Difference between revisions of "Nucleotide" - New World Encyclopedia
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Nucleotides are the structural units of [[RNA]], [[DNA]], and several cofactors - [[CoA]], [[FAD]], [[FMN]], [[NAD]], and [[NADP]]. In the [[cell (biology)|cell]] they play important roles in energy production, [[metabolism]], and signaling. | Nucleotides are the structural units of [[RNA]], [[DNA]], and several cofactors - [[CoA]], [[FAD]], [[FMN]], [[NAD]], and [[NADP]]. In the [[cell (biology)|cell]] they play important roles in energy production, [[metabolism]], and signaling. | ||
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+ | ==The chemical structure of nucleotides== | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Image:Nucleotides.png|500px|right|frame|The structural elements of the most common nucleotides.]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Nomenclature== | ||
Nucleotide names are abbreviated into standard three- or four-letter codes. The first letter is lower case and indicates whether the Nucleotide in question is a deoxyribonucleotide (denoted by a d) or a ribonucleotide (no letter). The second letter indicates the nucleoside corresponding to the nucleobase: | Nucleotide names are abbreviated into standard three- or four-letter codes. The first letter is lower case and indicates whether the Nucleotide in question is a deoxyribonucleotide (denoted by a d) or a ribonucleotide (no letter). The second letter indicates the nucleoside corresponding to the nucleobase: | ||
: G: [[Guanine]] | : G: [[Guanine]] | ||
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The third and fourth letters indicate the length of the attached phosphate chain (Mono-, Di-, Tri-) and the presence of a phosphate (P). | The third and fourth letters indicate the length of the attached phosphate chain (Mono-, Di-, Tri-) and the presence of a phosphate (P). | ||
− | + | Thus, for example, deoxy-cytidine-triphosphate is abbreviated as dCTP. | |
+ | |||
+ | ==Nucleotides encode genetic information== | ||
− | == Chemical structures == | + | ==Nucleotides function in cell metabolism== |
− | === Nucleotides === | + | ===ATP is the universal energy currency of the cell=== |
+ | [[Image:ATP_chemical_structure.png|186px|The chemical structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Several nucleotides function as coenzymes=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Nucleotides also play a role in regulation of metabolism== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Chemical structures== | ||
+ | ===Nucleotides=== | ||
{| | {| | ||
|- align="center" valign="bottom" | |- align="center" valign="bottom" | ||
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− | + | {| style="float:right;" border=1px | |
− | + | |+ Nucleotide codes | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | ! Code || |Equivalence || Complement | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | [[Adenine|A]] || A || T or U | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | [[Cytosine|C]] || C || G | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | [[guanine|G]] || G || C | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | [[thymine|T]] or [[uracil|U]] || T || A | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | M || A or C || K | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | R || A or G || Y | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | W || A or T || W | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | S || C or G || S | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | Y || C or T || R | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | K || G or T || M | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | V || A or C or G || B | |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | H || A or C or T || D | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | D || A or G or T || H | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | B || C or G or T || V | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | X or N || A or C or G or T || X | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | ==References== | |
− | + | *Stryer, Lubert. 1995. ''Biochemistry'', 4th edition. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman. | |
− | * | ||
== External links == | == External links == |
Revision as of 00:41, 14 August 2006
A nucleotide is a chemical compound that consists of a heterocyclic base, a sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. In the most common nucleotides the base is a derivative of purine or pyrimidine, and the sugar is the pentose (five-carbon sugar) deoxyribose or ribose.
Nucleotides are the structural units of RNA, DNA, and several cofactors - CoA, FAD, FMN, NAD, and NADP. In the cell they play important roles in energy production, metabolism, and signaling.
The chemical structure of nucleotides
Nomenclature
Nucleotide names are abbreviated into standard three- or four-letter codes. The first letter is lower case and indicates whether the Nucleotide in question is a deoxyribonucleotide (denoted by a d) or a ribonucleotide (no letter). The second letter indicates the nucleoside corresponding to the nucleobase:
- G: Guanine
- A: Adenine
- T: Thymine
- C: Cytosine
- U: Uracil not present in DNA, but takes the place of Thymine in RNA
The third and fourth letters indicate the length of the attached phosphate chain (Mono-, Di-, Tri-) and the presence of a phosphate (P).
Thus, for example, deoxy-cytidine-triphosphate is abbreviated as dCTP.
Nucleotides encode genetic information
Nucleotides function in cell metabolism
ATP is the universal energy currency of the cell
Several nucleotides function as coenzymes
Nucleotides also play a role in regulation of metabolism
Chemical structures
Nucleotides
Adenosine monophosphate AMP |
Adenosine diphosphate ADP |
Adenosine triphosphate ATP |
Guanosine monophosphate GMP |
Guanosine diphosphate GDP |
Guanosine triphosphate GTP |
Thymidine monophosphate TMP |
Thymidine diphosphate TDP |
Thymidine triphosphate TTP |
Uridine monophosphate UMP |
Uridine diphosphate UDP |
Uridine triphosphate UTP |
Cytidine monophosphate CMP |
Cytidine diphosphate CDP |
Cytidine triphosphate CTP |
Deoxynucleotides
Code | Equivalence | Complement |
---|---|---|
A | A | T or U |
C | C | G |
G | G | C |
T or U | T | A |
M | A or C | K |
R | A or G | Y |
W | A or T | W |
S | C or G | S |
Y | C or T | R |
K | G or T | M |
V | A or C or G | B |
H | A or C or T | D |
D | A or G or T | H |
B | C or G or T | V |
X or N | A or C or G or T | X |
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Stryer, Lubert. 1995. Biochemistry, 4th edition. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman.
External links
- Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and their Constituents (IUPAC)
- Provisional Recommendations 2004 (IUPAC)
Nucleic acids edit |
---|
Nucleobases: Adenine - Thymine - Uracil - Guanine - Cytosine - Purine - Pyrimidine |
Nucleosides: Adenosine - Uridine - Guanosine - Cytidine - Deoxyadenosine - Thymidine - Deoxyguanosine - Deoxycytidine |
Nucleotides: AMP - UMP - GMP - CMP - ADP - UDP - GDP - CDP - ATP - UTP - GTP - CTP - cAMP - cGMP |
Deoxynucleotides: dAMP - dTMP - dUMP - dGMP - dCMP - dADP - dTDP - dUDP - dGDP - dCDP - dATP - dTTP - dUTP - dGTP - dCTP |
Nucleic acids: DNA - RNA - LNA - PNA - mRNA - ncRNA - miRNA - rRNA - siRNA - tRNA - mtDNA - Oligonucleotide |
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