Rostropovich, Mstislav
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{{Infobox musical artist | {{Infobox musical artist | ||
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|Notable_instruments = '''Cellos'''<br/>''[[Duport Stradivarius]]''<br/>''[[Sergio Peresson]]''<br/>''Visconti da Madrona [[Stradivarius]]}} | |Notable_instruments = '''Cellos'''<br/>''[[Duport Stradivarius]]''<br/>''[[Sergio Peresson]]''<br/>''Visconti da Madrona [[Stradivarius]]}} | ||
| − | '''Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich''' [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire|KBE]] ([[Russian language|Russian]]: Мстисла́в Леопо́льдович Ростропо́вич, ''Mstislav Leopol'dovič Rostropovič'' | + | '''Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich''' [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire|KBE]] ([[Russian language|Russian]]: Мстисла́в Леопо́льдович Ростропо́вич, ''Mstislav Leopol'dovič Rostropovič,'' {{IPA2|rəstrʌ'pɔːvitç}}), (March 27 1927 – April 27 2007), known to close friends as “Slava,” was a [[Russians|Russian]] [[cellist]] and [[conducting|conductor]]. He was married to the soprano [[Galina Vishnevskaya]]. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest cellists of the 20th century. Rostropovich was also a proponent of artistic freedom and expression, which caused great conflict with Soviet authorities. His great courage in standing for [[human rights]] and democratic values caused him to be exiled. |
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==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
===Early years=== | ===Early years=== | ||
| − | Rostropovich was born in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan SSR]], [[USSR]], to ethnic [[Russians|Russian]] parents who moved there from [[Orenburg]].<ref> | + | Rostropovich was born in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan SSR]], [[USSR]], to ethnic [[Russians|Russian]] parents who moved there from [[Orenburg]].<ref>Valentin Shutilova. Азиопа. Часть вторая. Дом - музей семьи Ростроповичей в Оренбурге [http://www.svali.ru/print_story.php?st_id=1105|1] ''Svali.ru'' (in Russian) 16 May 2007 accessdate 2007-08-06</ref> His father, Leopold, was also partly of [[Belarusians|Belarusian]]-[[Polish nobility|Polish noble]] descent.<ref>Michael Birukoff, Rostropovich Family Name. (in Russian) [http://www.vgd.ru/R/rostpchn.htm#%F2%CF%D3%D4%D2%CF%D0%CF%D7%C9%DE All Russia Family Tree]. accessdate 2007-08-04</ref> That part of his family bore the [[Bogorya coat of arms]], which was located at the family palace in Skotniki, [[Masovian Voivodeship]]. He grew up in Baku and spent his youth there. During [[World War II]] his family moved back to Orenburg and then in 1943 to [[Moscow]].<ref>Mstislav Rostropovich: Obituary. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article1717247.ece]. ''The Times'' 28 April 2007. accessdate 2007-08-04</ref> |
| − | At the age of four Rostropovich learned the [[piano]] with his mother, a talented pianist. He started the [[cello]] at the age of 10 with his father, who was also a renowned cellist and former student of [[Pablo Casals]].<ref name=Sony> | + | At the age of four Rostropovich learned the [[piano]] with his mother, a talented pianist. He started the [[cello]] at the age of 10 with his father, who was also a renowned cellist and former student of [[Pablo Casals]].<ref name=Sony>[http://www.sonyclassical.com/artists/rostropovich/bio.html Mstislav Rostropovich biography] ''Sony Classical''. accessdate 2007-04-30</ref> |
From 1943 to 1948, he studied at the [[Moscow Conservatory]], where he became professor of cello in 1956. He entered the Moscow Conservatory at the age of 16, and studied not only the piano and the cello, but also conducting and composition. Among his teachers were [[Dmitri Shostakovich]] and [[Sergei Prokofiev]]. In 1945 he came to prominence as a cellist when he won the gold medal in the first ever [[Soviet Union]] competition for young musicians.<ref name=Sony/> | From 1943 to 1948, he studied at the [[Moscow Conservatory]], where he became professor of cello in 1956. He entered the Moscow Conservatory at the age of 16, and studied not only the piano and the cello, but also conducting and composition. Among his teachers were [[Dmitri Shostakovich]] and [[Sergei Prokofiev]]. In 1945 he came to prominence as a cellist when he won the gold medal in the first ever [[Soviet Union]] competition for young musicians.<ref name=Sony/> | ||
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[[Image:Mstislav Rostropovich and Galina Vishnevskaya NYWTS cropped.jpg|thumb| Mstislav Rostropovich with wife [[Galina Vishnevskaya]] in 1965]] | [[Image:Mstislav Rostropovich and Galina Vishnevskaya NYWTS cropped.jpg|thumb| Mstislav Rostropovich with wife [[Galina Vishnevskaya]] in 1965]] | ||
| − | Rostropovich gave his first cello concert in 1942. He won first prize at the international Music Awards of [[Prague]] and [[Budapest]] in 1947, 1949, and 1950. In 1950, at the age of 23 he was awarded what was then considered the highest distinction in the Soviet Union, the [[Stalin Prize]].<ref name=Lrytas> | + | Rostropovich gave his first cello concert in 1942. He won first prize at the international Music Awards of [[Prague]] and [[Budapest]] in 1947, 1949, and 1950. In 1950, at the age of 23 he was awarded what was then considered the highest distinction in the Soviet Union, the [[Stalin Prize]].<ref name=Lrytas>[http://www.lrytas.lt/?id=11776666481176558153&view=4 Mirė maestro M.Rostropovičius]. ''Lietuvos rytas'' 28 April 2007. (in Lithuanian) accessdate 2007-04-30</ref> At that time, Rostropovich was already well known in his country and while actively pursuing his solo career, he taught at the [[Saint Petersburg Conservatory|Leningrad (Saint-Petersburg) Conservatory]] and the [[Moscow Conservatory]]. |
| − | In 1955, he married [[Galina Vishnevskaya]], [[soprano]] at the ''[[Bolshoi Theater]]''.<ref> | + | In 1955, he married [[Galina Vishnevskaya]], [[soprano]] at the ''[[Bolshoi Theater]]''.<ref> Biography of Mstislav Rostropovitch. UNESCO.</ref> |
Rostropovich had working relationships with Soviet composers of the era. [[Sergei Prokofiev|Prokofiev]] dedicated his [[Symphony-Concerto (Prokofiev)|Sinfonia Concertante for cello]] to him. Rostropovich and [[Dmitri Kabalevsky]] completed Prokofiev's ''[[Cello Concertino (Prokofiev)|Cello Concertino]]'' after the composer's death. [[Dmitri Shostakovich]] wrote both his [[Cello Concerto No. 1 (Shostakovich)|first]] and [[Cello Concerto No. 2 (Shostakovich)|second]] [[cello concerto]]s for Rostropovich, who also gave their first performances. <!-- Special section for numerous other composers —> | Rostropovich had working relationships with Soviet composers of the era. [[Sergei Prokofiev|Prokofiev]] dedicated his [[Symphony-Concerto (Prokofiev)|Sinfonia Concertante for cello]] to him. Rostropovich and [[Dmitri Kabalevsky]] completed Prokofiev's ''[[Cello Concertino (Prokofiev)|Cello Concertino]]'' after the composer's death. [[Dmitri Shostakovich]] wrote both his [[Cello Concerto No. 1 (Shostakovich)|first]] and [[Cello Concerto No. 2 (Shostakovich)|second]] [[cello concerto]]s for Rostropovich, who also gave their first performances. <!-- Special section for numerous other composers —> | ||
| − | His international career started in 1964 in what was then [[West Germany]]. As of this date, he went on several tours in western Europe and met several composers, including [[Benjamin Britten]]. Britten dedicated his ''Cello Sonata'', three ''Solo Suites'', and his ''Cello Symphony'' to Rostropovich, who gave their first performances. <!-- Special section for numerous other composers —>In 1967, he conducted [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]'s opera ''[[Eugene Onegin (opera)|Eugene Onegin]]'' at the ''Bolshoi Theater'' | + | His international career started in 1964 in what was then [[West Germany]]. As of this date, he went on several tours in western Europe and met several composers, including [[Benjamin Britten]]. Britten dedicated his ''Cello Sonata'', three ''Solo Suites'', and his ''Cello Symphony'' to Rostropovich, who gave their first performances. <!-- Special section for numerous other composers —>In 1967, he conducted [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]'s opera ''[[Eugene Onegin (opera)|Eugene Onegin]]'' at the ''Bolshoi Theater,'' indulging his passion for both the role of conductor and the opera itself. |
===Exile=== | ===Exile=== | ||
Rostropovich fought for art without borders, [[freedom of speech]], and [[Democracy|democratic]] values, resulting in harassment from the Soviet regime. An early example was in 1948, when he was a student at the [[Moscow Conservatory]]. In response to the 10 February 1948 decree on so-called "[[Russian Formalism|formalist]]" composers, his teacher [[Dmitri Shostakovich]] was dismissed from his professorships in Leningrad and Moscow; the then 21-year-old Rostropovich quit the Conservatory, dropping out in protest. In 1970, Rostropovich sheltered [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]], who otherwise had nowhere else to go, in his own home. His friendship with Solzhenitsyn, who was exiled in 1974, and his support for dissidents led to official disgrace in the early 1970s. As a result, Rostropovich was restricted from foreign touring, as was his wife, soprano Galina Vishnevskaya, and he was sent on a recital tour of small towns in [[Siberia]]. | Rostropovich fought for art without borders, [[freedom of speech]], and [[Democracy|democratic]] values, resulting in harassment from the Soviet regime. An early example was in 1948, when he was a student at the [[Moscow Conservatory]]. In response to the 10 February 1948 decree on so-called "[[Russian Formalism|formalist]]" composers, his teacher [[Dmitri Shostakovich]] was dismissed from his professorships in Leningrad and Moscow; the then 21-year-old Rostropovich quit the Conservatory, dropping out in protest. In 1970, Rostropovich sheltered [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]], who otherwise had nowhere else to go, in his own home. His friendship with Solzhenitsyn, who was exiled in 1974, and his support for dissidents led to official disgrace in the early 1970s. As a result, Rostropovich was restricted from foreign touring, as was his wife, soprano Galina Vishnevskaya, and he was sent on a recital tour of small towns in [[Siberia]]. | ||
| − | Rostropovich emigrated the Soviet Union in 1974 with his wife and children, settling in the [[United States]]. He was banned from several musical ensembles in his homeland, and his Soviet citizenship was revoked in 1978 because of his public opposition to the Soviet Union's restriction of cultural freedom.<ref name=Lrytas/> | + | Rostropovich emigrated from the Soviet Union in 1974 with his wife and children, settling in the [[United States]]. He was banned from several musical ensembles in his homeland, and his Soviet citizenship was revoked in 1978 because of his public opposition to the Soviet Union's restriction of cultural freedom.<ref name=Lrytas/> |
===Further career=== | ===Further career=== | ||
| − | From 1977 until 1994, he was musical director and conductor of the [[United States|U.S.]] [[National Symphony Orchestra (United States)|National Symphony Orchestra]] in [[Washington, DC]], while still performing with some of the most famous Russian emigré musicians such as [[Sviatoslav Richter]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]].<ref> | + | From 1977 until 1994, he was musical director and conductor of the [[United States|U.S.]] [[National Symphony Orchestra (United States)|National Symphony Orchestra]] in [[Washington, DC]], while still performing with some of the most famous Russian emigré musicians such as [[Sviatoslav Richter]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9002382/National-Symphony-Orchestra] "National Symphony Orchestra" ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'' accessdate 2007-04-30</ref> He was also the director and founder of the Rostropovich Music Festival and was a regular performer at the [[Aldeburgh Festival]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]. |
| − | His impromptu performance during the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] as events unfolded earned him international fame and was shown on television throughout the world.<ref name=BBC> | + | His impromptu performance during the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] as events unfolded earned him international fame and was shown on television throughout the world.<ref name=BBC>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6598895.stm Russian maestro Rostropovich dies]. ''BBC News'' accessdate 2007-04-30</ref> His Russian citizenship was restored in 1990, although he and his family had already become American citizens. |
| − | Rostropovich received many international awards, including the [[French Legion of Honor]] and honorary doctorates from many international universities. He was an activist, fighting for freedom of expression in art and politics. An ambassador for [[UNESCO]], he supported many educational and cultural projects.<ref> | + | Rostropovich received many international awards, including the [[French Legion of Honor]] and honorary doctorates from many international universities. He was an activist, fighting for freedom of expression in art and politics. An ambassador for [[UNESCO]], he supported many educational and cultural projects.<ref> UNESCO Celebrity Advocates: Mstislav Rostropovitch. UNESCO </ref> Rostropovich performed several times in [[Madrid]] and was a close friend of [[Queen Sofía of Spain]]. |
| − | Rostropovich and his wife, Galina Vishnevskaya, started a foundation to stimulate social projects and activities. The couple funded a vaccination program in [[Azerbaijan]]. The ''Rostropovich Home Museum'' opened on March 4 2002, in Baku.<ref> | + | Rostropovich and his wife, Galina Vishnevskaya, started a foundation to stimulate social projects and activities. The couple funded a vaccination program in [[Azerbaijan]]. The ''Rostropovich Home Museum'' opened on March 4 2002, in Baku.<ref>Gulnar Aydamirova, [http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai112_folder/112_articles/112_rostropovich.html Rostropovich The Home Museum]. ''Azerbaijan International'' (Summer 2003) accessdate 2007-04-30</ref> Rostropovich and Vishnevskaya visited Azerbaijan occasionally. Rostropovich also presented cello master classes at the [[Azerbaijan State Conservatory]]. |
| − | Together they formed a valuable art collection. In September 2007, when it was slated to be sold at auction by [[Sotheby's]] in London and dispersed, Russian billionaire [[Alisher Usmanov]] stepped forward and negotiated the purchase of all 450 lots, in order to keep the collection together and bring it to Russia as a memorial to the great cellist's memory. Christie's reported that the buyer paid a "substantially higher" sum than the £20 million pre-sale estimate<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6999330.stm | + | Together they formed a valuable [[art collection]]. In September 2007, when it was slated to be sold at auction by [[Sotheby's]] in London and dispersed, Russian billionaire [[Alisher Usmanov]] stepped forward and negotiated the purchase of all 450 lots, in order to keep the collection together and bring it to Russia as a memorial to the great cellist's memory. Christie's reported that the buyer paid a "substantially higher" sum than the £20 million pre-sale estimate<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6999330.stm "Billionaire buys entire auction"], ''BBC News'', 17 September 2007.</ref> |
===Illness and death=== | ===Illness and death=== | ||
| − | Rostropovich's health declined in 2006, with the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' reporting rumors of unspecified surgery in Geneva and later treatment for what was reported as an aggravated ulcer. Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] visited Rostropovich to discuss details of a celebration the Kremlin was planning for March 27 2007, Rostropovich's 80th birthday. Rostropovich attended the celebration but was reportedly in frail health. | + | Rostropovich's health declined in 2006, with the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' reporting rumors of unspecified surgery in Geneva and later treatment for what was reported as an aggravated ulcer. Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] visited Rostropovich to discuss details of a celebration the Kremlin was planning for March 27, 2007, Rostropovich's 80th birthday. Rostropovich attended the celebration but was reportedly in frail health. |
| − | Though Rostropovich's last home was in [[Paris]], he maintained residences in [[Moscow]], [[ | + | Though Rostropovich's last home was in [[Paris]], he maintained residences in [[Moscow]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[London]], [[Lausanne]], and [[Jordanville, New York]]. Rostropovich was admitted to a Paris hospital at the end of January 2007, but then decided to fly to Moscow, where he had been receiving care.<ref>Alan Kozinn. Mstislav Rostropovich, Cellist and Conductor, Dies ''New York Times'' 27 April 2007. accessdate </ref> On February 6, 2007 the 79-year-old Rostropovich was admitted to a hospital in Moscow. "He is just feeling unwell," Natalya Dolezhale, Rostropovich's secretary in Moscow, said. Asked if there was serious cause for concern about his health she said: "No, right now there is no cause whatsoever." She refused to specify the nature of his illness. The [[Kremlin]] said that President [[Vladimir Putin]] had visited the musician on Monday in the hospital, which prompted speculation that he was in a serious condition. Dolezhale said the visit was to discuss arrangements for marking Rostropovich's 80th birthday. |
| − | He re-entered the Blokhim Cancer Institute on April 7 2007, where he was treated for [[intestinal cancer]]. He died on April 27 2007.<ref> | + | He re-entered the Blokhim Cancer Institute on April 7 2007, where he was treated for [[intestinal cancer]]. He died on April 27 2007.<ref>[http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/russian%20cellist%20rostropovich%20seriously%20ill_1028951 Russian cellist Rostropovish 'seriously ill']. ''Contactmusic'' accessdate 2007-04-30</ref><ref name=BBC/> This was the birth date of [[Sergei Prokofiev]], under whom Rostropovich had studied and some of whose works he had premiered. |
| − | On April 28, Rostropovich lay in an open coffin at the [[Moscow Conservatory]], where he once studied as a teenager, and was then moved to the [[Cathedral of Christ the Savior (Moscow)|Church of Christ the Savior]]. Thousands of mourners, including Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]], bade farewell. Spain's [[Queen Sofia]], French first lady [[Bernadette Chirac]] and President [[Ilham Aliev]] of Azerbaijan, where Rostropovich was born, as well as [[Naina Yeltsina]], the widow of [[Boris Yeltsin]], were among those in attendance at the funeral on April 29. Rostropovich was then buried in the [[Novodevichy Cemetery]], the same cemetery where his friend Boris Yeltsin was buried four days earlier.<ref name="BBC, 29 April"> | + | On April 28, Rostropovich lay in an open coffin at the [[Moscow Conservatory]], where he once studied as a teenager, and was then moved to the [[Cathedral of Christ the Savior (Moscow)|Church of Christ the Savior]]. Thousands of mourners, including Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]], bade farewell. Spain's [[Queen Sofia]], French first lady [[Bernadette Chirac]] and President [[Ilham Aliev]] of Azerbaijan, where Rostropovich was born, as well as [[Naina Yeltsina]], the widow of [[Boris Yeltsin]], were among those in attendance at the funeral on April 29. Rostropovich was then buried in the [[Novodevichy Cemetery]], the same cemetery where his friend Boris Yeltsin was buried four days earlier.<ref name="BBC, 29 April">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6604875.stm Russian farewell to Rostropovich]. ''BBC News'' 29 Apr 2007, 2007-04-30</ref> |
==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
[[Image:Rostro pic.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Mstislav Rostropovich with [[Julian Lloyd Webber]]]] | [[Image:Rostro pic.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Mstislav Rostropovich with [[Julian Lloyd Webber]]]] | ||
| − | Rostropovich was a huge influence on the younger generation of cellists. Many have openly acknowledged their debt to his example. In the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' [[Julian Lloyd Webber]] called him "probably the greatest cellist of all time."<ref> | + | Rostropovich was a huge influence on the younger generation of cellists. Many have openly acknowledged their debt to his example. In the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' [[Julian Lloyd Webber]] called him "probably the greatest cellist of all time."<ref>Julian Lloyd Webber. The greatest cellist of all time [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/04/27/nros227.xml] ''The Telegraph'' 28 April 2007. accessdate 2007-08-06</ref> |
Rostropovich either commissioned either was the recipient of compositions by many composers including [[Dmitri Shostakovich]], [[Sergei Prokofiev]], [[Benjamin Britten]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Alfred Schnittke]], [[Aram Khachaturian]], [[Ástor Piazzolla]], [[Olivier Messiaen]], [[Witold Lutosławski]], [[Krzysztof Penderecki]], [[Henri Dutilleux]], and [[Arthur Bliss]]. His commissions of new works enlarged the cello repertoire more than any cellist before or since. | Rostropovich either commissioned either was the recipient of compositions by many composers including [[Dmitri Shostakovich]], [[Sergei Prokofiev]], [[Benjamin Britten]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Alfred Schnittke]], [[Aram Khachaturian]], [[Ástor Piazzolla]], [[Olivier Messiaen]], [[Witold Lutosławski]], [[Krzysztof Penderecki]], [[Henri Dutilleux]], and [[Arthur Bliss]]. His commissions of new works enlarged the cello repertoire more than any cellist before or since. | ||
| − | He was the first performer of 117 pieces.<ref> | + | He was the first performer of 117 pieces.<ref>Olga Sobolevskaya [http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20070427/64560235.html Mstislav Rostropovich: musician of genius, man of honor]. ''RIA Novosti'' 27 April 2007. accessdate 2007-04-30</ref> |
He is well known for his interpretations of [[Antonín Dvořák|Dvořák]]'s [[Cello Concerto (Dvořák)|B minor cello concerto]] and [[Haydn]]'s cello concertos in C and D and the first concerto by Shostakovich. | He is well known for his interpretations of [[Antonín Dvořák|Dvořák]]'s [[Cello Concerto (Dvořák)|B minor cello concerto]] and [[Haydn]]'s cello concertos in C and D and the first concerto by Shostakovich. | ||
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* [[Sonning Award]] (1981; [[Denmark]]) | * [[Sonning Award]] (1981; [[Denmark]]) | ||
*Honor Award of the [[Republic of Azerbaijan]] | *Honor Award of the [[Republic of Azerbaijan]] | ||
| − | *Honorary [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire|KBE]] from [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in 1987 | + | *Honorary [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire|KBE]] from [[Elizabeth II of England|Queen Elizabeth II]] in 1987 |
*Citizen of honor of [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuania]] (2000) | *Citizen of honor of [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuania]] (2000) | ||
| − | *Order of Service to the Fatherland, First Degree, for his "outstanding contribution to the development of world music and many years of creative activity," presented by President Vladimir Putin, 02/26/2007. | + | *Order of Service to the Fatherland, First Degree, for his "outstanding contribution to the development of world music and many years of creative activity," presented by President [[Vladimir Putin]], 02/26/2007. |
| − | * Queen [[Beatrix of the Netherlands]] awarded him the rare Medal for Art and Science (Dutch:"Eremedaille voor Kunst en Wetenschap") of the House-Order of Orange. | + | * Queen [[Beatrix of the Netherlands]] awarded him the rare Medal for Art and Science (Dutch: "Eremedaille voor Kunst en Wetenschap") of the House-Order of Orange. |
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
| − | + | <references/> | |
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | * | + | |
| − | * | + | *"Mstislav Rostropovich: Conductor, Pianist and Outstanding Cellist of the Age for whom Prokofiev, Shostakovich and Britten Composed (obituary)", ''The Telegraph'' Retrieved December 19, 2007. |
| − | + | *Reynolds, Nigel, "Famed Russian Cellist Loses Cancer Battle", ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved December 19, 2007. | |
| − | *Rostropovich, Mstislav; Vishnevskaya, | + | Lloyd Webber, Julian, "'The Greatest Cellist of All Time'", ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved December 19, 2007. |
| − | *Tauris, Rosemary; | + | *Rostropovich, Mstislav; Galina Vishnevskaya, and Claude Samuel. ''Mstislav Rostropovich and Galina Vishnevskaya: Russia, Music, and Liberty.'' Portland, OR: Amadeus Press, 1995. ISBN 9780931340765 |
| − | *Wilson, Elizabeth A. M.; ''Mstislav Rostropovich: Cellist, Teacher, Legend'' | + | *Tauris, Rosemary; Mstislav Rostropovich. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1982. OCLC 34378774 |
| + | *Wilson, Elizabeth A. M.; ''Mstislav Rostropovich: Cellist, Teacher, Legend.'' London: Faber, 2007. ISBN 9780571220519 | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | All links | + | All links retrieved November 10, 2022. |
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*[http://www.cello.org/Newsletter/Articles/rostropovich/rostropovich.htm Interview] by Tim Janof | *[http://www.cello.org/Newsletter/Articles/rostropovich/rostropovich.htm Interview] by Tim Janof | ||
*[http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/74_folder/74.articles/74_rostropovich.html Famous People: Then and Now] article and interview at ''[[Azerbaijan International]]'' (Winter 1999) | *[http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/74_folder/74.articles/74_rostropovich.html Famous People: Then and Now] article and interview at ''[[Azerbaijan International]]'' (Winter 1999) | ||
*[http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai132_folder/132_articles/132_rostropovich_artists.html Intellectual Responsibility. When Silence is Not Golden: Conversations with Mstislav Rostropovich], another ''Azerbaijan International'' interview (Summer 2005) | *[http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai132_folder/132_articles/132_rostropovich_artists.html Intellectual Responsibility. When Silence is Not Golden: Conversations with Mstislav Rostropovich], another ''Azerbaijan International'' interview (Summer 2005) | ||
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{{credits|Mstislav_Rostropovich|174809012}} | {{credits|Mstislav_Rostropovich|174809012}} | ||
Latest revision as of 01:47, 11 March 2023
| Mstislav Rostropovich | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich |
| Born | March 27 1927 Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, USSR
|
| Died | April 27 2007 (aged 80) Moscow, Russia |
| Genre(s) | Classical |
| Occupation(s) | Cellist, conductor, pedagogue |
| Instrument(s) | Cello, piano |
| Associated acts | National Symphony Orchestra |
| Notable instrument(s) | |
| Cellos Duport Stradivarius Sergio Peresson Visconti da Madrona Stradivarius | |
Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich KBE (Russian: Мстисла́в Леопо́льдович Ростропо́вич, Mstislav Leopol'dovič Rostropovič, IPA: [rəstrʌ'pɔːvitç]), (March 27 1927 – April 27 2007), known to close friends as “Slava,” was a Russian cellist and conductor. He was married to the soprano Galina Vishnevskaya. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest cellists of the 20th century. Rostropovich was also a proponent of artistic freedom and expression, which caused great conflict with Soviet authorities. His great courage in standing for human rights and democratic values caused him to be exiled.
Biography
Early years
Rostropovich was born in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, USSR, to ethnic Russian parents who moved there from Orenburg.[1] His father, Leopold, was also partly of Belarusian-Polish noble descent.[2] That part of his family bore the Bogorya coat of arms, which was located at the family palace in Skotniki, Masovian Voivodeship. He grew up in Baku and spent his youth there. During World War II his family moved back to Orenburg and then in 1943 to Moscow.[3]
At the age of four Rostropovich learned the piano with his mother, a talented pianist. He started the cello at the age of 10 with his father, who was also a renowned cellist and former student of Pablo Casals.[4]
From 1943 to 1948, he studied at the Moscow Conservatory, where he became professor of cello in 1956. He entered the Moscow Conservatory at the age of 16, and studied not only the piano and the cello, but also conducting and composition. Among his teachers were Dmitri Shostakovich and Sergei Prokofiev. In 1945 he came to prominence as a cellist when he won the gold medal in the first ever Soviet Union competition for young musicians.[4]
First concerts
Rostropovich gave his first cello concert in 1942. He won first prize at the international Music Awards of Prague and Budapest in 1947, 1949, and 1950. In 1950, at the age of 23 he was awarded what was then considered the highest distinction in the Soviet Union, the Stalin Prize.[5] At that time, Rostropovich was already well known in his country and while actively pursuing his solo career, he taught at the Leningrad (Saint-Petersburg) Conservatory and the Moscow Conservatory. In 1955, he married Galina Vishnevskaya, soprano at the Bolshoi Theater.[6]
Rostropovich had working relationships with Soviet composers of the era. Prokofiev dedicated his Sinfonia Concertante for cello to him. Rostropovich and Dmitri Kabalevsky completed Prokofiev's Cello Concertino after the composer's death. Dmitri Shostakovich wrote both his first and second cello concertos for Rostropovich, who also gave their first performances.
His international career started in 1964 in what was then West Germany. As of this date, he went on several tours in western Europe and met several composers, including Benjamin Britten. Britten dedicated his Cello Sonata, three Solo Suites, and his Cello Symphony to Rostropovich, who gave their first performances. In 1967, he conducted Tchaikovsky's opera Eugene Onegin at the Bolshoi Theater, indulging his passion for both the role of conductor and the opera itself.
Exile
Rostropovich fought for art without borders, freedom of speech, and democratic values, resulting in harassment from the Soviet regime. An early example was in 1948, when he was a student at the Moscow Conservatory. In response to the 10 February 1948 decree on so-called "formalist" composers, his teacher Dmitri Shostakovich was dismissed from his professorships in Leningrad and Moscow; the then 21-year-old Rostropovich quit the Conservatory, dropping out in protest. In 1970, Rostropovich sheltered Alexander Solzhenitsyn, who otherwise had nowhere else to go, in his own home. His friendship with Solzhenitsyn, who was exiled in 1974, and his support for dissidents led to official disgrace in the early 1970s. As a result, Rostropovich was restricted from foreign touring, as was his wife, soprano Galina Vishnevskaya, and he was sent on a recital tour of small towns in Siberia.
Rostropovich emigrated from the Soviet Union in 1974 with his wife and children, settling in the United States. He was banned from several musical ensembles in his homeland, and his Soviet citizenship was revoked in 1978 because of his public opposition to the Soviet Union's restriction of cultural freedom.[5]
Further career
From 1977 until 1994, he was musical director and conductor of the U.S. National Symphony Orchestra in Washington, DC, while still performing with some of the most famous Russian emigré musicians such as Sviatoslav Richter and Vladimir Horowitz.[7] He was also the director and founder of the Rostropovich Music Festival and was a regular performer at the Aldeburgh Festival in the UK.
His impromptu performance during the fall of the Berlin Wall as events unfolded earned him international fame and was shown on television throughout the world.[8] His Russian citizenship was restored in 1990, although he and his family had already become American citizens.
Rostropovich received many international awards, including the French Legion of Honor and honorary doctorates from many international universities. He was an activist, fighting for freedom of expression in art and politics. An ambassador for UNESCO, he supported many educational and cultural projects.[9] Rostropovich performed several times in Madrid and was a close friend of Queen Sofía of Spain.
Rostropovich and his wife, Galina Vishnevskaya, started a foundation to stimulate social projects and activities. The couple funded a vaccination program in Azerbaijan. The Rostropovich Home Museum opened on March 4 2002, in Baku.[10] Rostropovich and Vishnevskaya visited Azerbaijan occasionally. Rostropovich also presented cello master classes at the Azerbaijan State Conservatory.
Together they formed a valuable art collection. In September 2007, when it was slated to be sold at auction by Sotheby's in London and dispersed, Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov stepped forward and negotiated the purchase of all 450 lots, in order to keep the collection together and bring it to Russia as a memorial to the great cellist's memory. Christie's reported that the buyer paid a "substantially higher" sum than the £20 million pre-sale estimate[11]
Illness and death
Rostropovich's health declined in 2006, with the Chicago Tribune reporting rumors of unspecified surgery in Geneva and later treatment for what was reported as an aggravated ulcer. Russian President Vladimir Putin visited Rostropovich to discuss details of a celebration the Kremlin was planning for March 27, 2007, Rostropovich's 80th birthday. Rostropovich attended the celebration but was reportedly in frail health.
Though Rostropovich's last home was in Paris, he maintained residences in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, London, Lausanne, and Jordanville, New York. Rostropovich was admitted to a Paris hospital at the end of January 2007, but then decided to fly to Moscow, where he had been receiving care.[12] On February 6, 2007 the 79-year-old Rostropovich was admitted to a hospital in Moscow. "He is just feeling unwell," Natalya Dolezhale, Rostropovich's secretary in Moscow, said. Asked if there was serious cause for concern about his health she said: "No, right now there is no cause whatsoever." She refused to specify the nature of his illness. The Kremlin said that President Vladimir Putin had visited the musician on Monday in the hospital, which prompted speculation that he was in a serious condition. Dolezhale said the visit was to discuss arrangements for marking Rostropovich's 80th birthday.
He re-entered the Blokhim Cancer Institute on April 7 2007, where he was treated for intestinal cancer. He died on April 27 2007.[13][8] This was the birth date of Sergei Prokofiev, under whom Rostropovich had studied and some of whose works he had premiered.
On April 28, Rostropovich lay in an open coffin at the Moscow Conservatory, where he once studied as a teenager, and was then moved to the Church of Christ the Savior. Thousands of mourners, including Russian President Vladimir Putin, bade farewell. Spain's Queen Sofia, French first lady Bernadette Chirac and President Ilham Aliev of Azerbaijan, where Rostropovich was born, as well as Naina Yeltsina, the widow of Boris Yeltsin, were among those in attendance at the funeral on April 29. Rostropovich was then buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery, the same cemetery where his friend Boris Yeltsin was buried four days earlier.[14]
Legacy
Rostropovich was a huge influence on the younger generation of cellists. Many have openly acknowledged their debt to his example. In the Daily Telegraph Julian Lloyd Webber called him "probably the greatest cellist of all time."[15]
Rostropovich either commissioned either was the recipient of compositions by many composers including Dmitri Shostakovich, Sergei Prokofiev, Benjamin Britten, Leonard Bernstein, Alfred Schnittke, Aram Khachaturian, Ástor Piazzolla, Olivier Messiaen, Witold Lutosławski, Krzysztof Penderecki, Henri Dutilleux, and Arthur Bliss. His commissions of new works enlarged the cello repertoire more than any cellist before or since.
He was the first performer of 117 pieces.[16]
He is well known for his interpretations of Dvořák's B minor cello concerto and Haydn's cello concertos in C and D and the first concerto by Shostakovich.
Awards and recognitions
Rostropovich received about 50 awards during his life, including:
- Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance (1984)
- Mstislav Rostropovich & Rudolf Serkin for Brahms: Sonata for Cello and Piano in E Minor, Op. 38 and Sonata in F, Op. 99
- Polar Music Prize, 1995
- Gold Medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society (1970)
- Sonning Award (1981; Denmark)
- Honor Award of the Republic of Azerbaijan
- Honorary KBE from Queen Elizabeth II in 1987
- Citizen of honor of Vilnius, Lithuania (2000)
- Order of Service to the Fatherland, First Degree, for his "outstanding contribution to the development of world music and many years of creative activity," presented by President Vladimir Putin, 02/26/2007.
- Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands awarded him the rare Medal for Art and Science (Dutch: "Eremedaille voor Kunst en Wetenschap") of the House-Order of Orange.
Notes
- ↑ Valentin Shutilova. Азиопа. Часть вторая. Дом - музей семьи Ростроповичей в Оренбурге [1] Svali.ru (in Russian) 16 May 2007 accessdate 2007-08-06
- ↑ Michael Birukoff, Rostropovich Family Name. (in Russian) All Russia Family Tree. accessdate 2007-08-04
- ↑ Mstislav Rostropovich: Obituary. [2]. The Times 28 April 2007. accessdate 2007-08-04
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mstislav Rostropovich biography Sony Classical. accessdate 2007-04-30
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Mirė maestro M.Rostropovičius. Lietuvos rytas 28 April 2007. (in Lithuanian) accessdate 2007-04-30
- ↑ Biography of Mstislav Rostropovitch. UNESCO.
- ↑ [3] "National Symphony Orchestra" Encyclopædia Britannica Online accessdate 2007-04-30
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Russian maestro Rostropovich dies. BBC News accessdate 2007-04-30
- ↑ UNESCO Celebrity Advocates: Mstislav Rostropovitch. UNESCO
- ↑ Gulnar Aydamirova, Rostropovich The Home Museum. Azerbaijan International (Summer 2003) accessdate 2007-04-30
- ↑ "Billionaire buys entire auction", BBC News, 17 September 2007.
- ↑ Alan Kozinn. Mstislav Rostropovich, Cellist and Conductor, Dies New York Times 27 April 2007. accessdate
- ↑ Russian cellist Rostropovish 'seriously ill'. Contactmusic accessdate 2007-04-30
- ↑ Russian farewell to Rostropovich. BBC News 29 Apr 2007, 2007-04-30
- ↑ Julian Lloyd Webber. The greatest cellist of all time [4] The Telegraph 28 April 2007. accessdate 2007-08-06
- ↑ Olga Sobolevskaya Mstislav Rostropovich: musician of genius, man of honor. RIA Novosti 27 April 2007. accessdate 2007-04-30
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- "Mstislav Rostropovich: Conductor, Pianist and Outstanding Cellist of the Age for whom Prokofiev, Shostakovich and Britten Composed (obituary)", The Telegraph Retrieved December 19, 2007.
- Reynolds, Nigel, "Famed Russian Cellist Loses Cancer Battle", The Telegraph. Retrieved December 19, 2007.
Lloyd Webber, Julian, "'The Greatest Cellist of All Time'", The Telegraph. Retrieved December 19, 2007.
- Rostropovich, Mstislav; Galina Vishnevskaya, and Claude Samuel. Mstislav Rostropovich and Galina Vishnevskaya: Russia, Music, and Liberty. Portland, OR: Amadeus Press, 1995. ISBN 9780931340765
- Tauris, Rosemary; Mstislav Rostropovich. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1982. OCLC 34378774
- Wilson, Elizabeth A. M.; Mstislav Rostropovich: Cellist, Teacher, Legend. London: Faber, 2007. ISBN 9780571220519
External links
All links retrieved November 10, 2022.
- Interview by Tim Janof
- Famous People: Then and Now article and interview at Azerbaijan International (Winter 1999)
- Intellectual Responsibility. When Silence is Not Golden: Conversations with Mstislav Rostropovich, another Azerbaijan International interview (Summer 2005)
| Awards | ||
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| Preceded by: Richard Goode & Richard Stoltzman |
Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance 1984 |
Succeeded by: Juilliard String Quartet |
| Preceded by: Ray Charles and Ravi Shankar |
Polar Music Prize 1995 |
Succeeded by: Pierre Boulez and Joni Mitchell |
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