Proton
- For alternative meanings see proton (disambiguation).
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In physics, the proton (Greek proton = first) is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of one positive fundamental unit (1.602 × 10−19 coulomb) and a mass of 938.3 MeV/c2 (1.6726 × 10−27 kg), or about 1836 times the mass of an electron. The proton is observed to be stable, with a lower limit on its half-life of about 1035 years, although some theories predict that the proton may decay. The proton and neutron are both nucleons.
The nucleus of the most common isotope of the hydrogen atom is a single proton. The nuclei of other atoms are composed of protons and neutrons held together by the strong nuclear force. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the chemical properties of the atom and which chemical element it is.
Protons are classified as baryons and are composed of two up quarks and one down quark, which are also held together by the strong nuclear force, mediated by gluons. The proton's antimatter equivalent is the antiproton, which has the same magnitude charge as the proton but the opposite sign.
Because the electromagnetic force is many orders of magnitude stronger than the gravitational force, the charge on the proton must be equal and opposite to the charge on the electron, otherwise the net repulsion of having an excess of positive or negative charge would cause a noticeable expansion effect on the universe, and indeed any gravitationally aggregated matter (planets, stars, etc.).
In chemistry and biochemistry, the term proton may refer to the hydrogen ion, H+. In this context, a proton donor is an acid and a proton acceptor a base (see acid-base reaction theories).
History
The proton was discovered in 1918 by Ernest Rutherford. He noticed that when alpha particles were shot into nitrogen gas, his scintillation detectors showed the signatures of hydrogen nuclei. Rutherford determined that the only place this hydrogen could have come from was the nitrogen, and therefore nitrogen must contain hydrogen nuclei. He thus suggested that the hydrogen nucleus, which was known to have an atomic number of 1, was an elementary particle.
Technological applications
Protons can exist in spin states. This property is exploited by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In NMR spectroscopy, a magnetic field is applied to a substance in order to detect the shielding around the protons in the nuclei of that substance, which is provided by the surrounding electron clouds. Scientists can use this information to then construct the molecular structure of the molecule under study.
Antiproton
The antiproton is the antiparticle of the proton. It was discovered in the year 1955 by Emilio Segre and Owen Chamberlain, for which they were awarded a 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics.
CPT-symmetry puts strong constraints on the relative properties of particles and antiparticles and, therefore, is open to stringent tests. For example, the charges of the proton and antiproton must sum to exactly zero. This equality has been tested to one part in 10-8. The equality of their masses is also tested to better than one part in 10-8. By holding antiprotons in a Penning trap, the equality of the charge to mass ratio of the proton and the antiproton has been tested to 1 part in 9×10-11. The magnetic moment of the antiproton has been found with error of 8×10-3 nuclear Bohr magnetons, and is found to be equal and opposite to that of the proton.
See also
- particle physics
- subatomic particle
- quark model
- neutron
- proton-proton chain
- proton pump inhibitor
- proton therapy
- list of particles
- Fermion field
External links
| Particles in physics - composite particles |
| Hadrons: Baryons (list) | Mesons (list)
Baryons: Nucleons | Hyperons | Exotic baryons | Pentaquarks
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