Encyclopedia, Difference between revisions of "C. V. Raman" - New World
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{{Infobox_Scientist | {{Infobox_Scientist | ||
|name = Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman | |name = Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman | ||
|image = Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman.gif | |image = Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman.gif | ||
|caption = Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman | |caption = Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman | ||
| − | |birth_date = | + | |birth_date = 7 November 1888 |
|birth_place = [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[India]] | |birth_place = [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[India]] | ||
|death_date = {{euro death date and age|1970|11|21|1888|11|7}} | |death_date = {{euro death date and age|1970|11|21|1888|11|7}} | ||
| Line 10: | Line 12: | ||
|nationality = [[Image:Flag_of_India.svg.png|20px|]] [[India]]n | |nationality = [[Image:Flag_of_India.svg.png|20px|]] [[India]]n | ||
|field = [[Physics]] | |field = [[Physics]] | ||
| − | |work_institution = [[Indian Finance Department]]</ | + | |work_institution = [[Indian Finance Department]]<br/>[[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]]<br/>[[Indian Institute of Science]] |
|alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]] | |alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]] | ||
|doctoral_advisor = None | |doctoral_advisor = None | ||
|doctoral_students = [[Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran|G. N. Ramachandran]] | |doctoral_students = [[Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran|G. N. Ramachandran]] | ||
|known_for = [[Raman effect]] | |known_for = [[Raman effect]] | ||
| − | |prizes = [[Image:Nobel prize medal.svg|20px]] [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]</ | + | |prizes = [[Image:Nobel prize medal.svg|20px]] [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]<br/>[[Bharat Ratna]]<br/>[[Lenin Peace Prize]] |
|religion = | |religion = | ||
|footnotes = | |footnotes = | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | '''Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman''', CBE ({{lang-ta|சந்திரசேகர வெங்கடராமன்}}) ( | + | '''Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman''', CBE ({{lang-ta|சந்திரசேகர வெங்கடராமன்}}) (7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970) was an [[India]]n [[Physics|physicist]], who was awarded the 1930 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his work on the scattering of light and his discovery of a unique form of scattering known as '''Raman scattering''' or the '''[[Raman effect]]'''. |
==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
| Line 29: | Line 31: | ||
He completed his BA and MA in Physics from the [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]], Madras . He entered Presidency College, Madras, in 1902, and in 1904 passed his B.A. examination, winning the first place and the gold medal in physics; in 1907 he gained his M.A. degree, obtaining the highest distinctions. He joined the Indian Finance Department as an Assistant Accountant General in Calcutta. As the story goes, one evening while returning from work, he spotted the sign of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science. He started visiting the laboratory after office hours and did experiments, which culminated with his Nobel Prize winning work. | He completed his BA and MA in Physics from the [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]], Madras . He entered Presidency College, Madras, in 1902, and in 1904 passed his B.A. examination, winning the first place and the gold medal in physics; in 1907 he gained his M.A. degree, obtaining the highest distinctions. He joined the Indian Finance Department as an Assistant Accountant General in Calcutta. As the story goes, one evening while returning from work, he spotted the sign of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science. He started visiting the laboratory after office hours and did experiments, which culminated with his Nobel Prize winning work. | ||
| − | In 1917, Raman resigned from his government service and took up the newly created Palit Professorship in [[Physics]] at the [[University of Calcutta]]. Simultaneously, he continued doing research at the IACS, where he became the Honorary Secretary. Raman used to refer to this period as the golden era of his career. Many talented students gathered around him at the IACS and the University of Calcutta. He was president of the 16th session of the [[Indian Science Congress Association#Indian | + | In 1917, Raman resigned from his government service and took up the newly created Palit Professorship in [[Physics]] at the [[University of Calcutta]]. Simultaneously, he continued doing research at the IACS, where he became the Honorary Secretary. Raman used to refer to this period as the golden era of his career. Many talented students gathered around him at the IACS and the University of Calcutta. He was president of the 16th session of the [[Indian Science Congress Association#Indian Science Congress|Indian Science Congress]] in 1929. |
| − | Raman won the | + | Raman won the 1930 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the [[Raman scattering|Raman effect]]. [[Raman spectroscopy]] is based on this phenomenon. |
Raman also worked on the acoustics of musical instruments. He worked out the theory of [[transverse]] vibration of bowed strings, on the basis of [[superposition]] velocities. This does a better job in explaining [[bowed string]] vibration over [[Helmholtz|Helmholtz's]] approach. He was also the first to investigate the harmonic nature of the sound of the Indian drums such as the [[tabla]] and the [[mridangam]]. | Raman also worked on the acoustics of musical instruments. He worked out the theory of [[transverse]] vibration of bowed strings, on the basis of [[superposition]] velocities. This does a better job in explaining [[bowed string]] vibration over [[Helmholtz|Helmholtz's]] approach. He was also the first to investigate the harmonic nature of the sound of the Indian drums such as the [[tabla]] and the [[mridangam]]. | ||
| Line 37: | Line 39: | ||
In 1934, Raman became the director of the newly established [[Indian Institute of Science]] in [[Bangalore]], where two years later he continued as a professor of physics. In 1947, he was appointed as the first National Professor by the new government of Independent [[India]]. | In 1934, Raman became the director of the newly established [[Indian Institute of Science]] in [[Bangalore]], where two years later he continued as a professor of physics. In 1947, he was appointed as the first National Professor by the new government of Independent [[India]]. | ||
| − | He also started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943 along with Dr. Krishnamurthy. The Company during its 60 year history, established 4 factories in Southern India. [http://www.myiris.com/shares/ipo/draft/TCM/TCM.pdf] | + | He also started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943, along with Dr. Krishnamurthy. The Company during its 60 year history, established 4 factories in Southern India. [http://www.myiris.com/shares/ipo/draft/TCM/TCM.pdf] |
| − | He was knighted in | + | He was knighted in 1929 and awarded the [[Bharat Ratna]] in 1954. Raman was also awarded the [[Lenin Peace Prize]] (1957). |
| − | CV Raman is the uncle of three world renowned Physicists [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] Nobel laureate, Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar FRS, known for Liquid crystal research and Sivaraj Ramaseshan, | + | CV Raman is the uncle of three world renowned Physicists [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] Nobel laureate, Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar FRS, known for Liquid crystal research and Sivaraj Ramaseshan, former director of Indian Institute of Science. |
[[India]] celebrates National Science Day on the 28th February of every year to commemorate Raman's discovery in 1928. | [[India]] celebrates National Science Day on the 28th February of every year to commemorate Raman's discovery in 1928. | ||
===Later years=== | ===Later years=== | ||
| − | He retired from the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in 1948 and a year later he established the [[Raman Research Institute]] in Bangalore Karnataka, serving as its director and remained active there until his death in | + | He retired from the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in 1948 and a year later he established the [[Raman Research Institute]] in Bangalore Karnataka, serving as its director and remained active there until his death in 1970, in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], at the age of 82. |
| + | |||
| + | == Raman scattering == | ||
| + | '''Raman scattering''' or the '''Raman effect''' is the [[elastic (solid mechanics)|inelastic]] scattering of a [[photon]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | When [[light]] is [[scattering|scattered]] from an [[atom]] or [[molecule]], most [[photons]] are elastically scattered ([[Rayleigh scattering]]). The scattered photons have the same energy ([[frequency]]) and, therefore, [[wavelength]], as the incident photons. However, a small fraction of scattered light (approximately 1 in 10 million photons) is scattered from excitations with optical frequencies different from, and usually lower than, the frequency of the incident photons.<ref>{{cite book|author= Harris and Bertolucci|title=Symmetry and Spectroscopy|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1989}}</ref> In a gas, Raman scattering can occur with a change in vibrational, rotational or electronic energy of a molecule (see [[energy level]]). Chemists are concerned primarily with the vibrational Raman effect. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In 1922, [[India]]n physicist [[Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman]] published his work on the "Molecular Diffraction of Light," the first of a series of investigations with his collaborators which ultimately led to his discovery (on 28 February 1928) of the radiation effect which bears his name. The Raman effect was first reported by [[C. V. Raman]] and [[K. S. Krishnan]], and independently by [[Grigory Landsberg]] and [[Leonid Isaakovich Mandelshtam|Leonid Mandelstam]], in 1928. Raman received the [[Nobel Prize]] in 1930 for his work on the scattering of light. In 1998 the Raman Effect was designated an [[ACS National Historical Chemical Landmarks|ACS National Historical Chemical Landmark]] in recognition of its significance as a tool for analyzing the composition of liquids, gases, and solids.<ref>[http://acswebcontent.acs.org/landmarks/front_t2.html#Raman]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The Raman effect differs from the process of [[fluorescence]]. For the latter, the incident light is completely absorbed and the system is transferred to an [[excited state]] from which it can go to various lower states only after a certain [[resonance]] lifetime. The result of both processes is essentially the same: A photon with the frequency different from that of the incident photon is produced and the molecule is brought to a higher or lower [[energy level]]. But the major difference is that the Raman effect can take place for any frequency of the incident light. In contrast to the fluorescence effect, the Raman effect is therefore not a resonant effect. | ||
==Works== | ==Works== | ||
| Line 67: | Line 78: | ||
1909 | 1909 | ||
| − | * "The Small Motion at the Nodes of a Vibrating String" | + | * "The Small Motion at the Nodes of a Vibrating String," ''Nature'', 1909 |
| − | * "The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations of a New Type" | + | * "The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations of a New Type," ''Nature'', 1909 |
| − | * "The Ectara" | + | * "The Ectara," ''J. Indian Math. Club'', 1909 |
1910 | 1910 | ||
| − | * "The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations" | + | * "The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations," ''Nature'', 1910 |
| − | * "Oscillations of the Stretched Strings" | + | * "Oscillations of the Stretched Strings," ''J. Indian Math. Club'', 1910 |
1911 | 1911 | ||
| − | * "Photographs of Vibrational Curves" | + | * "Photographs of Vibrational Curves," ''Philos. Mag.'', 1911 |
| − | * "Remarks on a Paper by J.S. Stokes on 'Some Curious Phenomena Observed in Connection with Melde's Experiment'" | + | * "Remarks on a Paper by J.S. Stokes on 'Some Curious Phenomena Observed in Connection with Melde's Experiment'," ''Physics Rev.'', 1911 |
| − | * "The Small Motion at the Nodes of a Vibrating String" | + | * "The Small Motion at the Nodes of a Vibrating String," ''Phys. Rev.'', 1911 |
1912 | 1912 | ||
| − | * "The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations of a New Type" | + | * "The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations of a New Type," ''Philos. Mag'', 1912 |
| − | * "Some Remarkable Cases of Resonance" | + | * "Some Remarkable Cases of Resonance," ''Phys. Rev.'' 1912 |
| − | * "Experimental Investigations on the Maintenance of Vibrations" | + | * "Experimental Investigations on the Maintenance of Vibrations," ''Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci.'', 1912 |
1913 | 1913 | ||
| − | * "Some Acoustical Observations" | + | * "Some Acoustical Observations," ''Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci.'', 1913 |
1914 | 1914 | ||
| − | * "The Dynamical Theory of the Motion of Bowed Strings" | + | * "The Dynamical Theory of the Motion of Bowed Strings," ''Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci.'', 1914 |
| − | * "The Maintenance of Vibrations" | + | * "The Maintenance of Vibrations," ''Phys. Rev.'' 1914 |
| − | * "Dynamical Theory of the Motion of Bowed Strings" | + | * "Dynamical Theory of the Motion of Bowed Strings," ''Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science'', 1914 |
| − | * "On Motion in a Periodic Field of Force" | + | * "On Motion in a Periodic Field of Force," ''Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci.'', 1914 |
1915 | 1915 | ||
| − | * "On the Maintenance of Combinational Vibrations by Two Simple Harmonic forces" | + | * "On the Maintenance of Combinational Vibrations by Two Simple Harmonic forces," ''Phys. Rev.'', 1915 |
| − | * "On Motion in a Periodic Field of Force" | + | * "On Motion in a Periodic Field of Force," ''Philos. Mag'', 1915 |
1916 | 1916 | ||
| − | * "On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 1" | + | * "On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 1," ''Philos. Mag'', 1916 (with S Appaswamair) |
| − | * "On the 'Wolf-Note' of the Violin and Cello" | + | * "On the 'Wolf-Note' of the Violin and Cello," ''Nature'' (London). 1916 |
| − | * "On the 'Wolf-Note' in the Bowed Stringed Instruments" | + | * "On the 'Wolf-Note' in the Bowed Stringed Instruments," ''Philos. Mag.'', 1916 |
1917 | 1917 | ||
| − | * "The Maintenance of Vibrations in a Periodic Field of Force" | + | * "The Maintenance of Vibrations in a Periodic Field of Force," ''Philos. Mag'', 1917 (with A. Dey) |
| − | * "On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 2" | + | * "On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 2," ''Philos. Mag'', 1917 (with A Dey) |
| − | * "On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 3" | + | * "On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 3," ''Philos. Mag'', 1917 (with A Dey) |
| − | * "On the Alterations of Tone Produced by a Violin 'Mute'" | + | * "On the Alterations of Tone Produced by a Violin 'Mute'," ''Nature'' (London) 1917 |
1918 | 1918 | ||
| − | * "On the 'Wolf-Note' in the Bowed Stringed Instruments" | + | * "On the 'Wolf-Note' in the Bowed Stringed Instruments," ''Philos. Mag.'', 1918 |
| − | * "On the Wolf-Note in Pizzicato Playing" | + | * "On the Wolf-Note in Pizzicato Playing," ''Nature'' (London), 1918 |
| − | * "On the Mechanical Theory of the Vibrations of Bowed Strings and of Musical Instruments of the Violin Family, with Experimental Verification of Results - Part 1" | + | * "On the Mechanical Theory of the Vibrations of Bowed Strings and of Musical Instruments of the Violin Family, with Experimental Verification of Results - Part 1," ''Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science'', 1918 |
| − | * "The Theory of the Cyclical Vibrations of a Bowed String" | + | * "The Theory of the Cyclical Vibrations of a Bowed String," ''Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science'', 1918 |
1919 | 1919 | ||
| − | * "An Experimental Method for the Production of Vibrations" | + | * "An Experimental Method for the Production of Vibrations," ''Phys. Rev.'', 1919 |
| − | * "A New Method for the Absolute Determination of Frequency" | + | * "A New Method for the Absolute Determination of Frequency," ''Proc. R. Soc. London'', 1919 |
| − | * "On the Partial Tones of Bowed Stringed Instruments" | + | * "On the Partial Tones of Bowed Stringed Instruments," ''Philos. Mag'', 1919 |
| − | * "The Kinematics of Bowed Strings" | + | * "The Kinematics of Bowed Strings," ''J. Dept of Sci., Univ. Calcutta'', 1919 |
1920 | 1920 | ||
| − | * "On the Sound of Splashes" | + | * "On the Sound of Splashes," ''Philos. Mag'', 1920 |
* "On a Mechanical Violin-Player for Acoustical Experiments, ''Philos. Mag.'', 1920 | * "On a Mechanical Violin-Player for Acoustical Experiments, ''Philos. Mag.'', 1920 | ||
| − | * "Experiments with Mechanically-Played Violins" | + | * "Experiments with Mechanically-Played Violins," ''Proc. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science'', 1920 |
| − | * "On Kaufmann's Theory of the Impact of the Pianoforte Hammer" | + | * "On Kaufmann's Theory of the Impact of the Pianoforte Hammer," ''proc. S. Soc. London'', 1920 (with B Banerji) |
| − | * "Musical Drums with Harmonic Overtones" | + | * "Musical Drums with Harmonic Overtones," ''Nature'' (London), 1920 (with S. Kumar) |
1921 | 1921 | ||
| − | * "Whispering Gallery Phenomena at St. Paul's Cathedral" | + | * "Whispering Gallery Phenomena at St. Paul's Cathedral," ''Nature'' (London) 1921 (with G.A. Sutherland) |
| − | * "The Nature of Vowel Sounds" | + | * "The Nature of Vowel Sounds," ''Nature'' (London) 1921 |
| − | * "On the Whispering Gallery Phenomenon" | + | * "On the Whispering Gallery Phenomenon," ''Proc. R. Soc. London'', 1922 (with G.A. Sutherland) |
| − | * "On Some Indian Stringed Instruments" | + | * "On Some Indian Stringed Instruments," ''Proc. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science'', 1921 |
1922 | 1922 | ||
| − | * "On Whispering Galleries" | + | * "On Whispering Galleries," ''Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci.'', 1922 |
| − | * "On the Molecular Scattering of Light in Water and the Colour of the Sea" | + | * "On the Molecular Scattering of Light in Water and the Colour of the Sea," ''Proceedings of the Royal Society'', 1922 |
| − | * "The Acoustical Knowledge of the Ancient Hindus" | + | * "The Acoustical Knowledge of the Ancient Hindus," ''Asutosh Mookerjee Silver Jubilee - Vol 2'', |
1926 | 1926 | ||
| − | * "The Subjective Analysis of Musical Tones" | + | * "The Subjective Analysis of Musical Tones," ''Nature'' (London), 1926 |
1927 | 1927 | ||
| Line 146: | Line 157: | ||
1928 | 1928 | ||
| − | * "A new type of Secondary Radiation" | + | * "A new type of Secondary Radiation," ''Nature'', 1928 |
| − | * "A new radiation" | + | * "A new radiation," ''Indian Journal of Physics'', 1928 |
1935 | 1935 | ||
| − | * "The Indian Musical Drums" | + | * "The Indian Musical Drums," ''Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.'', 1935 |
| − | * "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part I" | + | * "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part I," ''Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.'', 1935 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath) |
| − | * "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part II" | + | * "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part II," ''Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.'', 1935 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath) |
| − | * "Nature of Thermal Agitation in Liquids" | + | * "Nature of Thermal Agitation in Liquids," ''Nature'' (London), 1935 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao) |
1936 | 1936 | ||
| − | * "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part III: Doppler Effect and Coherence Phenomena" | + | * "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part III: Doppler Effect and Coherence Phenomena," ''Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.'', 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath) |
| − | * "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part IV: Generalised Theory" | + | * "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part IV: Generalised Theory," ''Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.'', 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath) |
| − | * "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part V: General Considerations - Oblique Incidence and Amplitude Changes" | + | * "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part V: General Considerations - Oblique Incidence and Amplitude Changes," ''Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.'', 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath) |
| − | * "Diffraction of Light by Ultrasonic Waves" | + | * "Diffraction of Light by Ultrasonic Waves," ''Nature'' (London), 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath) |
1937 | 1937 | ||
| − | * "Acoustic Spectrum of Liquids" | + | * "Acoustic Spectrum of Liquids," ''Nature'' (London), 1937 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao) |
1938 | 1938 | ||
| − | * "Light Scattering and Fluid Viscosity" | + | * "Light Scattering and Fluid Viscosity," ''Nature'' (London), 1938 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao) |
1948 | 1948 | ||
| Line 178: | Line 189: | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[Light]] | ||
| + | * [[Photon]] | ||
* [[Raman laser]] | * [[Raman laser]] | ||
* [[Raman scattering]] | * [[Raman scattering]] | ||
* [[Raman spectroscopy]] | * [[Raman spectroscopy]] | ||
* [[Raman amplification]] | * [[Raman amplification]] | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[Raman optical activity]] | * [[Raman optical activity]] | ||
| − | |||
| + | ==External links== | ||
| − | |||
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930] (Nobel Committee) | * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930] (Nobel Committee) | ||
* [http://www.britannica.com/nobel/micro/493_32.html Britannica on Raman] | * [http://www.britannica.com/nobel/micro/493_32.html Britannica on Raman] | ||
| Line 195: | Line 206: | ||
* [http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1930/raman-lecture.pdf Nobel Lecture] | * [http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1930/raman-lecture.pdf Nobel Lecture] | ||
| + | ---- | ||
{{Nobel Prize in Physics}} | {{Nobel Prize in Physics}} | ||
| Line 202: | Line 214: | ||
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= | |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= | ||
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[Physics|Physicist]] | |SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[Physics|Physicist]] | ||
| − | |DATE OF BIRTH= | + | |DATE OF BIRTH= 7 November 1888 |
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[India]] | |PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[India]] | ||
| − | |DATE OF DEATH= | + | |DATE OF DEATH= 21 November 1970 |
|PLACE OF DEATH= | |PLACE OF DEATH= | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 214: | Line 226: | ||
[[Category:Biography]] | [[Category:Biography]] | ||
| − | {{ | + | {{credits|C._V._Raman|141996059|Raman_scattering|140517401}} |
Revision as of 19:24, 3 July 2007
|
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman | |
|---|---|
| File:Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman.gif Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman | |
| Born |
7 November 1888 |
| Died | 29 November, 2001 Bangalore, India |
| Residence |  India
|
| Nationality | Indian
|
| Field | Physics |
| Institutions | Indian Finance Department Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Indian Institute of Science |
| Alma mater | Presidency College |
| Academic advisor | None |
| Notable students | G. N. Ramachandran |
| Known for | Raman effect |
| Notable prizes |  Nobel Prize in PhysicsBharat Ratna Lenin Peace Prize |
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, CBE (Tamil: சந்திரசேகர வெங்கடராமன்) (7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970) was an Indian physicist, who was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the scattering of light and his discovery of a unique form of scattering known as Raman scattering or the Raman effect.
Biography
Early years
Raman was born in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu to a Tamil Brahmin family. At an early age, Raman moved to the city of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
Middle years
He completed his BA and MA in Physics from the Presidency College, Madras . He entered Presidency College, Madras, in 1902, and in 1904 passed his B.A. examination, winning the first place and the gold medal in physics; in 1907 he gained his M.A. degree, obtaining the highest distinctions. He joined the Indian Finance Department as an Assistant Accountant General in Calcutta. As the story goes, one evening while returning from work, he spotted the sign of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science. He started visiting the laboratory after office hours and did experiments, which culminated with his Nobel Prize winning work.
In 1917, Raman resigned from his government service and took up the newly created Palit Professorship in Physics at the University of Calcutta. Simultaneously, he continued doing research at the IACS, where he became the Honorary Secretary. Raman used to refer to this period as the golden era of his career. Many talented students gathered around him at the IACS and the University of Calcutta. He was president of the 16th session of the Indian Science Congress in 1929.
Raman won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect. Raman spectroscopy is based on this phenomenon.
Raman also worked on the acoustics of musical instruments. He worked out the theory of transverse vibration of bowed strings, on the basis of superposition velocities. This does a better job in explaining bowed string vibration over Helmholtz's approach. He was also the first to investigate the harmonic nature of the sound of the Indian drums such as the tabla and the mridangam.
In 1934, Raman became the director of the newly established Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, where two years later he continued as a professor of physics. In 1947, he was appointed as the first National Professor by the new government of Independent India.
He also started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943, along with Dr. Krishnamurthy. The Company during its 60 year history, established 4 factories in Southern India. [1]
He was knighted in 1929 and awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954. Raman was also awarded the Lenin Peace Prize (1957).
CV Raman is the uncle of three world renowned Physicists Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Nobel laureate, Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar FRS, known for Liquid crystal research and Sivaraj Ramaseshan, former director of Indian Institute of Science.
India celebrates National Science Day on the 28th February of every year to commemorate Raman's discovery in 1928.
Later years
He retired from the Indian Institute of Science in 1948 and a year later he established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore Karnataka, serving as its director and remained active there until his death in 1970, in Bangalore, Karnataka, at the age of 82.
Raman scattering
Raman scattering or the Raman effect is the inelastic scattering of a photon.
When light is scattered from an atom or molecule, most photons are elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering). The scattered photons have the same energy (frequency) and, therefore, wavelength, as the incident photons. However, a small fraction of scattered light (approximately 1 in 10 million photons) is scattered from excitations with optical frequencies different from, and usually lower than, the frequency of the incident photons.[1] In a gas, Raman scattering can occur with a change in vibrational, rotational or electronic energy of a molecule (see energy level). Chemists are concerned primarily with the vibrational Raman effect.
In 1922, Indian physicist Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman published his work on the "Molecular Diffraction of Light," the first of a series of investigations with his collaborators which ultimately led to his discovery (on 28 February 1928) of the radiation effect which bears his name. The Raman effect was first reported by C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan, and independently by Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam, in 1928. Raman received the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his work on the scattering of light. In 1998 the Raman Effect was designated an ACS National Historical Chemical Landmark in recognition of its significance as a tool for analyzing the composition of liquids, gases, and solids.[2]
The Raman effect differs from the process of fluorescence. For the latter, the incident light is completely absorbed and the system is transferred to an excited state from which it can go to various lower states only after a certain resonance lifetime. The result of both processes is essentially the same: A photon with the frequency different from that of the incident photon is produced and the molecule is brought to a higher or lower energy level. But the major difference is that the Raman effect can take place for any frequency of the incident light. In contrast to the fluorescence effect, the Raman effect is therefore not a resonant effect.
Works
Quotes
When he was offered a toast during the Nobel function: Being a strict teetotaller he responded,
Sir, you have seen the Raman effect on alcohol; please do not try to see the alcohol effect on Raman.
Books
For compact work, see: Scientific Papers of CV Raman, Ed. S Ramaseshan, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore 1988.
- Vol. 1 - Scattering of Light (Ed. S Ramaseshan)
- Vol. 2 - Acoustic
- Vol. 3 - Optica
- Vol. 4 - Optics of Minerals and Diamond
- Vol. 5 - Physics of Crystals
- Vol. 6 - Floral Colours and Visual Perception
- Vol, 7 -
Bibliography
1909
- "The Small Motion at the Nodes of a Vibrating String," Nature, 1909
- "The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations of a New Type," Nature, 1909
- "The Ectara," J. Indian Math. Club, 1909
1910
- "The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations," Nature, 1910
- "Oscillations of the Stretched Strings," J. Indian Math. Club, 1910
1911
- "Photographs of Vibrational Curves," Philos. Mag., 1911
- "Remarks on a Paper by J.S. Stokes on 'Some Curious Phenomena Observed in Connection with Melde's Experiment'," Physics Rev., 1911
- "The Small Motion at the Nodes of a Vibrating String," Phys. Rev., 1911
1912
- "The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations of a New Type," Philos. Mag, 1912
- "Some Remarkable Cases of Resonance," Phys. Rev. 1912
- "Experimental Investigations on the Maintenance of Vibrations," Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1912
1913
- "Some Acoustical Observations," Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1913
1914
- "The Dynamical Theory of the Motion of Bowed Strings," Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1914
- "The Maintenance of Vibrations," Phys. Rev. 1914
- "Dynamical Theory of the Motion of Bowed Strings," Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1914
- "On Motion in a Periodic Field of Force," Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1914
1915
- "On the Maintenance of Combinational Vibrations by Two Simple Harmonic forces," Phys. Rev., 1915
- "On Motion in a Periodic Field of Force," Philos. Mag, 1915
1916
- "On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 1," Philos. Mag, 1916 (with S Appaswamair)
- "On the 'Wolf-Note' of the Violin and Cello," Nature (London). 1916
- "On the 'Wolf-Note' in the Bowed Stringed Instruments," Philos. Mag., 1916
1917
- "The Maintenance of Vibrations in a Periodic Field of Force," Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A. Dey)
- "On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 2," Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A Dey)
- "On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 3," Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A Dey)
- "On the Alterations of Tone Produced by a Violin 'Mute'," Nature (London) 1917
1918
- "On the 'Wolf-Note' in the Bowed Stringed Instruments," Philos. Mag., 1918
- "On the Wolf-Note in Pizzicato Playing," Nature (London), 1918
- "On the Mechanical Theory of the Vibrations of Bowed Strings and of Musical Instruments of the Violin Family, with Experimental Verification of Results - Part 1," Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1918
- "The Theory of the Cyclical Vibrations of a Bowed String," Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1918
1919
- "An Experimental Method for the Production of Vibrations," Phys. Rev., 1919
- "A New Method for the Absolute Determination of Frequency," Proc. R. Soc. London, 1919
- "On the Partial Tones of Bowed Stringed Instruments," Philos. Mag, 1919
- "The Kinematics of Bowed Strings," J. Dept of Sci., Univ. Calcutta, 1919
1920
- "On the Sound of Splashes," Philos. Mag, 1920
- "On a Mechanical Violin-Player for Acoustical Experiments, Philos. Mag., 1920
- "Experiments with Mechanically-Played Violins," Proc. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1920
- "On Kaufmann's Theory of the Impact of the Pianoforte Hammer," proc. S. Soc. London, 1920 (with B Banerji)
- "Musical Drums with Harmonic Overtones," Nature (London), 1920 (with S. Kumar)
1921
- "Whispering Gallery Phenomena at St. Paul's Cathedral," Nature (London) 1921 (with G.A. Sutherland)
- "The Nature of Vowel Sounds," Nature (London) 1921
- "On the Whispering Gallery Phenomenon," Proc. R. Soc. London, 1922 (with G.A. Sutherland)
- "On Some Indian Stringed Instruments," Proc. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1921
1922
- "On Whispering Galleries," Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1922
- "On the Molecular Scattering of Light in Water and the Colour of the Sea," Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1922
- "The Acoustical Knowledge of the Ancient Hindus," Asutosh Mookerjee Silver Jubilee - Vol 2,
1926
- "The Subjective Analysis of Musical Tones," Nature (London), 1926
1927
- "Musical Instruments and Their Tones"
1928
- "A new type of Secondary Radiation," Nature, 1928
- "A new radiation," Indian Journal of Physics, 1928
1935
- "The Indian Musical Drums," Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935
- "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part I," Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
- "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part II," Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
- "Nature of Thermal Agitation in Liquids," Nature (London), 1935 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)
1936
- "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part III: Doppler Effect and Coherence Phenomena," Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
- "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part IV: Generalised Theory," Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
- "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part V: General Considerations - Oblique Incidence and Amplitude Changes," Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
- "Diffraction of Light by Ultrasonic Waves," Nature (London), 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
1937
- "Acoustic Spectrum of Liquids," Nature (London), 1937 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)
1938
- "Light Scattering and Fluid Viscosity," Nature (London), 1938 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)
1948
- Aspects of Science, 1948
1951
- The New Physics: Talks on Aspects of Science, 1951
1959
- Lectures on Physical Optics, 1959
See also
- Light
- Photon
- Raman laser
- Raman scattering
- Raman spectroscopy
- Raman amplification
- Raman optical activity
External links
- The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 (Nobel Committee)
- Britannica on Raman
- Nobel prize internet archive
- PATH CREATOR-C.V.RAMAN
- Nobel Lecture
| ||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Raman, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Physicist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 7 November 1888 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Tiruchirapalli, India |
| DATE OF DEATH | 21 November 1970 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | |
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