Difference between revisions of "Pope Clement I" - New World Encyclopedia

Saint Clement I
Saint Clement I
	File:StClement1.jpg
Birth name	Unknown
Papacy began	circa 88
Papacy ended	99
Predecessor	Anacletus
Successor	Evaristus
Born	Unknown; Rome, Italy
Died	circa 99; Crimea
	Other popes named Clement

Revision as of 17:35, 2 April 2008

Saint Clement I was the Bishop of Rome from 88 to 99 C.E. Also called Clement of Rome and Clemens Romanus, he was the fourth pope according to Catholic tradition. In his own lifetime, however, the term "Pope" itself and the attributes presently associated with the term did not yet exist.

Clement I is considered one of the Apostolic Fathers, and his name is in the Roman Canon of the Mass. Saint Clement I is commemorated on November 23 as pope and martyr in the Roman Catholic Churchas well as the Anglican Communion and the Lutheran church. The Syriac Orthodox and Malankara Orthodox Church, as well as the Syriac Catholic and Syro-Malankara Catholic Churches commemorate St. Clement of Rome (called Mor Clemis) on November 24.

Identity and biography

Tradition identifies Cement I as the Clement mentioned by Saint Paul in Philippians 4:3 ^[1]. He may have been a freedman of Titus Flavius Clemens, who was consul with his cousin, the Emperor Domitian. The Shepherd of Hermas (Vision II. 4. 3) mentions a Clement whose office it is to communicate with other churches. This function has been adduced to support Clement's authorship of the letter to the church at Corinth, Greece, which ascribed to him in the collection of early Christian literature known as the Apostolic Fathers.

The Liber Pontificalis supports the further belief that Clement of Rome had personally known Saint Peter, and states that he wrote two letters which have been preserved. (However, the second letter, 2 Clement, is now challenged as belong to him.) Liber Pontificalis further states that Clement died in Greece in the third year of Trajan's reign, or 100 C.E. Earlier sources indicate that he died a natural death, but later tradition holds that he was martyred. The Holy See's Annuario Pontificio (2003) cites a reign from 92 to 99.

The tradition of Clement's martyrdom dates from the ninth century. It indicates that he was exiled from Rome by the Emperor Trajan to a prison camp in Chersonesus, where he was sentenced to work in a stone quarry. In retaliation for having converted large numbers of the local pagans to Christianity, Clement was martyred by being tied to an anchor and thrown from a boat into the Black Sea in the year 102.

St. Cyril reportedly brought relics of St. Clement to Rome in 868, where they are now enshrined at the Basilica di San Clemente. Other relics of St. Clement, including his head, are claimed by the Kiev Monastery of the Caves in the Ukraine.

Symbolism

Saint Clement, by Tiepolo

Mariner's Cross/St. Clement's Cross.

In art, Saint Clement can be recognized as a pope with an anchor or fish. Sometimes his also pictured with a millstone, relating to his reported imprisonment in a stone quarry; keys, relating to his position as pope; a fountain, which miraculously sprung forth while he said Mass; or with a book. He is also shown lying in a temple in the sea.

The Mariner's Cross is sometimes referred to as St. Clement's Cross in reference to the way he was reportedly martyred.

Writings

Clement is perhaps best known by his letter to the church at Corinth, often called 1 Clement. The letter is particularly significant in Catholic ecclesiology in that it demonstrates the Roman church's early role in guided the conduct of other churches.

A second epistle, better described as a homily, has been traditionally ascribed to Clement. However recent scholars suggests dates the letter to the second century and challenges Clement's authorship.

Clement is also the hero of an early Christian romance or novel that has survived in at least two different versions, known as the Clementine literature, where he is identified with Domitian's cousin Titus Flavius Clemens.

References
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↑ "Writers of the 3rd and 4th cents., like Origen, Eusebius, and Jerome, equate him, perhaps, correctly, with the Clement whom St. Paul mentions (Phil. 4:3) as a fellow worker."—Kelly (1985). The Oxford Dictionary of Popes. Oxford University Press, p. 7.

External links

Roman Catholic Popes
Preceded by: Anacletus	Bishop of Rome Pope 88–98	Succeeded by: Evaristus

Credits

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[1] "Writers of the 3rd and 4th cents., like Origen, Eusebius, and Jerome, equate him, perhaps, correctly, with the Clement whom St. Paul mentions (Phil. 4:3) as a fellow worker."—Kelly (1985). The Oxford Dictionary of Popes. Oxford University Press, p. 7.

[1]

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+{{claimed}}
 {{Infobox pope|
 English name=Saint Clement I|
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 major shrine=[[Basilica di San Clemente]], [[Rome]]|
 other=Clement|}}
-<!--A discussion on Wikipedia produced an overwhelming consensus to end the 'style wars' by replacing styles at the start by a style infobox later in the text. It is now installed below.—>
-{{infobox popestyles|
-papal name=Pope Clement I|
-dipstyle=His Holiness|
-offstyle=Your Holiness|
-relstyle=Holy Father|
-deathstyle=[[Saint]]|}}
 '''Saint Clement I''' was the [[Bishop of Rome]] from 88 to 99 C.E. Also called '''Clement of Rome''' and '''Clemens Romanus''', he was the fourth [[pope]] according to [[Catholic]] tradition. In his own lifetime, however, the term "Pope" itself and the attributes presently associated with the term did not yet exist.
-Saint Clement I is considered one of the [[Apostolic Fathers]], and his name is in the [[Roman Canon]] of the [[Mass]].  Saint Clement I is commemorated on November 23 as [[pope]] and [[martyr]] in the [[Roman Catholic Church]]as well as the [[Anglican Communion]] and the [[Lutheran church]].  The [[Syriac Orthodox]] and [[Malankara Orthodox Church]], as well as the [[Syriac Catholic]] and [[Syro-Malankara]] Catholic Churches commemorate St. Clement of Rome (called Mor Clemis) on November 24.
+Clement I is considered one of the [[Apostolic Fathers]], and his name is in the [[Roman Canon]] of the [[Mass]]. Saint Clement I is commemorated on November 23 as [[pope]] and [[martyr]] in the [[Roman Catholic Church]]as well as the [[Anglican Communion]] and the [[Lutheran church]].  The [[Syriac Orthodox]] and [[Malankara Orthodox Church]], as well as the [[Syriac Catholic]] and [[Syro-Malankara]] Catholic Churches commemorate St. Clement of Rome (called Mor Clemis) on November 24.
-==Identity==
+==Identity and biography==
-Sacred Tradition identifies him as the Clement mentioned in [[Philippians]] 4:3 <ref>"Writers of the 3rd and 4th cents., like Origen, Eusebius, and Jerome, equate him [St. Clement I], perhaps, correctly, with the Clement whom St. Paul mentions (Phil. 4:3) as a fellow worker."—{{cite book|last=Kelly|year=1985|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Popes|pages=''p.'' 7|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>. He may have been a freedman of [[Titus Flavius Clemens (consul)|Titus Flavius Clemens]], who was [[consul]] with his cousin, the Emperor [[Domitian]]. ''[[The Shepherd of Hermas]]'' (''Vision'' II. 4. 3) mentions a Clement whose office it is to communicate with other churches; this function has been adduced to support Clement's authorship of the letter to the church at [[Corinth, Greece]], ascribed to him: full details are at the entry ''[[Epistles of Clement]]''.
+Tradition identifies Cement I as the Clement mentioned by [[Saint Paul]] in [[Philippians]] 4:3 <ref>"Writers of the 3rd and 4th cents., like Origen, Eusebius, and Jerome, equate him, perhaps, correctly, with the Clement whom St. Paul mentions (Phil. 4:3) as a fellow worker."—{{cite book|last=Kelly|year=1985|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Popes|pages=''p.'' 7|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>. He may have been a freedman of [[Titus Flavius Clemens (consul)|Titus Flavius Clemens]], who was [[consul]] with his cousin, the Emperor [[Domitian]]. ''[[The Shepherd of Hermas]]'' (''Vision'' II. 4. 3) mentions a Clement whose office it is to communicate with other churches. This function has been adduced to support Clement's authorship of the letter to the church at [[Corinth, Greece]], which ascribed to him in the collection of early Christian literature known as the [[Apostolic Fathers]].
-''[[Liber Pontificalis]]'' documents the fact that Clement of Rome had personally known [[Saint Peter]], and states that he wrote two letters (the second letter, ''2 Clement'' is no longer ascribed to Clement) and that he died in [[Greece]] in the third year of [[Trajan]]'s reign, or 100.  Earlier sources say he died a natural death.  The Holy See's ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'' (2003) cites a reign from 92 to 99.
+The ''[[Liber Pontificalis]]'' supports the further belief that Clement of Rome had personally known [[Saint Peter]], and states that he wrote two letters which have been preserved. (However, the second letter, ''2 Clement'', is now challenged as belong to him.)  ''[[Liber Pontificalis]]'' further states that Clement died in [[Greece]] in the third year of [[Trajan]]'s reign, or 100 CE. Earlier sources indicate that he died a natural death, but later tradition holds that he was martyred. The Holy See's ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'' (2003) cites a reign from 92 to 99.
-==Martyrdom==
+The tradition of Clement's martyrdom dates from the ninth century. It indicates that he was exiled from Rome by the Emperor [[Trajan]] to a prison camp in [[Chersonesus]], where he was sentenced to work in a stone quarry. In retaliation for having converted large numbers of the local pagans to Christianity, Clement was [[martyr]]ed by being tied to an anchor and thrown from a boat into the [[Black Sea]] in the year 102.
-A [[9th-century]] tradition says that St. Clement was exiled from Rome by the Emperor [[Trajan]] to a prison camp in [[Chersonesus]], where he was sentenced to work in a stone quarry.  In retaliation for having converted large numbers of the local pagans to Christianity, St. Clement was [[martyr]]ed by being tied to an anchor and thrown from a boat into the [[Black Sea]] in the year 102.
-According to tradition, [[St. Cyril]] brought [[relics]] of St. Clement to Rome in 868 where they are now enshrined at the [[Basilica di San Clemente]].  Other relics of St. Clement, including his head, are claimed by the [[Kiev Monastery of the Caves]] in the [[Ukraine]].
+[[St. Cyril]] reportedly brought [[relics]] of St. Clement to Rome in 868, where they are now enshrined at the [[Basilica di San Clemente]]. Other relics of St. Clement, including his head, are claimed by the [[Kiev Monastery of the Caves]] in the [[Ukraine]].
 ==Symbolism==
 [[Image:Giovanni Battista Tiepolo 094.jpg|thumb|200px|left|''Saint Clement'', by [[Tiepolo]]]]
 [[Image:Mariner's Cross.svg|thumb|100px|right|Mariner's Cross/St. Clement's Cross.]]
-In art, Saint Clement can be recognized as a pope with an [[anchor]] or [[fish]].  Sometimes there is an addition of a [[millstone]]; [[Keys of Heaven|keys]]; a [[fountain]], which sprung forth while he said [[Mass]]; or with a book.  He might be shown lying in a temple in the sea.
+In art, Saint Clement can be recognized as a pope with an [[anchor]] or [[fish]]. Sometimes his also pictured with a [[millstone]], relating to his reported imprisonment in a stone quarry; [[Keys of Heaven|keys]], relating to his position as pope; a [[fountain]], which miraculously sprung forth while he said [[Mass]]; or with a book. He is also shown lying in a temple in the sea.
-The [[Mariner's Cross]] is also referred to as ''St. Clement's Cross'' in reference to the way he was martyred.
+The [[Mariner's Cross]] is sometimes referred to as ''St. Clement's Cross'' in reference to the way he was reportedly martyred.
 == Writings ==
-Clement is perhaps best known by a letter to the Catholic Church in Corinth, often called ''[[Epistles of Clement|1 Clement]]''. The history of 1 Clement clearly and continuously shows Pope Clement I as the author of this letter.
+Clement is perhaps best known by his letter to the church at Corinth, often called ''[[Epistles of Clement|1 Clement]]''. The letter is particularly significant in Catholic [[ecclesiology]] in that it demonstrates the Roman church's early role in guided the conduct of other churches.
-A [[Epistles of Clement|second epistle]], better described as a [[homily]] and written in the second century, has been traditionally ascribed to Clement. However recent, albeit in some cases questionable scholarship suggests someone else wrote this letter.<ref>"A second letter attributed to him ''(2 Clement)'' is not authentic"—based on the opinion of one questionable source. {{cite book|last=McBrien|year=2000|title=Lives of The Popes|pages=''p.'' 35|publisher=Harper}}</ref>
+A [[Epistles of Clement|second epistle]], better described as a [[homily]], has been traditionally ascribed to Clement. However recent scholars suggests dates the letter to the second century and challenges Clement's authorship.
 Clement is also the hero of an early Christian romance or [[novel]] that has survived in at least two different versions, known as the [[Clementine literature]], where he is identified with [[Domitian]]'s cousin [[Titus Flavius Clemens (consul)|Titus Flavius Clemens]].