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Revision as of 16:14, 20 April 2007
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Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. Tutu was elected and ordained the first African South African Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa, and primate of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa (now the Anglican Church of Southern Africa). He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984. He is also a recipient of the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism and was also rewarded with the Magubela prize for liberty in 1986. Desmond Tutu is committed to stopping global AIDS, and has served as the honorary chairman for the Global AIDS Alliance. In February 2007 he was awarded Gandhi Peace Prize 2005 by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, president of India.
He was generally credited with coining the term Rainbow Nation as a metaphor to describe post-apartheid South Africa after 1994 under ANC rule. The expression has since entered mainstream consciousness to describe South Africa's ethnic diversity.
Background
Desmond Tutu born in Klerksdorp, Transvaal on 7 October, 1931. Tutu's family moved to Johannesburg when he was 12 years old. Although he wanted to become a physician, his family could not afford the training, and he followed his father's footsteps into teaching. Tutu studied at the Pretoria Bantu Normal College from 1951 through 1953, and went on to teach at Johannesburg Bantu High School, where he remained until 1957. He resigned following the passage of the Bantu Education Act, in protest of the poor educational prospects for African South Africans. He continued his studies, this time in theology, and in 1960 was ordained as an Anglican priest. He became chaplain at the University of Fort Hare, a hotbed of dissent and one of the few quality universities for African students in the southern part of Africa.
Tutu left his post as chaplain and travelled to King's College London, (1962–1966), where he received his Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Theology. He returned to Southern Africa and from 1967 until 1972 used his lectures to highlight the circumstances of the African population. He wrote a letter to Prime Minister Vorster, in which he described the situation in South Africa as a "powder barrel that can explode at any time." The letter was never answered. From 1970 to 1972, Tutu lectured at the National University of Lesotho [3].
In 1972 Tutu returned to the UK, where he was appointed vice-director of the Theological Education Fund of the World Council of Churches, at Bromley in Kent. He returned to South Africa in 1975 and was appointed Anglican Dean of Johannesburg—the first African person to hold that position.
In 2000 Tutu received a L.H.D. from Bates College, and in 2005, Tutu received an honorary degree from the University of North Florida, one of the many universities in North America and Europe where he has taught. He visited a school at that time, Twin Lakes Academy Elementary School, and spoke to a class of 3rd graders about his work.
In 2005, Tutu was named a Doctor of Humane Letters at Fordham University in The Bronx. He was also awarded Honorary Patronage of the University Philosophical Society by John Hume, another Honorary Patron of the Society and fellow Nobel laureate. He was also awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters by Berea College prior to delivering the commencement address.
In 2006, Tutu was named a Doctor of Public Service at the College of William and Mary in Virginia, where he was also the commencement speaker. He was awarded the Light of Truth award along with Belgian artist Hergé (posthumously for Tintin) by the Dalai Lama for his contribution towards public understanding of Tibet.[1]
Personal life
He has been married to Leah Nomalizo Tutu since 1955. They have four children: Trevor Thamsanqa Tutu, Theresa Thandeka Tutu, Naomi Nontombi Tutu and Mpho Andrea Tutu, all of whom attended the Waterford Kamhlaba School in Swaziland.
In 1996, Tutu was diagnosed with prostate cancer.
Political work
In 1976 protests in Soweto, also known as the Soweto Riots, against the government's use of Afrikaans as a compulsory medium of instruction in black schools became a massive uprising against apartheid. From then on Tutu supported an economic boycott of his country.
Desmond Tutu was Bishop of Lesotho from 1976 until 1978, when he became Secretary-General of the South African Council of Churches. From this position, he was able to continue his work against apartheid with agreement from nearly all churches. Tutu consistently advocated reconciliation between all parties involved in apartheid through his writings and lectures at home and abroad. Though he was most firm in denouncing South Africa's white-ruled government, Tutu was also harsh in his criticism of the violent tactics of some anti-apartheid groups such as the African National Congress and denounced terrorism and Communism.
On 16 October 1984, Tutu was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The Nobel Committee cited his "role as a unifying leader figure in the campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa."[2]
Tutu became the first black person to lead the Anglican Church in South Africa on 7 September 1986. In 1989 he was invited to Birmingham, England, United Kingdom as part of Citywide Christian Celebrations. Tutu and his wife visited a number of establishments including the Nelson Mandela School in Sparkbrook.
After the fall of apartheid, he headed the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, for which he was awarded the Sydney Peace Prize in 1999.
In 2004, Tutu returned to the UK as Visiting Professor in Post-Conflict Societies at King's College and gave the Commemoration Oration as part of the College's 175th anniversary. He also visited the student union nightclub named "Tutu's" in his honour, and featuring a rare bust of his likeness.
On 17 March 2004 Tutu visited Marymount to accept Marymount University's 2004 Ethics Award.
On 30 November, 2006, Tutu was appointed as the lead to a High-Level Fact-Finding Mission mandated by the United Nations Human Rights Council into the Israeli military operations which led to civilian deaths in Beit Hanoun.
Politics and Political views
Homosexuality
In the debate about Anglican views of homosexuality he has opposed Christian discrimination against homosexuality. Commenting days after the 5 August 2003 election of Gene Robinson, an openly gay man to be a bishop in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, Desmond Tutu said, "In our Church here in South Africa, that doesn't make a difference. We just say that at the moment, we believe that they should remain celibate and we don't see what the fuss is about."[3]
Declared Tutu: "I am deeply saddened at a time when we've got such huge problems ... that we should invest so much time and energy in this issue...I think God is weeping."
...
"Jesus did not say, 'If I be lifted up I will draw some'." Jesus said, 'If I be lifted up I will draw all, all, all, all, all. Black, white, yellow, rich, poor, clever, not so clever, beautiful, not so beautiful. It's one of the most radical things. All, all, all, all, all, all, all, all. All belong. Gay, lesbian, so-called straight. All, all are meant to be held in this incredible embrace that will not let us go. All."
"Isn't it sad, that in a time when we face so many devastating problems – poverty, HIV/AIDS, war and conflict – that in our Communion we should be investing so much time and energy on disagreement about sexual orientation?" [The Communion, which] "used to be known for embodying the attribute of comprehensiveness, of inclusiveness, where we were meant to accommodate all and diverse views, saying we may differ in our theology but we belong together as sisters and brothers" now seems "hell-bent on excommunicating one another. God must look on and God must weep."[4]
Since then Dr. Tutu has increased his criticism of conservative attitudes to homosexuality within his own church, equating homophobia with racism. Stating at a conference in Nairobi that he is "deeply disturbed that in the face of some of the most horrendous problems facing Africa, we concentrate on 'what do I do in bed with whom" [4]
United Nations
The Nobel laureate also has expressed support for the West Papuan independence movement, criticizing the United Nations' role in the takeover of West Papua by Indonesia. Tutu said: "For many years the people of South Africa suffered under the yoke of oppression and apartheid. Many people continue to suffer brutal oppression, where their fundamental dignity as human beings is denied. One such people is the people of West Papua."
Mugabe
Tutu has also criticised human rights abuses in Zimbabwe, calling Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe a "caricature of an African dictator", and criticising the South African government's policy of quiet diplomacy towards Zimbabwe.
He warned of corruption shortly after the election of the African National Congress government of South Africa, saying that they "stopped the gravy train just long enough to get on themselves."[5]
Slavery
In June 1999, Tutu was invited to give the annual Wilberforce Lecture in Kingston upon Hull, commemorating the life and achievements of the anti-slavery campaigner William Wilberforce. Tutu used the occasion to praise the people of the city for their traditional support of freedom and for standing with the people of South Africa in their fight against apartheid. He was also presented with the freedom of the city.
Views on Israel and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
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Tutu has spoken of the significant role Jews played in the anti-Apartheid struggle in South Africa, and has voiced support for Israel's security needs and against tactics of suicide bombing and incitement to hatred.[6] Tutu is, nonetheless, an active and prominent proponent of the campaign for divestment from Israel, [7] and has likened Israel's treatment of Palestinians to the treatment of Black South Africans under apartheid.[6] [8]
In 2003, Tutu accepted the role as patron of Sabeel International,[9] a Christian liberation theology organization which supports the concerns of the Palestinian Christian community, actively lobbies the International Christian community for divestment from Israel[10].
Tutu has made some controversial statements involving Israel. In 1988, he was quoted as saying that Zionism has "very many parallels with racism", on the grounds that it "excludes people on ethnic or other grounds over which they have no control...in Israel you exclude people and treat those that are excluded as lesser humans.".[11] When lobbying for divestment at a 2002 conference in Boston, Tutu stated, "My heart aches. I say why are our memories so short. Have our Jewish sisters and brothers forgotten their humiliation? Have they forgotten the collective punishment, the home demolitions, in their own history so soon? Have they turned their backs on their profound and noble religious traditions? Have they forgotten that God cares deeply about the downtrodden?"[6] He continued by saying, "People are scared in this country [the US], to say wrong is wrong because the Jewish lobby is powerful - very powerful. Well, so what? For goodness sake, this is God's world! We live in a moral universe. The apartheid government was very powerful, but today it no longer exists. Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Pinochet, Milosevic, and Idi Amin were all powerful, but in the end they bit the dust."[6] When he edited and reprinted this speech in 2005, Tutu replaced the phrase "Jewish lobby" with the phrase "pro-Israel lobby".[12]
Tutu's comment about a "Jewish lobby" caused some offense, including by some who believed he was making a direct comparison between the American pro-Israel lobby and Hitler. This, as well as some prior remarks,[13] has led to accusations of antisemitism by some.[14] He has rejected this charge, saying "Somehow the Israeli government is placed on a pedestal, where to criticize them is to be immediately dubbed as anti-Semitic."[15] A 2006 opinion piece in the Jerusalem Post newspaper describes him as "a friend, albeit a misguided one, of Israel and the Jewish people".[16] In 2003, Archbishop Tutu received an International Advocate for Peace Award from the Cardozo School of Law, an affiliate of Yeshiva University, although there were some protests.[17]
Nelson Mandela Foundation Lecture
After a decade of freedom for South Africa, Archbishop Tutu was honored with the invitation to deliver the annual Nelson Mandela Foundation Lecture. On November 23, 2004 Tutu was given the address entitled, "Look to the Rock from Which You Were Hewn'. This lecture, critical of the ANC-controlled government, stirred a pot of controversy between Tutu and Thabo Mbeki, calling into question "the right to criticise."[5] After the first round of volleys were fired, SAPA journalist, Ben Maclennan reported Tutu's response as:[18]
"Thank you Mr President for telling me what you think of me, that I am—a liar with scant regard for the truth, and a charlatan posing with his concern for the poor, the hungry, the oppressed and the voiceless." —Tutu. (Ben Maclennan, Sapa, 2004-12-02)
In January 2005, Tutu added his voice to the growing dissent over terrorist suspects held at Camp X-Ray in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, referring to detentions without trial as "utterly unacceptable."
On 20 April 2005, following the election of Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger as Pope Benedict XVI, Tutu said he was sad that The Roman Catholic Church was unlikely to change its opposition to condoms amidst the fight against HIV/AIDS in Africa: "We would have hoped for someone more open to the more recent developments in the world, the whole question of the ministry of women and a more reasonable position with regards to condoms and HIV/AIDS."[19]
In February 2006 Desmond Tutu took part in the 9th Assembly of the World Council of Churches, held in Porto Alegre, Brazil. There he manifested his commitment to ecumenism and praised the efforts of Christian churches to promote dialogue in order to diminish their differences. For Desmond, "a united church is no optional extra."
Beit Hanoun
Desmond Tutu was named to head a United Nations fact-finding mission to the Gaza Strip town of Beit Hanoun, where, in a November 2006 incident the Israel Defense Forces killed 19 civilians after troops wound up a week-long incursion aimed at curbing Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel from the town.[20]. Tutu planned to travel to the Palestinian territory to "assess the situation of victims, address the needs of survivors and make recommendations on ways and means to protect Palestinian civilians against further Israeli assaults," according to the president of the UN Human Rights Council, Luis Alfonso De Alba.[21] Israeli officials expressed concern that the report would be biased against Israel.
Tutu cancelled the trip in mid-December, saying that Israel had refused to grant him the necessary travel clearance after more than a week of discussions. A spokesman from the Israeli foreign ministry indicated that no final decision had been made, to which Tutu responded, "At times not making a decision is making a decision. We couldn't obviously wait in limbo indefinitely."[22] The Anti-Defamation League stated that the appointment of Tutu as head of the mission is not appropriate, arguing that he would be a prepossessed observer, and criticized the mission for having not "address[ed] the continuing barrage of Kassam rockets fired into Israel by Palestinian terrorists in Gaza, killing and maiming Israeli citizens...Tutu has already publicly expressed his anti-Israel views and his opinions regarding what happened in Beit Hanoun, and combined with the one-sided anti-Israel mandate provided by the resolution, the results of the mission are all-but preordained"[23]
Media/Film Appearances
- The Foolishness of God: Desmond Tutu and Forgiveness (2007) (post-production) .... Himself
- Our Story Our Voice (2007) (completed) .... Himself
- 2006 Trumpet Awards (2006) (TV) .... Himself
- "De skrev historie" .... Himself (1 episode, 2005)
- The Shot That Shook the World (2005) (TV) .... Himself
- The Peace! DVD (2005) (V) .... Himself
- "The Charlie Rose Show" .... Himself (1 episode, 2005)
- Out of Africa: Heroes and Icons (2005) (TV) .... Himself
- "Big Ideas That Changed the World" (2005) (mini) TV Series .... Himself
- "Breakfast with Frost" .... Himself (3 episodes, 2004-2005)
- "Tavis Smiley" .... Himself (1 episode, 2005)
- "The South Bank Show" .... Himself (1 episode, 2005)
- Wall Street: A Wondering Trip (2004) (TV) .... Himself
- "The Daily Show" .... Himself (1 episode, 2004)
- Bonhoeffer (2003) .... Himself
- Long Night's Journey Into Day (2000) (as Archbishop Desmond Tutu) .... Himself
- Epidemic Africa (1999) .... Host
- Cape Divided (1999) .... Himself
- A Force More Powerful (1999) .... Himself
Quotes by Tutu
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- "When missionaries came to South Africa, we had the land, they had the Bible. Then they told us, 'Let's close our eyes and pray.' When we opened our eyes we saw that we have the Bible, they have the land."
- "My heart aches. I say why are our memories so short. Have our Jewish sisters and brothers forgotten their humiliation? Have they forgotten the collective punishment, the home demolitions, in their own history so soon? Have they turned their backs on their profound and noble religious traditions? Have they forgotten that God cares deeply about the downtrodden? Guardian Unlimited
- "If you are neutral in situations of injustice, you have chosen the side of the oppressor. If an elephant has its foot on the tail of a mouse and you say that you are neutral, the mouse will not appreciate your neutrality."
Criticism of Tutu
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In August 2006 Archbishop Tutu publicly urged Jacob Zuma, the South African politician who'd been accused of sexual crimes and corruption, to drop out of the ANC's presidential succession race. Zuma's personal advisor responded by accusing Tutu of having double standards and "selective amnesia" (as well as being old). Elias Khumalo claims the archbishop “had found it so easy to accept the apology from the apartheid government that committed unspeakable atrocities against millions of South Africans”, yet now “cannot find it in his heart to accept the apology from this humble man who has erred”. Tutu and Zuma’s public criticism of each other are reflections of a turbulent time in South African politics.[24]
References and notes
- ↑ Dalai Lama to honour Tutu, Tintin. The Star (South Africa) (2006-05-22). Retrieved 2006-05-26.
- ↑ Norwegian Nobel Committee. The Nobel Peace Prize for 1984. Press release. Retrieved on 2006-05-26.
- ↑ Desmond Tutu: gay bishop row is just "fuss". Gay.com UK (2006-08-11). Retrieved 2006-05-26."
- ↑ "Tutu calls on Anglicans to accept gay bishop", Spero News, 2005-11-14. Retrieved 2006-05-26.
- ↑ WGBH, date unknown. Interview with Tutu by John Carlin, for PBS Frontline. Retrieved on 7 September 2006.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Desmond Tutu, Apartheid in the Holy Land, The Guardian, April 29, 2002. Alternative link Accessed online 28 November 2006.
- ↑ Desmond Tutu and Ian Urbina, Against Israeli apartheid, The Nation 275:4-5, June 27, 2002 (July 15, 2002 issue). Accessed online 28 November 2006.
- ↑ Tutu used the analogy on a Christmas visit to Jerusalem on 25 December 1989, when he said in a Haaretz article that he is a "black South African, and if I were to change the names, a description of what is happening in Gaza and the West Bank could describe events in South Africa." (See Walter Ruby, "Tutu says Israel's policy in terrorities remind him of SA", Jerusalem Post, 1 February 1989, O1.) He made similar comments in 2002, speaking of "the humiliation of the Palestinians at checkpoints and roadblocks, suffering like us when young white police officers prevented us from moving about".(See Tutu condemns Israeli 'apartheid', BBC News, 29 April 2002. Accessed online 28 November 2006.) He has drawn attention to a letter signed by several hundred prominent Jewish South Africans drawing an explicit analogy between apartheid and current Israeli policies.
- ↑ Desmond Tutu lends his name to Sabeel, comeandsee.com, June 18, 2003. Accessed online 4 December 2006
- ↑ [ http://www.ngo-monitor.org/editions/v3n11/SabeelsEcumenicalFacade.htm Sabeel's Ecumenical Facade]
- ↑ American Jewish Year Book, 1988, American Jewish Committee, p. 50 (pdf document). The precise wording of Tutu's statement has been reported differently by diverse sources. A subsequent Toronto Star article indicates that he described Zionism "as a policy that looks like it has many parallels with racism, the effect is the same." (Gordon Barthos, "Israelis uneasy about Tutu's Yule visit", Toronto Star, 20 December 1989, A2).
- ↑ Desmond Tutu, forward to Michael Prior, ed., Speaking the Truth: Zionism, Israel, and Occupation, (Olive Branch Press: 2005), p. 12.
- ↑ A 2003 report from the Zionist Organization of America asserts that Tutu compared features of the ancient Holy Temple in Jerusalem to features of the apartheid system in South Africa during a 1984 speech, citing an article that appeared in The Hartford Courant on Oct. 29, 1984. (Tutu Compares Israel To Hitler, Blasts "Jewish Lobby"; ZOA Urges Tutu's Jewish Allies To Protest Slurs). In an April 29, 2002 article in The Guardian he asked "Have our Jewish sisters and brothers forgotten their humiliation? Have they forgotten the collective punishment, the home demolitions, in their own history so soon?," (Apartheid in the Holy Land) and "how it was possible that the Jews, who had suffered so much persecution, could oppress other people (Jerusalem Post, 11 November 1989 cited in Seattle Times, 18 January 1990 at [1]).
- ↑ Edward Alexander, Praying for Nazis, Scolding Their Victims. Archbishop Tutu's Christmas Message (IMRA Newsletter, Independent Media Review and Analysis; originally published in the Seattle Times, 18 January 1990). Accessed August 19, 2006
- ↑ Steven Wilmsen, "Nobelist speaks to Boston group on Mideast crisis", Boston Globe, 14 April 2002, B3.
- ↑ Larry Derfner, "Anti-Semite and Jew", Jerusalem Post, 15 October 2006, p. 15.
- ↑ Tutu Honor Too Too Much?
- ↑ Quotes of the Week
- ↑ "Africans hail conservative Pope", BBC News, 2005-04-20. Retrieved 2006-05-26.
- ↑ [2]
- ↑ "Israel may give no-no to Tutu's trip to Beit Hanun" – Jerusalem Post, December 9, 2006.
- ↑ "Desmond Tutu says Israel refused fact-finding mission to Gaza", International Herald Tribune, 11 December 2006.
- ↑ "The appointment of Desmond Tutu as head of the fact-finding mission to Beit Hanoun is an extension of the anti-Israel kangaroo court tactics used by the U.N. Human Rights Council," said Abraham H. Foxman, ADL National Director. "No fact-finding mission can produce balanced and trustworthy results if its leader professes to know all the answers beforehand. Tutu has already publicly expressed his anti-Israel views and his opinions regarding what happened in Beit Hanoun, and combined with the one-sided anti-Israel mandate provided by the resolution, the results of the mission are all-but preordained." "ADL Blasts Appointment Of Desmond Tutu As Head Of U.N. Fact Finding Mission To Gaza". "ADL".
- ↑ "Zuma camp lashes out at 'old' Tutu", 2006-09-01. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
Bibliography
Primary
Tutu is the author of seven collections of sermons and other writings:
- Crying in the Wilderness (1982)
- Hope and Suffering: Sermons and Speeches (1983)
- The Words of Desmond Tutu (1989)
- "Worshipping Church in Africa" (1995)
- The Essential Desmond Tutu (1997)
- No Future without Forgiveness (1999)
- "An African Prayerbook" (2000)
- God Has a Dream: A Vision of Hope for Our Time (2004)
Tutu has also co authored numerous books:
- "Bounty in Bondage: Anglican Church in Southern Africa - Essays in Honour of Edward King, Dean of Cape Town" with Frank England, Torguil Paterson, and Torquil Paterson (1989)
- "Resistance Art in South Africa" with Sue Williamson (1990)
- The Rainbow People of God with John Allen (1994)
- "Freedom from Fear: And Other Writings" with Vaclav Havel and Aung San Suu Kyi (1995)
- "Reconciliation: The Ubuntu Theology of Desmond Tutu" with and Michael Jesse Battle (1997)
- "Exploring Forgiveness" with Robert D. Enright and Joanna North (1998)
- "Love in Chaos: Spiritual Growth and the Search for Peace in Northern Ireland" with Mary McAleese (1999)
- "Race and Reconciliation in South Africa (Global Encounters: Studies in Comparative Political Theory)" with William Vugt and G. Daan Cloete (2000)
- "South Africa: A Modern History" with T.R.H. Davenport and Christopher Saunders (2000)
- "At the Side of Torture Suvivors: Treating a Terrible Assault on Human Dignity" with Bahman Nirumand, Sepp Graessner and Norbert Gurris (2001)
- "Place of Compassion" with Kenneth E. Luckman (2001)
- "Passion for Peace: Exercising Power Creatively" with Stuart Rees (2002)
- "Out of Bounds (New Windmills)" with Beverley Naidoo (2003)
- "Fly, Eagle, Fly!" with Christopher Gregorowski and Niki Daly (2003)
- "Sex, Love and Homophobia: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Lives" with Amnesty International, Vanessa Baird and Grayson Perry (2004)
- "Toward a Jewish Theology of Liberation" with Gustavo Gutierrez and Marc H. Ellis (2004)
- "Radical Compassion: The Life and Times of Archbishop Ted Scott" with Hugh McCullum (2004)
- "Third World Health: Hostage to First World Wealth" with Theodore MacDonald (2005)
- "Where God Happens: Discovering Christ in One Another and Other Lessons from the Desert Fathers" with Rowan Williams (2005)
- "Health, Trade and Human Rights" with Mogobe Ramose and Theodore H. MacDonald (2006)
- "The Soul of a New Cuisine: A Discovery of the Foods and Flavors of Africa" with Marcus Samuelsson, Heidi Sacko Walters and Gediyon Kifle (2006)
- "The Gospel According to Judas WMA: By Benjamin Iscariot" with Jeffrey Archer, Frank Moloney (2007)
Secondary
- Shirley du Boulay, Tutu: Voice of the Voiceless (Eerdmans, 1988).
- Michael Battle, Reconciliation: The Ubuntu Theology of Desmond Tutu (Pilgrim Press, 1997).
- Steven D. Gish, Desmond Tutu: A Biography (Greenwood, 2004).
- David Hein, "Bishop Tutu's Christology." Cross Currents 34 (1984): 492-99.
- David Hein, "Religion and Politics in South Africa." Modern Age 31 (1987): 21-30.
External links
- The Desmond Tutu Peace Centre
- Tutu Foundation UK
- Nobel e-Museum Nobel Peace Prize
- Archbishop Desmond Tutu Centre for War and Peace Studies at Liverpool Hope University
- IMDB Profile
- Nobel lecture, 11 December 1984
| Preceded by: Philip Welsford Richmond Russell |
Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town 1986-1996 |
Succeeded by: Njongonkulu Ndungane |
| |||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Tutu, Desmond Mpilo |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | South African churchman, politician, archbishop, Nobel Prize winner |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 7 October 1931 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Klerksdorp, Transvaal, South Africa |
| DATE OF DEATH | |
| PLACE OF DEATH | |
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