Difference between revisions of "Sabellianism" - New World Encyclopedia
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Sabellianianism's most outspoken critic was [[Hippolytus of Rome]], who accused [[Pope Zephyrinus]] for not taking a stand against the "heresy" and later became an antipope rather than submit the Zephyrinius' successor [[Callixtus I]], whom he held in particular contempt. | Sabellianianism's most outspoken critic was [[Hippolytus of Rome]], who accused [[Pope Zephyrinus]] for not taking a stand against the "heresy" and later became an antipope rather than submit the Zephyrinius' successor [[Callixtus I]], whom he held in particular contempt. | ||
| − | Although Callixtus eventually rejected the teaching, it became popular among the African churches in the mid-third century, which it was opposed by [[Dionysius of Alexandria]]. During the [[Arianism|Arian controversy]], supporters of Arian theology often accused those who insisted that Christ and the Father were of the "same substance" of Sabellianism. Sabellianism was still alive in the late fourth century at Neocaesarea, where it was attacked by [[Basil the Great]]. | + | Although Callixtus eventually rejected the teaching, it became popular among the African churches in the mid-third century, which it was opposed by [[Dionysius of Alexandria]]. During the [[Arianism|Arian controversy]], supporters of Arian theology often accused those who insisted that Christ and the Father were of the "same substance" of Sabellianism. Sabellianism was still alive in the late fourth century at Neocaesarea, where it was attacked by [[Basil the Great]]. [[Epiphanius]] (''Haeres'' 62) about 375 C.E. notes that the adherents of Sabellius were still to be found in great numbers, both in Mesopotamia and at Rome. The Second Ecumenical Council of Constantinople in 533 C.E. declared the baptism of Sabellius to be invalid, which indicates that Sabellianism was still extant at that time as well. |
During the Reformation, the Spanish theology [[Michael Servetus]], was accused of Sabellianism, as was the great eighteenth century philosopher and mystic [[Emanuel Swedenborg]]. | During the Reformation, the Spanish theology [[Michael Servetus]], was accused of Sabellianism, as was the great eighteenth century philosopher and mystic [[Emanuel Swedenborg]]. | ||
==Meaning and origins== | ==Meaning and origins== | ||
| − | God | + | During the development of trinitarian theology, it was often proposed that the Christian God had three "faces" or "masks" (Grk. ''[[Prosopon|prosopa]]''). The question thus arose, is this threeness a matter of essence or perception? Modalists point out that the only number ascribed to God in the Holy Bible is ''One'' and that the number three is never mentioned in relation to God in scripture, which of course is the number that is central to the word "Trinity." The only possible exception to this is the [[Comma Johanneum]], a disputed text passage in [[First Epistle of John]] known primarily from the [[King James Version]] and some versions of the [[Textus Receptus]] but not included in modern critical texts. Modalism has been mainly associated with [[Sabellius]], who taught a form of it in [[Rome]] in the third century. |
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==Opposition== | ==Opposition== | ||
| − | + | [[Tertullian]], labelled the movement movement of Sabellianism "[[Patripassianism]]", from the Latin words ''pater'' for "father", and ''passus'' from the verb "to suffer," because it implied that God the Father suffered on the Cross. The term was coined by Tertullian in his work ''Adversus Praxeas'', Chapter 1, in which he accused Praxeas of the dual since of persecuting Montanism and teaching Sabellianism: "By this Praxeas did a twofold service for the devil at Rome: he drove away prophecy (meaning [[Montanism]]), and he brought in heresy (meaning Sabellianism); he put to flight the [[Paraclete]], and he crucified the Father." | |
| − | It is important to note that our only sources extant for our understanding of Sabellianism are from | + | It is important to note that our only sources extant for our understanding of Sabellianism are from it detractors. Scholars today are not in agreement as to what exactly Sabellius or Praxeus taught. It is easy to suppose Tertullian and Hippolytus misrepresented the opinions of their opponents.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10448a.htm ''Monarchians'']. ''www.newadvent.org''. Retrieved July 17, 2008.</ref> |
| − | Tertullian seems to suggest that the majority of believers at that time | + | Tertullian seems to suggest that the majority of believers at that time favored the Sabellian view of the oneness of God: "The simple," he says, "who always constitute the majority of believers, are startled at the dispensation (of the Three in One), on the ground that their very rule of faith withdraws them from the world's plurality of gods to the one only true God..." <ref>[http://christiandefense.com/Tertullian.Prax.htm#3 Tertullian, ''Against Praxeas, III'']</ref> |
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| − | Sabellianism has been rejected by the majority of Christian churches in | + | Sabellianism has been rejected by the majority of Christian churches in favor of [[Trinitarianism]] (through THE ATHANASIAN CREED), which was eventually defined as three distinct, co-equal, co-eternal persons.<ref>[http://home.inreach.com/bstanley/creeds.htm ''Creeds of the Catholic Church'']</ref> |
==Later teachings== | ==Later teachings== | ||
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However it cannot be certain whether Sabellius taught a despensational Modalism or taught what is known today as Oneness since all we have of his teaching comes through the writing of his enemies. All of his original works were burned. For example the outrageous doctrines that were purportedly believed by the Templars have recently been shown to be falsifications. Cathari were falsely accused of kissing cat anuses{{Fact|date=March 2008}} (Cathari actually means "pure"). The following excerpts demonstrate some of the known doctrinal characteristics that ancient Sabellians may be seen to compare with the doctrines in the modern Oneness movement: | However it cannot be certain whether Sabellius taught a despensational Modalism or taught what is known today as Oneness since all we have of his teaching comes through the writing of his enemies. All of his original works were burned. For example the outrageous doctrines that were purportedly believed by the Templars have recently been shown to be falsifications. Cathari were falsely accused of kissing cat anuses{{Fact|date=March 2008}} (Cathari actually means "pure"). The following excerpts demonstrate some of the known doctrinal characteristics that ancient Sabellians may be seen to compare with the doctrines in the modern Oneness movement: | ||
| − | + | Cyprian wrote of them "How, when God the Father is not known—nay, is even blasphemed—can they who among the heretics are said to be baptized in the name of Christ only, be judged to have obtained the remission of sins?" (Cyprian, c. 250, W, 5.383,484) | |
In 225C.E. Hippolytus spoke of them saying "Some of them assent to the heresy of the Noetians, affirming the Father Himself is the Son." | In 225C.E. Hippolytus spoke of them saying "Some of them assent to the heresy of the Noetians, affirming the Father Himself is the Son." | ||
| − | Victorinus had this to say of them "Some had doubts about the baptism of those who appeared to recognize the same Father with the Son with us, yet who received the new prophets." | + | |
| + | Victorinus had this to say of them: "Some had doubts about the baptism of those who appeared to recognize the same Father with the Son with us, yet who received the new prophets." | ||
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Saballianism was also referred to by the following Church fathers: | Saballianism was also referred to by the following Church fathers: | ||
| − | Dionysius (c.200-265 C.E.) wrote "Those baptized in the name of three persons...though baptized by heretics..shall not be rebaptized. But those converted from other heresies shall be perfected by the baptism of the Holy Church." (St. Dionysius, Letters and Treatises,p.54). | + | Dionysius (c.200-265 C.E.) wrote "Those baptized in the name of three persons... though baptized by heretics... shall not be rebaptized. But those converted from other heresies shall be perfected by the baptism of the Holy Church." (St. Dionysius, Letters and Treatises,p.54). |
| − | "Sabellius...blasphemes in saying that the Son Himself is the Father and vice versa." (Dionysius of Rome, c.264 | + | "Sabellius... blasphemes in saying that the Son Himself is the Father and vice versa." (Dionysius of Rome, c. 264) |
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| − | + | "Jesus commands them to baptize into the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit—not into a unipersonal God." (Tertullian, c. 213) | |
== References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 14:21, 17 July 2008
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In Christianity, Sabellianism is the belief that the Heavenly Father, Resurrected Son and Holy Spirit three modes or aspects of the one God, as perceived by the believer, rather than three distinct persons in God Himself. This theology, later declared heretical, developed out of the earlier teaching know as Modalistic Monarchianism, with which it is sometimes identified. Its proponent, Sabellius lived in the early third century CE and was probably a Roman presbyter.
Sabellianism differed from classical trinitarians by insisting that the three persons of the Godhead did not constitute permanent distinctions but functioned instead as modes of God's being and activity. More particularly, the God the Father was active in the principle of creation, God the Son in the act of redemption, and God the Holy Spirit in in process of sanctification.
Sabellianianism's most outspoken critic was Hippolytus of Rome, who accused Pope Zephyrinus for not taking a stand against the "heresy" and later became an antipope rather than submit the Zephyrinius' successor Callixtus I, whom he held in particular contempt.
Although Callixtus eventually rejected the teaching, it became popular among the African churches in the mid-third century, which it was opposed by Dionysius of Alexandria. During the Arian controversy, supporters of Arian theology often accused those who insisted that Christ and the Father were of the "same substance" of Sabellianism. Sabellianism was still alive in the late fourth century at Neocaesarea, where it was attacked by Basil the Great. Epiphanius (Haeres 62) about 375 C.E. notes that the adherents of Sabellius were still to be found in great numbers, both in Mesopotamia and at Rome. The Second Ecumenical Council of Constantinople in 533 C.E. declared the baptism of Sabellius to be invalid, which indicates that Sabellianism was still extant at that time as well.
During the Reformation, the Spanish theology Michael Servetus, was accused of Sabellianism, as was the great eighteenth century philosopher and mystic Emanuel Swedenborg.
Meaning and origins
During the development of trinitarian theology, it was often proposed that the Christian God had three "faces" or "masks" (Grk. prosopa). The question thus arose, is this threeness a matter of essence or perception? Modalists point out that the only number ascribed to God in the Holy Bible is One and that the number three is never mentioned in relation to God in scripture, which of course is the number that is central to the word "Trinity." The only possible exception to this is the Comma Johanneum, a disputed text passage in First Epistle of John known primarily from the King James Version and some versions of the Textus Receptus but not included in modern critical texts. Modalism has been mainly associated with Sabellius, who taught a form of it in Rome in the third century.
Opposition
Tertullian, labelled the movement movement of Sabellianism "Patripassianism", from the Latin words pater for "father", and passus from the verb "to suffer," because it implied that God the Father suffered on the Cross. The term was coined by Tertullian in his work Adversus Praxeas, Chapter 1, in which he accused Praxeas of the dual since of persecuting Montanism and teaching Sabellianism: "By this Praxeas did a twofold service for the devil at Rome: he drove away prophecy (meaning Montanism), and he brought in heresy (meaning Sabellianism); he put to flight the Paraclete, and he crucified the Father."
It is important to note that our only sources extant for our understanding of Sabellianism are from it detractors. Scholars today are not in agreement as to what exactly Sabellius or Praxeus taught. It is easy to suppose Tertullian and Hippolytus misrepresented the opinions of their opponents.[1]
Tertullian seems to suggest that the majority of believers at that time favored the Sabellian view of the oneness of God: "The simple," he says, "who always constitute the majority of believers, are startled at the dispensation (of the Three in One), on the ground that their very rule of faith withdraws them from the world's plurality of gods to the one only true God..." [2]
Sabellianism has been rejected by the majority of Christian churches in favor of Trinitarianism (through THE ATHANASIAN CREED), which was eventually defined as three distinct, co-equal, co-eternal persons.[3]
Later teachings
Both Michael Servetus and Emanuel Swedenborg have been interpreted as being proponents of Modalism, however, neither describes God as appearing in three modes. Both describe God as the One Divine Person, Jesus Christ, who has a Divine Soul of Love, Divine Mind of Truth, and Divine Body of Activity. Jesus, through a process of uniting his human form to the Divine, became entirely One with His Divine Soul from the Father to the point of having no distinction of personality.[4][1]
Oneness Pentecostalism teaches that the Father (a spirit) is united with Jesus (a man) as the Son of God. However, Oneness Pentecostalism differs significantly by rejecting sequential modalism[citation needed] and by the full acceptance of the begotten humanity of the Son, not eternally begotten, who was the man Jesus and was born, crucified, and risen, and not the deity. This directly opposes Patripassianism and the pre-existence of the Son, which Sabellianism does not. Oneness Pentecostalism can be compared to Sabellianism as both are Nontrinitarian, but they do not correctly identify each other.
However it cannot be certain whether Sabellius taught a despensational Modalism or taught what is known today as Oneness since all we have of his teaching comes through the writing of his enemies. All of his original works were burned. For example the outrageous doctrines that were purportedly believed by the Templars have recently been shown to be falsifications. Cathari were falsely accused of kissing cat anuses[citation needed] (Cathari actually means "pure"). The following excerpts demonstrate some of the known doctrinal characteristics that ancient Sabellians may be seen to compare with the doctrines in the modern Oneness movement:
Cyprian wrote of them "How, when God the Father is not known—nay, is even blasphemed—can they who among the heretics are said to be baptized in the name of Christ only, be judged to have obtained the remission of sins?" (Cyprian, c. 250, W, 5.383,484) In 225C.E. Hippolytus spoke of them saying "Some of them assent to the heresy of the Noetians, affirming the Father Himself is the Son."
Victorinus had this to say of them: "Some had doubts about the baptism of those who appeared to recognize the same Father with the Son with us, yet who received the new prophets."
Saballianism was also referred to by the following Church fathers: Dionysius (c.200-265 C.E.) wrote "Those baptized in the name of three persons... though baptized by heretics... shall not be rebaptized. But those converted from other heresies shall be perfected by the baptism of the Holy Church." (St. Dionysius, Letters and Treatises,p.54). "Sabellius... blasphemes in saying that the Son Himself is the Father and vice versa." (Dionysius of Rome, c. 264)
"Jesus commands them to baptize into the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit—not into a unipersonal God." (Tertullian, c. 213)
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ Monarchians. www.newadvent.org. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
- ↑ Tertullian, Against Praxeas, III
- ↑ Creeds of the Catholic Church
- ↑ Servetus, Swedenborg and the Nature of God by Andrew M.T. Dibb, Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America Inc, 2005
Notes
External links
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, Sabellianism - Retrieved October 30, 2007.
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