Sphagnum
| Peat moss | ||||||||||||||
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 A clump of Sphagnum, peat moss
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Sphagnum affine |
Sphagnum is the common name and genus name for a group of mosses (Division Bryophyta) whose leaflike appendages are adapted to absorb and retain a great deal of water. Spagnum species are also commonly called peat moss, due to its prevalence in peat bogs and mires. As mosses, they are non-vascular land plants.
Some species of Sphagnum can hold up to 20 times their dry weight in water, which is why peat moss is commonly sold as a soil structure enhancer or conditioner or used for potting soil. It is not good as a mulch (protective cover placed over the soil) because when dry it can repel water from entering the soil. Sphagnum and the peat formed from it do not decay readily because of the phenolic compounds embedded in the moss's cell walls. Peat moss can also acidify its surroundings by taking up cations such as calcium and magnesium and releasing hydrogen ions.
Description
Spagnum is a type of moss. Mosses are small, soft, non-vascular land plants placed in the Division Bryophyta. Mosses are typically one to ten centimters tall (0.4 to 4 inches), although some species are much larger. They commonly grow close together in clumps or mats in damp or shady locations. They do not have flowers or seeds, and their simple leaves cover the thin wiry stems. At certain times, mosses produce spore capsules, which may appear as beak-like capsules borne aloft on thin stalks.
Mosses can be distinguished from the apparently similar liverworts (Marchantiophyta or Hepaticae) by their multi-cellular rhizoids. Other differences are not universal for all mosses and all liverworts, but the presence of clearly differentiated "stem" and "leaves," the lack of deeply lobed or segmented leaves, and the absence of leaves arranged in three ranks, all point to the plant being a moss.
In addition to lacking a vascular system, mosses have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle. In other words,the plant's cells are haploid for most of its life cycle. Sporophytes (i.e. the diploid body) are short-lived and dependent on the gametophyte. This is in contrast to the pattern exhibited by most "higher" plants and by most animals. In seed plants, for example, the haploid generation is represented by the pollen and the ovule, while the diploid generation is the familiar flowering plant.
The Sphagnum genus is the sole genus in the Sphagnaceae family, which is the sole family in the Sphagnales order. The Sphagnopsida class includes a single subclass Sphagnidae, with three orders, with the Sphagnales order containing all but two fo the species. (The order Ambuchananiales contains a single living species, and Protosphagnales contains a single fossil species.)
Members of the Sphagnum genus consist of a main stem, with tightly arranged clusters of branch fascicles, usually consisting of two or three spreading branches and two to four hanging branches. The top of the plant, or capitulum, has compact clusters of young branches. Along the stem are scattered leaves of various shape, named stem leaves; the shape varies according to species. The leaves consist of two kinds of cell: small, green, living cells (chlorophyllose cells), and large, clear, structural, dead cells (hyaline cells). The latter have the large water-holding capacity.
Spores are released from specialized black, shiny capsules located at the tips of thin stalks. Sphagnum species also reproduce by fragmentation.
Peat moss can be distinguished from other moss species by its unique branch clusters. The plant and stem color, the shape of the branch and stem leaves, and the shape of the green cells are all characteristics used to identify peat moss to species.
Bogs are dependent on precipitation as their main source of water and nutrients, thus making them a favorable habitat for sphagnum as it can retain water quite well.
Geographic distribution
Peat mosses occur mainly in the Northern Hemisphere where different species dominate the top layer of peat bogs and moist tundra areas. The northernmost populations of peat moss lie in the archipelago of Svalbard, Arctic Norway at 81° N.
In the Southern Hemisphere, the largest peat moss areas are in New Zealand, Tasmania, southernmost Chile and Argentina, but contain comparatively few species. Many species are reported from mountainous, subtropical Brazil, but uncertainty exists regarding the specific status of many of them.
Uses
Decayed, compacted Sphagnum moss has the name of peat moss. Peat moss can be used as a soil additive which increases the soil's capacity to hold water. This is often necessary when dealing with very sandy soil, or plants that need an increased moisture content to flourish. One such group of plants are the carnivorous plants, often found in wetlands (bogs for example). Dried Sphagnum moss is also used in northern Arctic regions as an insulating material. Peat moss is also a critical element for growing mushrooms; mycelium grows in compost with a layer of peat moss on top, through which the mushrooms come out, a process called pinning.
Anaerobic acidic Sphagnum bogs are known to preserve mammalian bodies extremely well for millennia. Examples of these preserved specimens are Tollund Man, Haraldskær Woman, Clonycavan Man and Lindow Man. Such Sphagnum bogs can also preserve human hair and clothing, one of the most noteworthy examples being Egtved Girl, Denmark.
It is also used at horse stables as a bedding in horse stalls. It is not a very common bedding, but some farm owners choose peat moss to compost with horse manure.
Peat moss is used to dispose of the clarified liquid output (effluent) from septic tanks in areas that lack the proper soil to support an ordinary disposal means or for soils that were ruined by previous improper maintenance of existing systems.
Sphagnum moss has also been used for centuries as a dressing for wounds. It is absorptive and extremely acidic, inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. However, see Health dangers below.
In New Zealand, both the species Sphagnum cristatum and Sphagnum subnitens are harvested by hand and exported worldwide for use as hanging basket liners, as a growing medium for young orchids, and mixed in with other potting mixes to enhance their moisture retaining value.
It should be noted that there is a difference in naming conventions for similar things related to sphagnum moss. The terms that people use when referring to moss peat, peat moss, and bog moss can be taken out of context and be used when reference is actually being made about a plant that is still growing, as opposed to the decayed and compressed plant material. These terms are commonly used for both forms of the same plant material, resulting in confusion as to what the speaker is actually talking about.
It can also be used as a substrate for tarantulas as it is easy to burrow into and contains no insecticides which could kill the spider.
Conservation
Moss Peat
Large-scale peat harvesting is not sustainable. It takes thousands of years to form the peat "bricks" that are harvested in just a week. In particular, the extraction of large quantities of moss is a threat to raised bogs [1].
Conservation in New Zealand
In New Zealand, care is taken during the harvesting of sphagnum moss (not to be confused with moss peat) to ensure that there is enough moss remaining to allow regrowth. This is commonly done using a 3 year cycle. If a good percentage of moss is not left for regrowth, the time that it takes for the swamp to revert to its original state can be up to a decade or more if serious damage has occurred.
This "farming" as done in New Zealand is based on a sustainable management program approved by New Zealand's Department of Conservation. This plan ensures the regeneration of the moss, while protecting the wildlife and the environment. Most harvesting in New Zealand swamps is done only using pitchforks without the use of heavy machinery. During transportation, helicopters are commonly employed to transfer the newly harvested moss from the swamp to the nearest road. This is an important component of the transportation process, as it prevents damage to other components of the ecosystem during the initial transportation phase. The removal of sphagnum moss in a managed environment does not cause a swamp to dry out. In fact the swamp environment is improved such that the regrown moss is normally better quality than the original moss that was removed.
The greatest threat to the existence of sphagnum moss swamps is the intentional draining for encroaching farmland.
Health dangers
Sphagnum moss can potentially harbour the chronic fungal disease, sporotrichosis. Sporothrix schenckii spores enter the skin via abrasions, scratches, and small puncture wounds as a result of unprotected contact exposure to Sphagnum moss.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Eddy, A. (1988). A Handbook of Malesian Mosses. Volume 1. Sphagnales to Dicranales. UK: British Museum (Natural History), 202 pp. ISBN 0565010387.
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