Difference between revisions of "Solidarity" - New World Encyclopedia

**Solidarity**
	File:Solidarnosc.png
	Independent Self-governing Trade Union "Solidarity"
	Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy "Solidarność"
Founded	September 1980
Members	1,185,000 (2006)
Country	Poland
Affiliation	ITUC, ETUC, TUAC
Office location	Gdańsk, Poland
Website	www.solidarnosc.org.pl; (In English)

Revision as of 01:38, 15 October 2007

Solidarity (Template:Audio-pl; full name: Independent Self-governing Trade Union "Solidarity" — Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy "Solidarność") is a Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the then Lenin Shipyards, and originally led by Lech Wałęsa.

It was the first non-communist trade union in a communist country. In the 1980s it constituted a broad anti-communist social movement. The government attempted to destroy the union with the martial law of 1981 and several years of repressions, but in the end it had to start negotiating with the union. The Roundtable Talks between the weakened government and Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989. By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December Wałęsa was elected President of Poland.

Since then it has become a more traditional trade union, and had relatively little impact on the political scene of Poland in the early 1990s. A political arm was founded in 1996 as Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) won the Polish parliamentary election, 1997, but lost the following Polish parliamentary election, 2001. Currently, Solidarity, or the remnants of it, has little political influence in modern Polish politics.

History

File:W samo poludnie 4 6 89-Tomasz Sarnecki.jpg

"High Noon, 4 June 1989"
Solidarity Citizens' Committee election poster by Tomasz Sarnecki

Main article: History of Solidarity

Solidarity began in September 1980 at the Lenin Shipyards, where Lech Wałęsa and others formed a broad anti-communist social movement ranging from people associated with the Catholic Church^[2] to members of the anti-communist Left. Solidarity advocated nonviolence in its members' activities.^[3]^[4] The government attempted to destroy the union with the martial law of 1981 and several years of repressions, but in the end it had to start negotiating with the union.

In Poland, the Roundtable Talks between the weakened government and Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989. By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December Wałęsa was elected president. Since 1989 Solidarity has become a more traditional trade union, and had relatively little impact on the political scene of Poland in the early 1990s. A political arm founded in 1996 as Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) won the parliamentary election in 1997, but lost the following 2001 election. Currently Solidarity has little political influence in modern Polish politics.

Influence abroad

The survival of Solidarity was an unprecedented event not only in Poland, a satellite state of the USSR ruled (in practice) by a one-party Communist regime, but the whole of the Eastern bloc. It meant a break in the hard-line stance of the communist Polish United Workers' Party, which had bloodily ended a 1970 protest with machine gun fire (killing dozens and injuring over 1,000), and the broader Soviet communist regime in the Eastern Bloc, which had quelled both the 1956 Hungarian Uprising and the 1968 Prague Spring with Soviet-led invasions.

Solidarity's influence led to the intensification and spread of anti-communist ideals and movements throughout the countries of the Eastern Bloc, weakening their communist governments. The 1989 elections in Poland where anti-communist candidates won a striking victory sparked off a succession of peaceful anti-communist revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe^[2] known as the Revolutions of 1989 (Jesień Ludów). Solidarity's example was in various ways repeated by opposition groups throughout the Eastern Bloc, eventually leading to the Eastern Bloc's effectual dismantling, and contributing to the collapse of the Soviet Union, in the early 1990s.

Organization

Gdańsk on 25th anniversary of Solidarity, summer 2005.

Formed in 1981, the union's supreme powers were vested in a legislative body, the Convention of Delegates (Zjazd Delegatow). The executive branch was the National Coordinating Commission (Krajowa Komisja Porozumiewawcza), later renamed the [ational Commission (Komisja Krajowa). The Union had a regional structure, comprising 38 regions (region) and two districts (okręg).

Solidarity was organized as an industrial union along the lines of the Industrial Workers of the World and the Spanish Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (workers in every trade were organized by region, rather than by craft as is the practice in American trade unions).^[5]

Currently, Solidarity has more than 1.1 million members. National Commission of Independent Self-Governing Trade Union is located in Gdańsk and is composed of Delegates from Regional General Congresses.

^{This short section requires expansion.}

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

↑ WHAT IS THE NSZZ SOLIDARNOSC ?. Solidarnosc.org. Retrieved 2006-07-06.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Steger, Manfred B (Jan 2004). Judging Nonviolence: The Dispute Between Realists and Idealists (ebook), Routledge (UK), p114. ISBN 0-415-93397-8. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
↑ (Feb 1993) in Paul Wehr, Guy Burgess, Heidi Burgess: Justice Without Violence (ebook), Lynne Rienner Publishers, p28. ISBN 1-55587-491-6. Retrieved 2006-07-06.
↑ Cavanaugh-O'Keefe, John (Jan 2001). Emmanuel, Solidarity: God's Act, Our Response (ebook), Xlibris Corporation, p68. ISBN 0-7388-3864-0. Retrieved 2006-07-06.
↑ (Polish) Solidarność NSZZ in WIEM Encyklopedia. Last accessed on 10 October 2006

External links

Solidarity official English homepage
Presentation The Solidarity Phenomenon (PL, EN, DE, FR, ES, RU)
Solidarity 25th Anniversary Press Center
International Conference 'From Solidarity to Freedom'
Advice for East German propagandists on how to deal with the Solidarity movement
The Birth of Solidarity on BBC
Solidarity, Freedom and Economical Crisis in Poland, 1980-81
The rise of Solidarność, Colin Barker, International Socialism, Issue: 108
Arch Puddington, How American Unions Helps Solidarity Win
Solidarity Lost, by Daniel Singer
(Polish) Solidarity Center Fundation - Fundacja Centrum Solidarności

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

Solidarity ^history

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

History of "Solidarity"

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

[1] WHAT IS THE NSZZ SOLIDARNOSC ?. Solidarnosc.org. Retrieved 2006-07-06.

[Manfred-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Steger, Manfred B (Jan 2004). Judging Nonviolence: The Dispute Between Realists and Idealists (ebook), Routledge (UK), p114. ISBN 0-415-93397-8. Retrieved 2006-07-09.

[3] (Feb 1993) in Paul Wehr, Guy Burgess, Heidi Burgess: Justice Without Violence (ebook), Lynne Rienner Publishers, p28. ISBN 1-55587-491-6. Retrieved 2006-07-06.

[4] Cavanaugh-O'Keefe, John (Jan 2001). Emmanuel, Solidarity: God's Act, Our Response (ebook), Xlibris Corporation, p68. ISBN 0-7388-3864-0. Retrieved 2006-07-06.

[WIEM-5] (Polish) Solidarność NSZZ in WIEM Encyklopedia. Last accessed on 10 October 2006

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

File:Solidarnosc.png
Independent Self-governing Trade Union "Solidarity"
Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy "Solidarność"
Founded	September 1980
Members	1,185,000 (2006)^[1]
Country	Poland
Affiliation	ITUC, ETUC, TUAC
Office location	Gdańsk, Poland
Website	www.solidarnosc.org.pl (In English)

Difference between revisions of "Solidarity" - New World Encyclopedia

Revision as of 01:38, 15 October 2007

Contents

History

Influence abroad

Organization

See also

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

External links

Further reading

Credits

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{claimed}}
 {{Infobox Union
 |name= Solidarity
@@ Line 5: / Line 7: @@
   | work= Solidarnosc.org
   | url=http://www.solidarnosc.org.pl/english/about/eng_about_04.htm
+ | url=http://www.solidarity.gov.pl/
   | accessdate=2006-07-06
 }}</ref>
@@ Line 10: / Line 13: @@
 |native_name= Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy "Solidarność"
 |image= [[Image:Solidarnosc.png]]
-|founded= September, [[1980]]
+|founded= September [[1980]]
 |country= [[Poland]]
-|affiliation= [[ICFTU]], [[WCL]], [[ETUC]], [[TUAC]]
+|affiliation= [[International Trade Union Confederation|ITUC]], [[ETUC]], [[TUAC]]
 |office= [[Gdańsk]], Poland
-|website=[http://www.solidarnosc.org.pl www.solidarnosc.org.pl]<br><small>[http://www.solidarnosc.org.pl/eng1.htm (In English)]</small>
+|website=[http://www.solidarnosc.org.pl www.solidarnosc.org.pl]<br><small>[http://www.solidarnosc.org.pl/en/ (In English)]</small>
 |footnotes=
 |current=
@@ Line 23: / Line 26: @@
 |people=
 }}<!-- Include all unused fields for future use. See {{template:Infobox Union}} for usage.  —>
-'''Solidarity''' ([[Polish language|Polish]]: ''[[Media:Solidarnosc.ogg|Solidarność]]''; full name: '''Independent Self-governing Trade Union "Solidarity"''' — ''Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy "Solidarność"'') is a [[Poland|Polish]] [[trade union]] [[federation]] founded in September [[1980]] at the [[Gdańsk Shipyard|Lenin Shipyards]], and originally led by [[Lech Wałęsa]]. In the [[1980s]] it constituted a broad [[anti-communist]] [[social movement]]. The government attempted to destroy the union with the [[Martial law in Poland|martial law of 1981]] and several years of repressions, but in the end it had to start negotiating with the union. In Poland, the [[Roundtable Talks]] between the weakened government and Solidarity-led opposition led to [[Polish legislative elections, 1989|semi-free elections in 1989]]. By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December Wałęsa was elected [[President of Poland|president]]. Since 1989 Solidarity has become a more traditional trade union, and had relatively little impact on the political scene of Poland in the early 1990s. A political arm was founded in [[1996]] as ''Solidarity Electoral Action'' ([[Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność|AWS]]) won the [[Polish parliamentary election, 1997]], but lost the following [[Polish parliamentary election, 2001]]. Currently Solidarity has little political influence in modern Polish politics.
+'''Solidarity''' ({{audio-pl|Solidarność|Solidarnosc.ogg}}; full name: '''Independent Self-governing Trade Union "Solidarity"''' — ''Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy "Solidarność"'') is a [[Poland|Polish]] [[trade union]] [[federation]] founded in September 1980 at the then [[Gdańsk Shipyard|Lenin Shipyards]], and originally led by [[Lech Wałęsa]].
-The survival of Solidarity was an unprecedented event not only in Poland, a [[People's Republic of Poland|satellite state]] of the [[USSR]] ruled (in practice) by a [[Polish United Workers' Party|one-party]] [[communist state|Communist regime]], but the whole of the [[Eastern bloc]]. It meant a break in the hard-line stance of the communist [[Polish United Workers' Party]], which had bloodily ended a [[1970]] protest with machine gun fire (killing dozens and injuring over 1,000), and the broader [[Soviet]] communist regime in the Eastern Bloc, which had quelled both the [[1956]] [[Hungarian Uprising]] and the [[1968]] [[Prague Spring]] with Soviet-led invasions. Solidarity's influence led to the intensification and spread of anti-communist ideals and movements throughout the countries of the Eastern Bloc, weakening their communist governments. The 1989 elections in Poland where anti-communist candidates won a striking victory sparked off a succession of peaceful [[anti-communist]] [[counterrevolution]]s in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]].<ref name = "Manfred">{{cite book
+It was the first non-communist trade union in a communist country. In the [[1980s]] it constituted a broad [[anti-communist]] [[social movement]]. The government attempted to destroy the union with the [[Martial law in Poland|martial law of 1981]] and several years of repressions, but in the end it had to start negotiating with the union. The [[Roundtable Talks]] between the weakened government and Solidarity-led opposition led to [[Polish legislative elections, 1989|semi-free elections in 1989]]. By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December Wałęsa was elected [[President of Poland]].
- | last = Steger
- | first = Manfred B
+Since then it has become a more traditional trade union, and had relatively little impact on the political scene of Poland in the early [[1990s]]. A political arm was founded in 1996 as ''Solidarity Electoral Action'' ([[Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność|AWS]]) won the [[Polish parliamentary election, 1997]], but lost the following [[Polish parliamentary election, 2001]]. Currently, ''Solidarity'', or the remnants of it, has little political influence in modern Polish politics.
- | authorlink =
- | editor =
- | others =
- | title = Judging Nonviolence: The Dispute Between Realists and Idealists
- | origdate =
- | url = http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0415933978&id=VEcHo6QcIUwC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=Solidarity+Poland+nonviolence&sig=GWuOXmZbZewMdElsBsmhZh7uTFY
- | format = ebook
- | accessdate = 2006-07-09
- | edition =
- | date = Jan 2004
- | year =
- | month =
- | publisher = Routledge (UK)
- | location =
- | id = ISBN 0-415-93397-8
- | pages = p 114
-}}</ref> Solidarity's example was in various ways repeated by opposition groups throughout the Eastern Bloc, eventually leading to the Eastern Bloc's effectual dismantling, and contributing to the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]], in the early 1990s.
 ==History==
@@ Line 50: / Line 36: @@
 {{main|History of Solidarity}}
-Solidarity began in September [[1980]] at the [[Gdańsk Shipyard|Lenin Shipyards]], where [[Lech Wałęsa]] and others formed a broad [[anti-communist]] [[social movement]] ranging from people associated with the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]<ref name = "Manfred" /> to members of the [[anti-communist]] [[Left-wing|Left]]. Solidarity advocated [[nonviolence]] in its members' activities.<ref>{{cite book
+Solidarity began in September 1980 at the [[Gdańsk Shipyard|Lenin Shipyards]], where [[Lech Wałęsa]] and others formed a broad [[anti-communist]] [[social movement]] ranging from people associated with the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]<ref name = "Manfred" >{{cite book | last = Steger | first = Manfred B | title = Judging Nonviolence: The Dispute Between Realists and Idealists | url = http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0415933978&id=VEcHo6QcIUwC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=Solidarity+Poland+nonviolence&sig=GWuOXmZbZewMdElsBsmhZh7uTFY | format = ebook | accessdate = 2006-07-09 | date = Jan 2004 | publisher = Routledge (UK) | id = ISBN 0-415-93397-8 | pages = p114 }}</ref> to members of the anti-communist [[Left-wing|Left]]. Solidarity advocated [[nonviolence]] in its members' activities.<ref>{{cite book
- | last =
- | first =
- | authorlink =
- | coauthors =
   | editor = Paul Wehr, Guy Burgess, Heidi Burgess
- | others =
   | title = Justice Without Violence
-  | origdate =
+  | url =
- | origyear =
+http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN1555874916&id=o8ipY9HVHmcC&dq=Solidarity+Poland+nonviolence&lpg=PA29&pg=PA28&sig=ot7HF0E-YXDJQ8_zMpuVSuvl8Ig
- | origmonth =
- | url = http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN1555874916&id=o8ipY9HVHmcC&dq=Solidarity+Poland+nonviolence&lpg=PA29&pg=PA28&sig=ot7HF0E-YXDJQ8_zMpuVSuvl8Ig
   | format = ebook
   | accessdate = 2006-07-06
- | edition =
+  | year = 1993
-  | year = 1994
   | month = Feb
   | publisher = Lynne Rienner Publishers
   | id = ISBN 1-55587-491-6
-  | pages = p 28
+  | pages = p28
-}}</ref>
+}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
-<ref>{{cite book
   | last = Cavanaugh-O'Keefe
   | first = John
- | authorlink =
- | coauthors =
- | editor =
- | others =
   | title = Emmanuel, Solidarity: God's Act, Our Response
- | origdate =
   | url = http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0738838640&id=_P9owylILP4C&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68&dq=Solidarity+Poland+nonviolence&sig=a531pYBFmXgNUIeXQ-PguOVwrts
   | format = ebook
   | accessdate = 2006-07-06
- | edition =
- | date =
   | year = 2001
   | month = Jan
   | publisher = Xlibris Corporation
   | id = ISBN 0-7388-3864-0
-  | pages = p 68
+  | pages = p68
-}}</ref> The government attempted to destroy the union with the [[Martial law in Poland|martial law of 1981]] and several years of repressions, but in the end it had to start negotiating with the union. In Poland, the [[Roundtable Talks]] between the weakened government and Solidarity-led opposition led to [[Polish legislative elections, 1989|semi-free elections in 1989]]. By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December Wałęsa was elected [[President of Poland|president]]. Since 1989 Solidarity has become a more traditional trade union, and had relatively little impact on the political scene of Poland in the early 1990s. A political arm founded in [[1996]] as ''Solidarity Electoral Action'' ([[Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność|AWS]]) won the [[Polish parliamentary election, 1997|parliamentary election in 1997]], but lost the following [[Polish parliamentary election, 2001|2001 election]]. Currently Solidarity has little political influence in modern Polish politics.
+}}</ref> The government attempted to destroy the union with the [[Martial law in Poland|martial law of 1981]] and several years of repressions, but in the end it had to start negotiating with the union.
-[[Image:Astilleros de Gdansk.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Gdańsk on 25th anniversary of Solidarity, summer 2005.]]
+In Poland, the [[Roundtable Talks]] between the weakened government and Solidarity-led opposition led to [[Polish legislative elections, 1989|semi-free elections in 1989]]. By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December Wałęsa was elected [[President of Poland|president]]. Since 1989 Solidarity has become a more traditional trade union, and had relatively little impact on the political scene of Poland in the early 1990s. A political arm founded in 1996 as ''Solidarity Electoral Action'' ([[Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność|AWS]]) won the [[Polish parliamentary election, 1997|parliamentary election in 1997]], but lost the following [[Polish parliamentary election, 2001|2001 election]]. Currently Solidarity has little political influence in modern Polish politics.
 ==Influence abroad==
-The survival of Solidarity was an unprecedented event not only in Poland, a [[People's Republic of Poland|satellite state]] of the [[USSR]] ruled (in practice) by a [[Polish United Workers' Party|one-party]] [[communist state|Communist regime]], but the whole of the [[Eastern bloc]]. It meant a break in the hard-line stance of the communist [[Polish United Workers' Party]], which had bloodily ended a [[1970]] protest with machine gun fire (killing dozens and injuring over 1,000), and the broader [[Soviet]] communist regime in the Eastern Bloc, which had quelled both the [[1956]] [[Hungarian Uprising]] and the [[1968]] [[Prague Spring]] with Soviet-led invasions. Solidarity's influence led to the intensification and spread of anti-communist ideals and movements throughout the countries of the Eastern Bloc, weakening their communist governments. The 1989 elections in Poland where anti-communist candidates won a striking victory sparked off a succession of peaceful [[anti-communist]] [[counterrevolution]]s in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]]<ref name = "Manfred" /> known as [[Autumn of Nations]] (''Jesień Ludów''). Solidarity's example was in various ways repeated by opposition groups throughout the Eastern Bloc, eventually leading to the Eastern Bloc's effectual dismantling, and contributing to the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]], in the early 1990s.
+The survival of Solidarity was an unprecedented event not only in Poland, a [[People's Republic of Poland|satellite state]] of the [[USSR]] ruled (in practice) by a [[Polish United Workers' Party|one-party]] [[communist state|Communist regime]], but the whole of the [[Eastern bloc]]. It meant a break in the hard-line stance of the communist [[Polish United Workers' Party]], which had bloodily ended a 1970 protest with machine gun fire (killing dozens and injuring over 1,000), and the broader [[Soviet]] communist regime in the Eastern Bloc, which had quelled both the 1956 [[Hungarian Uprising]] and the 1968 [[Prague Spring]] with Soviet-led invasions.
+Solidarity's influence led to the intensification and spread of anti-communist ideals and movements throughout the countries of the Eastern Bloc, weakening their communist governments. The 1989 elections in Poland where anti-communist candidates won a striking victory sparked off a succession of peaceful [[anti-communist]] [[revolution]]s in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]]<ref name = "Manfred" /> known as the [[Revolutions of 1989]] (''Jesień Ludów''). Solidarity's example was in various ways repeated by opposition groups throughout the Eastern Bloc, eventually leading to the Eastern Bloc's effectual dismantling, and contributing to the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]], in the early 1990s.
 ==Organization==
+[[Image:Astilleros de Gdansk.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Gdańsk on 25th anniversary of Solidarity, summer 2005.]]
+Formed in 1981, the union's supreme powers were vested in a [[legislature|legislative body]], the Convention of Delegates (''Zjazd Delegatow''). The [[executive]] branch was the National Coordinating Commission (''Krajowa Komisja Porozumiewawcza''), later renamed the [ational Commission (''Komisja Krajowa''). The Union had a regional structure, comprising 38 regions (''region'') and two districts (''okręg'').
+Solidarity was organized as an industrial union along the lines of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] and the Spanish [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo]] (workers in every trade were organized by region, rather than by craft as is the practice in American trade unions).<ref name="WIEM">{{pl icon}} [http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/12313,,,,solidarnosc_nszz,haslo.html Solidarność NSZZ] in [[WIEM Encyklopedia]]. Last accessed on 10 October 2006</ref>
 Currently, Solidarity has more than 1.1 million members. National Commission of Independent Self-Governing Trade Union is located in [[Gdańsk]] and is composed of Delegates from Regional General Congresses.
 {{sect-stub}}
 ==See also==
+{{organized labour portal}}
+* [[Leslie Woodhead]]'s 1980 documentary film ''Strike''
 * [[Józef Tischner]]
-* [[One Big Union]]
+* [[One Big Union (concept)]]
-* [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]]
 * [[Space of Freedom]] - [[Jean Michel Jarre]]'s concert ([[Gdańsk]], [[August 26]][[2005]])
@@ Line 112: / Line 92: @@
 ==External links==
-{{wikisourcelang|pl|Statut NSZZ SOLIDARNOŚĆ|Solidarity }}
+{{wikisourcelang|pl|Statut NSZZ SOLIDARNOŚĆ|Solidarity}}
-*[http://www.solidarnosc.org.pl/eng1.htm Solidarity official English homepage]
+{{commonscat|Solidarność}}
-*[http://www.solidarity.gov.pl Presentation The Solidarity Phenomenon]
+*[http://www.solidarnosc.org.pl/en/ Solidarity official English homepage]
-*[http://www.solidarity.org.pl/cgi-bin/news.pl?lang=en Solidarity 25th Anniversairy Press Center]
+* [http://www.solidarnosc.gov.pl/ Presentation The Solidarity Phenomenon] ([[Polish language|PL]], [[English language|EN]], [[German language|DE]], [[French language|FR]], [[Spanish language|ES]], [[Russian language|RU]])
-*[http://www.solidarnosc25.pl/ International Conference 'From Solidarity to Freedom']
+*[http://www.solidarity.org.pl/cgi-bin/news.pl?lang=en Solidarity 25th Anniversary Press Center]
+*[http://www.solidarnosc25.pl International Conference 'From Solidarity to Freedom']
 *[http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/poland.htm Advice for East German propagandists on how to deal with the Solidarity movement]
 *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/special_report/1999/09/99/iron_curtain/timelines/poland_80.stm The Birth of Solidarity on BBC]
 *[http://culture.polishsite.us/articles/art52.html Solidarity, Freedom and Economical Crisis in Poland, 1980-81]
-*[http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=136&issue=108 The rise of Solidarnosc], Colin Barker, [[International Socialism (journal)|International Socialism]], Issue: 108
+*[http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=136&issue=108 The rise of Solidarność], [[Colin Barker]], [[International Socialism (journal)|International Socialism]], Issue: 108
 *[http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/issues/summer2005/puddington.htm Arch Puddington, How American Unions Helps Solidarity Win]
-*{{pl icon}} [http://www.fcs.org.pl/ Solidarity Center Fundation - Fundacja Centrum Solidarności]
+*[http://www.thenation.com/doc/19901217/singer Solidarity Lost], by [[Daniel Singer]]
+*{{pl icon}} [http://www.fcs.org.pl Solidarity Center Fundation - Fundacja Centrum Solidarności]
 ==Further reading==
 * {{cite book
   | last = Garton Ash
   | first = Timothy
   | authorlink = Timothy Garton Ash
- | editor =
- | others =
   | title = The Polish Revolution: Solidarity
- | origdate =
+  | date= 2002
- | url =
- | format =
- | accessdate =
- | edition =
-  | date = 2002
   | publisher = Yale University Press
- | location =
- | language =
   | id = ISBN 0-300-09568-6
- | pages =
 }}
 * {{cite book
@@ Line 148: / Line 120: @@
   | first = Robert
   | authorlink = Robert Eringer
- | coauthors =
- | editor =
- | others =
   | title = Strike for Freedom: The Story of Lech Walesa and Polish Solidarity
- | origdate =
+  | date= 1982
- | url =
- | format =
- | accessdate =
- | edition =
-  | date = 1982
   | publisher = Dodd Mead
- | location =
- | language =
   | id = ISBN 0-396-08065-0
- | pages =
 }}
 * {{cite book
@@ Line 168: / Line 129: @@
   | first = Marek M.
   | authorlink = Marek M. Kaminski
- | coauthors =
- | editor =
- | others =
   | title = Games Prisoners Play
- | origdate =
   | url = http://webfiles.uci.edu/mkaminsk/www/book.html
- | format =
+  | date= 2004
- | accessdate =
- | edition =
-  | date = 2004
   | publisher = Princeton University Press
- | location =
- | language =
   | id = ISBN 0-691-11721-7
- | pages =
 }}
 * {{cite book
@@ Line 188: / Line 139: @@
   | first = Patrick
   | authorlink = Patrick Kenney
- | coauthors =
- | editor =
- | others =
   | title = A Carnival of Revolution : Central Europe 1989
- | origdate =
+  | date= 2003
- | url =
- | format =
- | accessdate =
- | edition =
-  | date = 2003
   | publisher = Princeton University Press
- | location =
- | language =
   | id = ISBN 0-691-11627-X
- | pages =
 }}
 * {{cite book
   | last = Kenney
   | first = Patrick
- | authorlink =
- | coauthors =
- | editor =
- | others =
   | title = The Burdens of Freedom
- | origdate =
+  | date= 2006
- | url =
- | format =
- | accessdate =
- | edition =
-  | date = 2006
   | publisher = Zed Books Ltd.
- | location =
- | language =
   | id = ISBN 1-84277-662-2
- | pages =
 }}
 * {{cite book
@@ Line 228: / Line 156: @@
   | first = Maryjane
   | authorlink = Maryjane Osa
- | coauthors =
- | editor =
- | others =
   | title = Solidarity and Contention: Networks of Polish Opposition
- | origdate =
+  | date= 2003
- | url =
- | format =
- | accessdate =
- | edition =
-  | date = 2003
   | publisher = University of Minnesota Press
- | location =
- | language =
   | id = ISBN 0-8166-3874-8
- | pages =
 }}
 * {{cite book
@@ Line 248: / Line 165: @@
   | first = David
   | authorlink = David Ost
- | coauthors =
- | editor =
- | others =
   | title = The Defeat Of Solidarity: Anger and Politics in Postcommunist Europe
- | origdate =
   | url = http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0801443180&id=KD8Q4RX375QC&vq=OPZZ&dq=OPZZ
   | format = ebook
- | accessdate =
+  | date= 2005
- | edition =
-  | date = 2005
   | publisher = Cornell University Press
- | location =
- | language =
   | id = ISBN 0-8014-4318-0
- | pages =
 }}
 * {{cite book
@@ Line 268: / Line 176: @@
   | first = Shana
   | authorlink = Shana Penn
- | coauthors =
- | editor =
- | others =
   | title = Solidarity's Secret : The Women Who Defeated Communism in Poland
- | origdate =
+  | date= 2005
- | url =
- | format =
- | accessdate =
- | edition =
-  | date = 2005
   | publisher = University of Michigan Press
- | location =
- | language =
   | id = ISBN 0-472-11385-2
- | pages =
 }}
 * {{cite book
@@ Line 288: / Line 185: @@
   | first = William D.
   | authorlink = William D. Perdue
- | coauthors =
- | editor =
- | others =
   | title = Paradox of Change: The Rise and Fall of Solidarity in the New Poland
- | origdate =
+  | date= 1995
- | url =
- | format =
- | accessdate =
- | edition =
-  | date = 1995
   | publisher = Praeger/Greenwood
- | location =
- | language =
   | id = ISBN 0-275-95295-9
- | pages =
 }}
 * [[Pope John Paul II]], ''Sollicitudo Rei Socialis'', [http://www.vatican.va/edocs/ENG0223/_INDEX.HTM on Vatican website]
@@ Line 310: / Line 196: @@
 [[category:Politics and social sciences]]
 [[category:Politics]]
-{{credit1|Solidarity|73134467}}
+{{credit1|Solidarity|160597774}}

Difference between revisions of "Solidarity" - New World Encyclopedia

Revision as of 01:38, 15 October 2007

History

Influence abroad

Organization

See also

ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees

External links

Further reading

Credits

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees