape painter. Cole spent the years 1829 to 1832 in England and Italy supported by his patron Robert Gilmore. At one point he lived with sculptor Horatio Greenough in Florence. During this time he began to express in his painting the elevated moral tone and concern with lofty themes previously the province of history painting.
He then returned to New York, in 1832, where the New York merchant Luman Reed, commissioned him to paint The Course of Empire (1836), a five-canvas extravaganza depicting the progress of a society from the savage state to the heights of luxury and, finally, to dissolution and extinction.[3]
In 1836, he married Maria Bartow of Catskill, whose family home, Cedar Grove, became their permanent residence.[4]
In March 1839, following the success of The Course of Empire, Cole received his next important commission: The Voyage of Life for Samuel Ward (1786-1839) (father of Julia Ward Howe) who, like Cole's patron, Luman Reed (1787-1836), had a gallery of paintings in his house in New York City. While The Course of Empire represented the emergence of Cole as a mature artist, The Voyage of Life was the creative enterprise that dominated his later career.[5] These were said to be considerably influenced by J.M.W. Turner's Building of Carthage, which Cole had seen while in London.
Cole went to Europe again in 1841, returned home, and visited Mount Desert on the coast, Maine, and Niagra. He died, aged 47, in Catskill, New York, on February 11, 1848. His home, Cedar Grove, located in Catskill, is a National Historic Site affiliated with the National Park Service.
After his return from Europe, Cole made the decision to receive baptism, confirmation, and communion in the Episcopal Church and became a member of Saint Luke's Episcopal Church in Catskill. Cole later designed a new church building for Saint Luke's and for his friend and eventual biographer, The Reverend Louis L. Noble, the Church Rector. The present Saint Luke's Church is situated on William Street where a stained glass window honors the Cole Family.[6]
William Cullen Bryant, in his eulogy for Cole, said,
The contemplation of his works made men better. It is said of one of the old Italian painters, that he never began a painting without first offering a prayer. The paintings of Cole are of that nature that it hardly transcends the proper use of language to call them acts of religion. Yet do they never strike us as strained or forced in character; they teach but what rose spontaneously in the mind of the artist; they were the sincere communications of his own moral and intellectual being.[7]
Allegorical works
Cole was primarily a painter of landscapes, but he also painted allegorical works. The most famous of these are the five-part series, The Course of Empire, which he painted in the winter of 1835-1836, in Catskill. At the time, Cole had strong concerns for the negative impact of industrial development on nature and the Catskill landscape became a major source of his artistic inspiration. The local growth of railroads was particularly disconcerting to him.[8]
Another of Cole's allegorical works includes the four-part The Voyage of Life, which he painted two versions of; one which resides at the National Gallery in Washington, D.C., and the other at the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute in Utica, New York. The four pictures in The Voyage of Life—Childhood, Youth, Manhood, and Old Age—offered a simple allegorical message about the pilgrim's journey through life, concluding with the promise of eternal salvation.[9] The second painting of the series shows a young man being sent off down river in a boat by a beckoning angel. The youth, with raised hand, full of promise, looks towards an almost translucent and ethereal palace in the sky. It remains one of of Cole's most popular works.
Nearing the time of his death, he was painting the religious allegory, Cross of the World. His final work was meant to be another series of five paintings. At his premature death, he had completed all five studies but only two of the actual paintings. The idea to be conveyed was of two youths setting out on a pilgrimage through a chain of mountains with craggy peaks, with one youth taking the path of the cross and the other the path of the world. By the end of their journeys, the pilgrim of the cross reaches a bright light and angels, but the pilgrim of the world finds only a wasteland of emptiness and fear.[10]
Hudson River School
The Hudson River School was a group of artists influenced by romanticism who painted the landscapes of the Hudson River Valley, the Catskill Mountains, the Adirondack Mountains, and the New Hampshire White Mountains. Thomas Cole is called the founder of this school, having made one of the first landscape paintings of the eastern Catskill Mountains, in 1825.
Artistic peers of Cole which he influenced include Asher B. Durand and Frederic Edwin Church, who studied with him from 1844-1846. The Hudson River School also included well known painter Albert Bierstadt and a second generation of painters that were several in number.
The Hudson River Art School's thematic scenes of nineteenth century America bolstered movements to create city parks, protect national parks, and to move west into the vast wilderness of the country. Their works are still valued today for their glorification of nature and their messages of discovery, exploration, and the settlement of America.
Architecture
Cole dabbled in architecture, a not uncommon practice at the time when the profession was not so codified. Cole was an entrant in the design competition held in 1838, to create a new state government building in Columbus, Ohio. His entry won third place, and many contend that the finished building, a composite of the first, second, and third place entries, bears a great similarity to Cole's entry. In addition, Cole made designs for a new building for Saint Luke's Episcopal Church, in Catskill, New York, where he received baptism and became a member in 1842.[8]
Legacy
Cole consistently recorded his thoughts in a formidable body of writing: Detailed journals, many poems, and an influential essay on American scenery. Further, he encouraged and fostered the careers of Asher B. Durand and Frederic E. Church, two artists who would continue the painting tradition he had established.
The second generation of Hudson River School artists emerged to prominence after Cole's premature death in 1848, including Cole's understudy, Frederic Edwin Church, John Frederick Kensett, and Sanford Robinson Gifford and Alfred Bierstadt. Works by artists of this second generation are often described as examples of Luminism, or the Luminist movement in American art. In addition to pursuing their art, many of the artists, including Kensett, Gifford, and Church, were founders of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
One of the largest collections of paintings by artists of the Hudson River School is at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut. Some of the most notable works in the Atheneum's collection are thirteen landscapes by Thomas Cole, and eleven by Hartford native Frederic E. Church, both of whom were personal friends of the museum's founder, Daniel Wadsworth. Other important collections of Hudson River School art can be seen at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the New-York Historical Society, both in New York City; the Brooklyn Museum in Brooklyn, New York; the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.; the Gilcrease Museum in Tulsa, Oklahoma; and the Westervelt Warner Museum of American Art in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
Gallery images
The Voyage of Life Childhood (1842)
The Voyage of Life Youth (1842)
The Voyage of Life Manhood (1840)
The Voyage of Life Old Age (1842)
The Departure (1837)
The Return (1837)
The Past (1838)
The Present (1838)
The Course of Empire The Savage State (1836)
The Course of Empire The Arcadian or Pastoral State (1836)
The Course of the Empire: The Consummation
The Course of Empire Destruction (1836)
The Course of Empire Desolation (1836)
L'Allegro (Italian Sunset) (1845)
Il Penseroso (1845)
The Oxbow (The Connecticut River near Northampton) (1836)
The Garden of Eden (1828)
Romantic landscape with Ruined Tower (1832-36)
Notes
- ↑ View of Fort Putnam Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ↑ The Hudson River School Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ↑ Thomas Cole Artchive. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ↑ Robert M. Toole, Cedar Grove: The Home Of Thomas Cole Thomas Cole National Historic Site. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ↑ The Voyage of Life: Childhood National Gallery of Art. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ↑ Parish History St. Luke's Episcopal Church. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ↑ William Cullen Bryant, On the life of Thomas Cole National Academy of Design, New York, May 4, 1848. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Biography of Thomas Cole Thomas Cole National Historic Site. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ↑ Thomas Cole The Voyage of Life: Youth, 1842 National Gallery of Art. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ↑ The Pilgrim of the Cross at the End of His Journey (study for series, The Cross and the World) Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Baigell, Matthew. Thomas Cole. Watson-Guptill, 2000. ISBN 0823006476
- Cole, Thomas, Ellwood Parry, Dan A. Kushel, and Paul D. Schweizer. The Voyage of Life by Thomas Cole: Paintings, Drawings, and Prints. Utica, NY: Museum of Art, Munson-Williams-Proctor Institute, 1985. ISBN 091589503X
- Cole, Thomas and Marshall B. Tymn. Thomas Cole's Poetry; the Collected Poems of America's Foremost Painter of the Hudson River School Reflecting his Feelings for Nature and the Romantic Spirit of the Nineteenth Century. York, PA: Liberty Cap Books, 1972. ISBN 0873870573
- Miller, Angela. The Empire of the Eye: Landscape Representation and American Cultural Politics, 1825-1875. New York: Cornell University Press, 1993. ISBN 0801428300
- Noble, Louis Legrand, Thomas Cole, and Elliot S. Vesell. The Life and Works of Thomas Cole. Hensonville, NY: Black Dome Press, 1997. ISBN 1883789133
- Powell, Earl A. Thomas Cole. New York: Harry N Abrams Inc, 1990. ISBN 0810931583
External links
All links retrieved April 30, 2023.
- Thomas Cole National Historical Site
- Thomas Cole Artcyclopedia
- Thomas Cole Artchive
- Thomas Cole Gallery White Mountain Art & Artists
- Thomas Cole Find a Grave
- On the Life of Thomas Cole Catskill Archive
- The Voyage of Life: A Chronology by Dr. Paul D. Schweizer Munson Williams Proctor Institute
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