Difference between revisions of "Riga, Latvia" - New World Encyclopedia

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'''Riga''' the [[capital]] of [[Latvia]], is situated on the [[Baltic Sea]] coast on the mouth of the river [[Daugava]]. Riga is the largest city in the [[Baltic countries|Baltic states]].
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'''Riga''' the capital city of [[Latvia]], is situated on the [[Baltic Sea]] coast on the mouth of the river [[Daugava]]. Riga is the largest city in the [[Baltic]] states.
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The Historic Centre of Riga has been declared a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], and the city is particularly notable for its extensive [[Art Nouveau]] ([[Jugendstil]]) architecture, which UNESCO considers to be unparalleled anywhere in the world <ref>Unesco World Heritage List[http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/852.pdf Riga (Page 67)] Retrieved November 24, 2007.</ref>
 
  
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The Historic Centre of Riga has been declared a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], with the city being particularly notable for its extensive [[Art Nouveau]] ([[Jugendstil]]) [[architecture]], which UNESCO considers to be unparalleled anywhere in the world. <ref> Unesco World Heritage List[http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/852.pdf Riga (Page 67)] Retrieved November 24, 2007.</ref>
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==Geography==
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Riga is located at 56° 58′ North and 24° 8′ East covering approximately 119 square miles (307 square kilometers).
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Riga, the largest city of the [[Baltic]] States, is located on the southern shores of the [[Baltic Sea]] at the mouth of the Daugava River. The city's location, between Eastern and Western Europe, has been both a help and a hindrance to the city. It's strategic location made it aa important part of the [[Russia]]n trade with [[Western Europe]], but has also subjected it to invasion and occupation throughout it 800 year history. Riga is situated on a sandy plain 9 miles (15 kilometers) from the mouth of the River Daugava and the Gulf of Riga.
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Riga has large areas of natural habitat with 43.4 square miles (11,252 hectares) or over 36 percent of its total area. This includes large-scale blocks of [[forest]]s that cover 17 percent of the city. Within these natural habitat areas are [[bird]] sanctuaries and 25 protected [[plant]] species. <ref name="CEROI"> Cities Environment Reports on the Internet [http://www.ceroi.net/reports/riga/background_things/heritage.htm Natural heritage] Retrieved November 24, 2007.</ref>
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[[River]]s, [[lake]]s, and other wetlands occupy an additional 17.6 percent of the total city area including 13 lakes. The largest of these lakes are Kisezers at 6.7 square miles (17.4 square kilometers) and Juglas Lake at 2.2 square miles (5.7 square kilometers). There are many minor ponds and lakes within the city and a total of 60 miles (96.4 kilometers) of rivers.<ref name="CEROI" />
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===Climate===
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Riga's close proximity to the sea results in a moderate [[climate]] with cloud cover for approximately 40 percent of the year. This maritime influence also results in higher humidity (80 percent) compared to the inland areas. [[Summer]]s are short and cool with average July temperatures around 64°F (18°C). [[Winter]]s are long, dark and cold, with January temperatures averaging around 28°F (-2°C). [[Snow]]fall is heavy and cover usually lasts from mid-December to mid-March. Total annual precipitation, including [[rain]] and snow, is 25 inches (636 millimeters).<ref> Globe Media Ltd.  [http://www.wordtravels.com/Cities/Latvia/Riga/Climate Riga] Retrieved November 24, 2007.</ref>
  
 
==History==  
 
==History==  
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{{Infobox World Heritage Site  
 
{{Infobox World Heritage Site  
 
| Name = Historic Centre of Riga  
 
| Name = Historic Centre of Riga  
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The modern founding of Riga is regarded by historians to have begun with the arrival in Latvia of German traders, mercenaries and religious [[crusade]]rs in the second half of the [[12th century]], attracted by a sparsely populated region, potential new markets and by the [[missionary]] opportunities to [[religious conversion|convert]] the local population to [[Christianity]]. German merchants established an outpost for trading with the [[Balts]] near the [[livonian people|Liv]] settlement at Riga in 1158. The [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] monk Meinhard built a monastery there [[ca.]] 1190.<ref name="life">Riga Life [http://www.riga-life.com/riga/history History] Retrieved November 27, 2007.</ref>  
 
The modern founding of Riga is regarded by historians to have begun with the arrival in Latvia of German traders, mercenaries and religious [[crusade]]rs in the second half of the [[12th century]], attracted by a sparsely populated region, potential new markets and by the [[missionary]] opportunities to [[religious conversion|convert]] the local population to [[Christianity]]. German merchants established an outpost for trading with the [[Balts]] near the [[livonian people|Liv]] settlement at Riga in 1158. The [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] monk Meinhard built a monastery there [[ca.]] 1190.<ref name="life">Riga Life [http://www.riga-life.com/riga/history History] Retrieved November 27, 2007.</ref>  
  
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[[Image:Latvia Riga Cathedral weather cock.jpg|thumb|The [[Doma Cathedral]] [[weather cock]]]]
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[[Albert of Buxhoeveden|Bishop Albert]] was proclaimed Bishop of [[Livonia]] by his uncle Hartwig, [[Archbishopric of Bremen|Archbishop of Bremen and Hamburg]] in 1199. He landed in Riga in 1201 with 23 ships and more than 1500 armed crusaders, making Riga his bishopric.<ref name="life" /> He established the Order of [[Livonian Brothers of the Sword]] (later a branch of the [[Teutonic Knights]]) and granted Riga city rights in that same year. Albert was successful in converting the King of the Livs, [[Caupo of Turaida]], to Christianity, although, as related in the [[Chronicle of Henry of Livonia]] ("Henricus Lettus"), it took him three decades to gain full control of [[Livonia]] (German ''Livland''). Riga as well as Livonia and [[Prussia]] came under the auspices of the [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman (German) Empire]]. It was not until much later, at the time of [[Martin Luther]], that Riga, Livonia and Prussia converted to [[Protestantism]].
 
[[Albert of Buxhoeveden|Bishop Albert]] was proclaimed Bishop of [[Livonia]] by his uncle Hartwig, [[Archbishopric of Bremen|Archbishop of Bremen and Hamburg]] in 1199. He landed in Riga in 1201 with 23 ships and more than 1500 armed crusaders, making Riga his bishopric.<ref name="life" /> He established the Order of [[Livonian Brothers of the Sword]] (later a branch of the [[Teutonic Knights]]) and granted Riga city rights in that same year. Albert was successful in converting the King of the Livs, [[Caupo of Turaida]], to Christianity, although, as related in the [[Chronicle of Henry of Livonia]] ("Henricus Lettus"), it took him three decades to gain full control of [[Livonia]] (German ''Livland''). Riga as well as Livonia and [[Prussia]] came under the auspices of the [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman (German) Empire]]. It was not until much later, at the time of [[Martin Luther]], that Riga, Livonia and Prussia converted to [[Protestantism]].
  
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[[Image:RigaSkyline.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Classical view of Riga's Skyline]]Riga served as a gateway to trade with the Baltic tribes and with [[Russia]]. In [[1282]] Riga became a member of the [[Hanseatic League]] (German ''Hanse'', English ''Hansa''). The Hansa developed out of an association of merchants into a loose trade and political union of North German and Baltic cities and towns. Due to its economic protectionist policies which favored its German members, the League was very successful, but its exclusionist policies produced competitors. Its last [[Diet (assembly)|Diet]] convened in 1669, although its powers were already weakened by the end of the [[14th century]], when political alliances between [[Lithuania]] and [[Poland]] and between [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]] limited its influence. Nevertheless, the Hansa was instrumental in giving Riga economic and political stability, thus providing the city with a strong foundation which endured the political conflagrations that were to come, down to modern times.
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Riga served as a gateway to trade with the Baltic tribes and with [[Russia]]. In [[1282]] Riga became a member of the [[Hanseatic League]] (German ''Hanse'', English ''Hansa''). The Hansa developed out of an association of merchants into a loose trade and political union of North German and Baltic cities and towns. Due to its economic protectionist policies which favored its German members, the League was very successful, but its exclusionist policies produced competitors. Its last [[Diet (assembly)|Diet]] convened in 1669, although its powers were already weakened by the end of the [[14th century]], when political alliances between [[Lithuania]] and [[Poland]] and between [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]] limited its influence. Nevertheless, the Hansa was instrumental in giving Riga economic and political stability, thus providing the city with a strong foundation which endured the political conflagrations that were to come, down to modern times.
  
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[[Image:RigaMarket.jpg|thumb|300px|Riga's Central Market pavilions and Science Academy Building]]As the influence of the Hansa waned, Riga became the object of foreign military, political, religious and economic aspirations. Riga accepted the [[Reformation]] in 1522, ending the power of the archbishops. In 1524, a venerated statue of the Virgin Mary in the Cathedral was denounced as a witch, and given a [[trial by water]] in the [[Daugava]] or Dvina River. The statue floated, so it was denounced as a witch and burnt at Kubsberg<ref name="fn_1">{{cite book|first=Diarmaid|last=MacCulloch|authorlink=Diarmaid MacCulloch|year=2003|title=[[The Reformation: A History]]|publisher=Penguin|isbn=0-670-03296-4}}</ref>. With the demise of the [[Teutonic Knights]] in 1561, Riga for twenty years had the status of a Free Imperial City, then in 1581,<ref name="life" /> Riga came under the influence of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]].  
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[[Image:Latvia Riga Cathedral weather cock.jpg|thumb|250px|The Doma Cathedral weather cock]][[Image:RigaSkyline.jpg|thumb|250px|Classical view of Riga's Skyline]]
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[[Image:Latvia Riga Cathedral mist.jpg|thumb|250px|Riga [[Doma Cathedral]] in the mist]]
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[[Image:View from St. Peter's Church, Riga 2.JPG|thumb|250px|View of the city from St. Peter's Church]]
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[[Image:RigaMarket.jpg|thumb|250px|Riga's Central Market pavilions and Science Academy Building]]
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[[Image:Riga old.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A view of Riga on a postcard from around 1900]]
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[[Image:Laimaspulkst.jpg|thumb|250px|Laima Clock - a popular meeting place in Riga]]
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[[Image:Riga 1650.jpg|thumb|250px|Riga in 1650 (''Drawing by [[Johann Christoph Brotze]]'')]]
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As the influence of the Hansa waned, Riga became the object of foreign military, political, religious and economic aspirations. Riga accepted the [[Reformation]] in 1522, ending the power of the archbishops. In 1524, a venerated statue of the Virgin Mary in the Cathedral was denounced as a witch, and given a [[trial by water]] in the [[Daugava]] or Dvina River. The statue floated, so it was denounced as a witch and burnt at Kubsberg<ref name="fn_1">{{cite book|first=Diarmaid|last=MacCulloch|authorlink=Diarmaid MacCulloch|year=2003|title=[[The Reformation: A History]]|publisher=Penguin|isbn=0-670-03296-4}}</ref>. With the demise of the [[Teutonic Knights]] in 1561, Riga for twenty years had the status of a Free Imperial City, then in 1581,<ref name="life" /> Riga came under the influence of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]].  
  
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****** 1600-1629 The Polish-Swedish War. The city was brought to rack and ruin, people suffered from starvation and plague.<ref name=”eunet”> EU??? [http://www.eunet.lv/Riga/history.html Riga History] Retrieved November 27, 2007. </ref>
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;1600-1629, The Polish-Swedish War.  
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The city was brought to rack and ruin, people suffered from starvation and plague.<ref name=”eunet”> EU??? [http://www.eunet.lv/Riga/history.html Riga History] Retrieved November 27, 2007. </ref>
  
 
Attempts to reinstitute [[Roman Catholicism]] in Riga and southern Livonia failed as in 1621, Riga and the outlying fortress of [[Daugavgriva]] came under the rule of [[Gustavus Adolphus]], King of Sweden, who intervened in the [[Thirty Years' War]] not only for political and economic gain but also in favor of German [[Lutheran]] Protestantism. In 1628, Gustavus Adolphus declared Riga the second capital of Sweden.<ref name=”eunet” />
 
Attempts to reinstitute [[Roman Catholicism]] in Riga and southern Livonia failed as in 1621, Riga and the outlying fortress of [[Daugavgriva]] came under the rule of [[Gustavus Adolphus]], King of Sweden, who intervened in the [[Thirty Years' War]] not only for political and economic gain but also in favor of German [[Lutheran]] Protestantism. In 1628, Gustavus Adolphus declared Riga the second capital of Sweden.<ref name=”eunet” />
  
 
During the [[Russo-Swedish War, 1656-1658]], Riga withstood a siege by Russians.<ref name="life" /> Riga remained the second largest city under Swedish control until 1710 during a period in which the city retained a great deal of self-government autonomy. In that year, in the course of [[Great Northern War]], [[Russia]] under [[Tsar]] [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] invaded Riga. Sweden's northern dominance ended, and Russia's emergence as the strongest Northern power was formalized through the [[Treaty of Nystad]] in 1721. Riga was annexed by Russia and became an industrialized port city of the Russian empire, where it remained until [[World War I]].<ref name="life" /> By 1900, Riga was the third largest city in Russia after [[Moscow]] and [[St. Petersburg]] in terms of numbers of industrial workers.
 
During the [[Russo-Swedish War, 1656-1658]], Riga withstood a siege by Russians.<ref name="life" /> Riga remained the second largest city under Swedish control until 1710 during a period in which the city retained a great deal of self-government autonomy. In that year, in the course of [[Great Northern War]], [[Russia]] under [[Tsar]] [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] invaded Riga. Sweden's northern dominance ended, and Russia's emergence as the strongest Northern power was formalized through the [[Treaty of Nystad]] in 1721. Riga was annexed by Russia and became an industrialized port city of the Russian empire, where it remained until [[World War I]].<ref name="life" /> By 1900, Riga was the third largest city in Russia after [[Moscow]] and [[St. Petersburg]] in terms of numbers of industrial workers.
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[[Image:Riga 1650.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Riga in 1650 (''Drawing by [[Johann Christoph Brotze]]'')]]
 
  
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*****1812 The army of Napoleon occupies Kurzeme region, creating a threat to Riga.Governor General Essen gives orders to burn the Riga suburbs down.<ref name=”eunet” />
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;1812,
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The army of Napoleon occupies Kurzeme region, creating a threat to Riga.Governor General Essen gives orders to burn the Riga suburbs down.<ref name=”eunet” />
  
 
During these many centuries of war and changes of power in the Baltic, the [[Baltic Germans]] in Riga, successors to Albert's merchants and crusaders, clung to their dominant position despite demographic changes. Riga even employed [[German language|German]] as its official language of administration until the [[Russification|imposition]] of [[Russian language]] in 1891 as the official language in the Baltic provinces. All birth, marriage and death records were kept in German up to that year. By the mid-19th century Latvians had begun to supplant Germans as the largest ethnic group in the city.<ref name="life" />  The rise of a Latvian [[bourgeoisie]] made Riga a center of the [[Latvian National Awakening]] with the founding of the Riga Latvian Association in 1868 and the organization of the first national song festival in 1873.<ref name="life" /> The nationalist movement of the [[Young Latvians]] was followed by the socialist [[New Current]] during the city's rapid industrialization, culminating in the [[Russian Revolution of 1905|1905 Revolution]] led by the [[Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party]].
 
During these many centuries of war and changes of power in the Baltic, the [[Baltic Germans]] in Riga, successors to Albert's merchants and crusaders, clung to their dominant position despite demographic changes. Riga even employed [[German language|German]] as its official language of administration until the [[Russification|imposition]] of [[Russian language]] in 1891 as the official language in the Baltic provinces. All birth, marriage and death records were kept in German up to that year. By the mid-19th century Latvians had begun to supplant Germans as the largest ethnic group in the city.<ref name="life" />  The rise of a Latvian [[bourgeoisie]] made Riga a center of the [[Latvian National Awakening]] with the founding of the Riga Latvian Association in 1868 and the organization of the first national song festival in 1873.<ref name="life" /> The nationalist movement of the [[Young Latvians]] was followed by the socialist [[New Current]] during the city's rapid industrialization, culminating in the [[Russian Revolution of 1905|1905 Revolution]] led by the [[Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party]].
  
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[[Image:Riga old.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A view of Riga on a postcard from around 1900.]]
 
 
The 20th century brought [[World War I]] and the impact of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] to Riga. The German army marched into Riga in 1917. In 1918 the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] was signed giving the Baltic countries to Germany.<ref name="life" /> Because of the [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)]] of [[November 11]], [[1918]], Germany had to renounce that treaty, as did Russia, leaving Latvia and the other Baltic States in a position to claim independence.
 
The 20th century brought [[World War I]] and the impact of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] to Riga. The German army marched into Riga in 1917. In 1918 the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] was signed giving the Baltic countries to Germany.<ref name="life" /> Because of the [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)]] of [[November 11]], [[1918]], Germany had to renounce that treaty, as did Russia, leaving Latvia and the other Baltic States in a position to claim independence.
  
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Between World War I and World War II (1918–1940), Riga and Latvia shifted their focus from Russia to the countries of [[Western Europe]]. A democratic, parliamentary system of government with a President was instituted. Latvian was recognized as the official language of Latvia. Latvia was admitted to the League of Nations. The [[United Kingdom]] and [[Germany]] replaced Russia as Latvia's major trade partners.  
 
Between World War I and World War II (1918–1940), Riga and Latvia shifted their focus from Russia to the countries of [[Western Europe]]. A democratic, parliamentary system of government with a President was instituted. Latvian was recognized as the official language of Latvia. Latvia was admitted to the League of Nations. The [[United Kingdom]] and [[Germany]] replaced Russia as Latvia's major trade partners.  
  
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[[Image:Laimaspulkst.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Laima Clock - a popular meeting place in Riga]]Riga was described at this time as a vibrant, grand and imposing city and earned the title of "Paris of the North" from its visitors.
 
  
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This period of rebirth was short-lived, however. Democracy faltered, and in 1934, President Ulmanis staged a [[coup d´état]] that installed an authoritiarian regime.<ref name=”eunet” /> World War II followed, with the [[Soviet]] occupation and annexation of Latvia in 1940, [[Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany|German occupation in 1941-1944]]. The [[Baltic Germans]] were forcibly repatriated to Germany at [[Hitler]]'s behest, after 700 years in Riga. The city's Jewish community was forced into a ghetto in the Maskavas neighbourhood, and concentration camps were constructed in [[Kaiserwald]] and at nearby [[Salaspils]].
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Riga was described at this time as a vibrant, grand and imposing city and earned the title of "Paris of the North" from its visitors.
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This period of rebirth was short-lived, however. Democracy faltered, and in 1934, President Ulmanis staged a [[coup d´état]] that installed an authoritarian regime.<ref name=”eunet” /> World War II followed, with the [[Soviet]] occupation and annexation of Latvia in 1940, [[Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany|German occupation in 1941-1944]]. The [[Baltic Germans]] were forcibly repatriated to Germany at [[Hitler]]'s behest, after 700 years in Riga. The city's Jewish community was forced into a ghetto in the Maskavas neighborhood, and concentration camps were constructed in [[Kaiserwald]] and at nearby [[Salaspils]].
  
 
Nazism was defeated, but the effects of the war were lasting. Aside from the destruction it wrought, the war cost Latvia dearly. Hundreds of thousands of her citizens had perished and tens of thousands fled into exile in countries all over the world.<ref name="life" /> As a result of World War II, Latvia lost approximately one-third of its population.
 
Nazism was defeated, but the effects of the war were lasting. Aside from the destruction it wrought, the war cost Latvia dearly. Hundreds of thousands of her citizens had perished and tens of thousands fled into exile in countries all over the world.<ref name="life" /> As a result of World War II, Latvia lost approximately one-third of its population.
  
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Furthermore, instead of re-established independence, in 1945 Latvia was once again subjected to Soviet domination. Many Latvians were deported to [[Siberia]] and other regions of the Soviet Union, usually bineg accused of having collaborated with the Nazis or of supporting the post-war [[Forest Brothers|anti-Soviet Resistance]]. Forced industrialization and planned large-scale immigration of large numbers of non-Latvians from other Soviet republics into Riga, particularly Russians, changed the demographic composition of Riga. High-density apartment developments, ringed the city's edge, linked to the center by [[elektrichka|electric railways]]. By 1975 less than 40% of Riga's inhabitants were ethnically Latvian, a percentage which has risen since Latvian independence.<ref name="life" />
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Furthermore, instead of re-established independence, in 1945 Latvia was once again subjected to Soviet domination. Many Latvians were deported to [[Siberia]] and other regions of the Soviet Union, usually being accused of having collaborated with the Nazis or of supporting the post-war [[Forest Brothers|anti-Soviet Resistance]]. Forced industrialization and planned large-scale immigration of large numbers of non-Latvians from other Soviet republics into Riga, particularly Russians, changed the demographic composition of Riga. High-density apartment developments, ringed the city's edge, linked to the center by [[elektrichka|electric railways]]. By 1975 less than 40% of Riga's inhabitants were ethnically Latvian, a percentage which has risen since Latvian independence.<ref name="life" />
  
 
In 1986 the modern landmark of Riga, the [[Riga Radio and TV Tower]], whose design is reminiscent of the [[Eiffel Tower]],{{fact|date=August 2007}} was completed.
 
In 1986 the modern landmark of Riga, the [[Riga Radio and TV Tower]], whose design is reminiscent of the [[Eiffel Tower]],{{fact|date=August 2007}} was completed.
  
 
The policy of economic reform introduced as [[Perestroika]] by Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] led to a situation in the late 1980s in which many Soviet republics, including Latvia, were able to regain their liberty and freedom (see [[Latvia]]). Latvia declared its full ''de facto'' independence on [[August 21]], [[1991]] and that independence was recognized by Russia on [[September 6]], [[1991]]. Latvia formally joined the [[United Nations]] as an independent country on [[September 17]], [[1991]]. All Russian military forces were removed from 1992 to 1994.
 
The policy of economic reform introduced as [[Perestroika]] by Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] led to a situation in the late 1980s in which many Soviet republics, including Latvia, were able to regain their liberty and freedom (see [[Latvia]]). Latvia declared its full ''de facto'' independence on [[August 21]], [[1991]] and that independence was recognized by Russia on [[September 6]], [[1991]]. Latvia formally joined the [[United Nations]] as an independent country on [[September 17]], [[1991]]. All Russian military forces were removed from 1992 to 1994.
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[[Image:Latvia Riga Cathedral mist.jpg|thumb|Riga [[Doma Cathedral]] in the mist]]
 
  
 
* In 2001, Riga celebrated its 800th anniversary as a city.
 
* In 2001, Riga celebrated its 800th anniversary as a city.
 
* On [[March 29]], [[2004]] Latvia joined [[NATO]].
 
* On [[March 29]], [[2004]] Latvia joined [[NATO]].
 
* On [[May 1]], [[2004]] Latvia joined the [[European Union]].
 
* On [[May 1]], [[2004]] Latvia joined the [[European Union]].
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[[Image:View from St. Peter's Church, Riga 2.JPG|thumb|200px|left|View of the city from St. Peter's Church]]
 
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==Geography==
 
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Riga is located at 56° 58′ North and 24° 8′ East covering approximately 119 square miles (307 square kilometers).
 
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Riga, the largest city of the Baltic States, is located on the southern shores of the Baltic Sea at the mouth of the Daugava River. The city's location, between Eastern and Western Europe, has been both a help and a hinderance to the city. It's strategic location made it aa important part of the Russian trade with Western Europe, but has also subjected it to invasion and occupation throught it 800 year history. Riga is situated on a sandy plain 9 miles (15 kilometers) from the mouth of the River Daugava and the Gulf of Riga.
 
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Riga has large areas of natural habitat with 43.4 square miles (11,252 hectares) or over 36 percent of it's total area. This includes large-scale blocks of forests that alone cover 17% of the city. Within these natural habitat areas are bird sanctuaries and 25 protected plant species.<ref name="CEROI">Cities Environment Reports on the Internet [http://www.ceroi.net/reports/riga/background_things/heritage.htm Natural heritage] Retrieved November 24, 2007.</ref>
 
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Rivers, lakes, and other wetlands occupy an additional 17.6 percent of the total city area including 13 lakes. The largest of these lakes are Kisezers at 6.7 square miles (17.4 square kilometers) and Juglas Lake at 2.2 square miles (5.7 square kilometers). There are many minor ponds and lakes within the city and a total of 60 miles (96.4 kilometres) of rivers.<ref name="CEROI" />
 
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===Climate===
 
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Riga's close proximity to the sea results in a moderate climate with cloud cover for approximately 40 percent of the year. This maritime influence also results in higher humidity (80%) compared to the inland areas. Summers are short and cool with average July temperatures around 64°F (18°C). Winters are long, dark and cold, with January temperatures averaging around 28°F (-2°C). Snowfall is heavy and cover usually lasts from mid-December to mid-March. Total annual precipitation, including rain and snow, is 25 inches (636 millimeters).<ref>Globe Media Ltd.  [http://www.wordtravels.com/Cities/Latvia/Riga/Climate Riga] Retrieved November 24, 2007.</ref>
 
  
 
==Governance==
 
==Governance==
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===Federal===
 
===Federal===
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The 100-seat [[unicameral]] Latvian [[parliament]], the ''[[Saeima]]'', is [[General Election|elected]] by direct, popular vote every four years. The president is elected by the ''Saeima'' in a separate election also every four years. The president appoints a [[prime minister]] who, together with his [[cabinet]], forms the [[executive branch]] of the government, which has to receive a confidence vote by the ''[[Saeima]]''.<ref name="Constitution">{{Lv icon}}[http://www.likumi.lv/doc.php?mode=DOC&id=57980 Constitution of the Republic of Latvia with amendments and revisions] [http://www.saeima.lv/LapasEnglish/Constitution_Saturs.htm (Official english translation)] (Retrieved on 24 December 2006)</ref>
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The 100-seat [[unicameral]] Latvian [[parliament]], the ''[[Saeima]]'', is [[General Election|elected]] by direct, popular vote every four years. The president is elected by the ''Saeima'' in a separate election also every four years. The president appoints a [[prime minister]] who, together with his [[cabinet]], forms the [[executive branch]] of the government, which has to receive a confidence vote by the ''[[Saeima]]''.<ref name="Constitution">{{Lv icon}}[http://www.likumi.lv/doc.php?mode=DOC&id=57980 Constitution of the Republic of Latvia with amendments and revisions] [http://www.saeima.lv/LapasEnglish/Constitution_Saturs.htm (Official English translation)] (Retrieved on 24 December 2006)</ref>
  
 
===Municipal===
 
===Municipal===
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After independence from the Soviets in 1991, the Riga City Council became responsible for running the city. The Riga City Council (RCC) consists of 60 councillors elected to 4-year terms. Elections are held on the second Saturday in March. The number of councillors from each area is proportionate to the number of residents.<ref>Municipality of Riga [http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Riga_City_Council/default.htm Riga City Council] Retrieved november 24, 2007.</ref>
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After independence from the Soviets in 1991, the Riga City Council became responsible for running the city. The Riga City Council (RCC) consists of 60 councilors elected to 4-year terms. Elections are held on the second Saturday in March. The number of councilors from each area is proportionate to the number of residents.<ref>Municipality of Riga [http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Riga_City_Council/default.htm Riga City Council] Retrieved November 24, 2007.</ref>
  
 
Riga is divided into 6 administrative districts: Centra, Kurzemes, Latgales, Vidzemes, Zemgales, and Ziemelu.
 
Riga is divided into 6 administrative districts: Centra, Kurzemes, Latgales, Vidzemes, Zemgales, and Ziemelu.
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==Economy==
 
==Economy==
  
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Since regaining its independence in 1991, the city of Riga has attempted to create an open Western style economy that complies with EU standards. Immediately following separation from the Soviet Union in 1991, Riga suffered economic recession, but has managed to stabilize it's economic situation and achieve positive growth rate in 1996 (GDP growth was 2.8 percent). GDP is expected to continue to grow by approximately 5% in 2002 and the following years. Inflation has been considerably reduced and is expected to be less than 3 per cent a year. Policies fostering privatisation and the improvement of the investment climate, have contributed to increased foreign investments in the Riga area. Riga accounts for 49% of the total industrial output of Latvia.
+
Since regaining its independence in 1991, the city of Riga has attempted to create an open Western style economy that complies with EU standards. Immediately following separation from the Soviet Union in 1991, Riga suffered economic recession, but has managed to stabilize it's economic situation and achieve positive growth rate in 1996 (GDP growth was 2.8 percent). GDP is expected to continue to grow by approximately 5% in 2002 and the following years. Inflation has been considerably reduced and is expected to be less than 3 per cent a year. Policies fostering privatization and the improvement of the investment climate, have contributed to increased foreign investments in the Riga area. Riga accounts for 49% of the total industrial output of Latvia.
  
 
Riga's industries include machine building, metalworking, shipbuilding and repair, textiles, woodworking and food processing. Manufacturing includes diesel engines, streetcars, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, furniture, electrical apparatus, radio and telephone equipment, meteorological instruments, printing and publishing, textiles, building materials, and paper.<ref> The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition [http://www.bartleby.com/65/ri/Riga.html Riga] Retrieved November 24, 2007</ref>  
 
Riga's industries include machine building, metalworking, shipbuilding and repair, textiles, woodworking and food processing. Manufacturing includes diesel engines, streetcars, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, furniture, electrical apparatus, radio and telephone equipment, meteorological instruments, printing and publishing, textiles, building materials, and paper.<ref> The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition [http://www.bartleby.com/65/ri/Riga.html Riga] Retrieved November 24, 2007</ref>  
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Upper secondary education is divided into general upper secondary education in preparation for university studies, and vocational secondary education, aimed at labour market.
 
Upper secondary education is divided into general upper secondary education in preparation for university studies, and vocational secondary education, aimed at labour market.
  
−
Access to higher education is available to holders of a general secondary education certificate.  Universities usually specify which particular subjects must be acquired in order to qualify for admission to a chosen programme and often organise one or more competitive entrance examinations  with an emphasis on subjects pertinent to the chosen program.<ref>Ministry of Education and Science [http://www.aic.lv/ENIC/en/enic/ed_in_Latv.htm Education in Latvia] Retrieved November 24, 2007.</ref>
+
Access to higher education is available to holders of a general secondary education certificate.  Universities usually specify which particular subjects must be acquired in order to qualify for admission to a chosen program and often organize one or more competitive entrance examinations  with an emphasis on subjects pertinent to the chosen program.<ref>Ministry of Education and Science [http://www.aic.lv/ENIC/en/enic/ed_in_Latv.htm Education in Latvia] Retrieved November 24, 2007.</ref>
  
 
==Culture==
 
==Culture==
 
[[Image:Latvia Riga Cat House rooftop.jpg|200px|right|thumb|A cat on the top of a roof in the Old Town]]
 
[[Image:Latvia Riga Cat House rooftop.jpg|200px|right|thumb|A cat on the top of a roof in the Old Town]]
−
[[Image:Rigachurches.jpg|thum|200px|right|Riga cathedral and St. Peter's Church]]
+
[[Image:Rigachurches.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Riga cathedral and St. Peter's Church]]
 
[[Image:Riga Powder Tower.JPG|thumb|200px|right|The Powder Tower of Riga]]
 
[[Image:Riga Powder Tower.JPG|thumb|200px|right|The Powder Tower of Riga]]
 
[[Image:Riga street.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Left-bank Riga is distinguished by its green streets and large parks.]]
 
[[Image:Riga street.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Left-bank Riga is distinguished by its green streets and large parks.]]
−
Riga is the capital of culture and the arts in the Baltic region. Rigensians have had a long standing love affair with the fine arts. This is probably best exemplified by the fact that Riga's Opera House was one of the first buildings restored after they regained independance in 1991. Latvians consider the opera an enormously important part of their cultural heritage. The new Opera House hosts both the opera and ballet. Latvians also love and respect their National Theatre, currently housed in the building where the country’s independence was first proclaimed in 1918.  
+
Riga is the capital of culture and the arts in the Baltic region. Rigensians have had a long standing love affair with the fine arts. This is probably best exemplified by the fact that Riga's Opera House was one of the first buildings restored after they regained Independence in 1991. Latvians consider the opera an enormously important part of their cultural heritage. The new Opera House hosts both the opera and ballet. Latvians also love and respect their National Theatre, currently housed in the building where the country’s independence was first proclaimed in 1918.  
  
−
Riga boasts a dirverse range of museums covering history, literature, art, nature, medicine, as well as museums offering specific areas of interest.  These include museams devoted to theater, cinematography, photography, television, porcelain, fire-fighting, sports, architecture, and the history of electricity. Some of Latvia’s institutions of higher education also have their own museums including the University of Latvia, the Riga Technical University and the “Turība” Business University. Riga also has a unique outdoor Latvian Ethnographic Museum on the shores of a lake just outside of the city and Mentzendorf House dedicated to showing how wealthy Rigensians lived in the 17th and 18th century.<ref>Riga Tourism Coordination  
+
Riga boasts a diverse range of museums covering history, literature, art, nature, medicine, as well as museums offering specific areas of interest.  These include museums devoted to theater, cinematography, photography, television, porcelain, fire-fighting, sports, architecture, and the history of electricity. Some of Latvia’s institutions of higher education also have their own museums including the University of Latvia, the Riga Technical University and the “Turība” Business University. Riga also has a unique outdoor Latvian Ethnographic Museum on the shores of a lake just outside of the city and Mentzendorf House dedicated to showing how wealthy Rigensians lived in the 17th and 18th century.<ref>Riga Tourism Coordination  
 
and Information Centre [http://www.rigatourism.lv/EN/Channels/Tip/Info/culture/museum.htm Museums] Retrieved November 25, 2007.</ref>
 
and Information Centre [http://www.rigatourism.lv/EN/Channels/Tip/Info/culture/museum.htm Museums] Retrieved November 25, 2007.</ref>
  
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===Art Nouveau===
 
===Art Nouveau===
−
Art Nouveau is an ornamental style of art that flourished throughout Europe and the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentith centuries. It is characterized by long, sinuous, organic lines and was employed most often in architecture, interior design, jewelry and glass design. Art Nouveau originated in England and quickly spread to the European continent, where it was called Jugendstil in Germany, Sezessionstil in Austria, Stile Floreale (or Stile Liberty) in Italy, and Modernismo (or Modernista) in Spain.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9009664 Art Nouveau] Retrieved November 25, 2007</ref> Art Nouveau designers believed that all the arts should work in harmony to create a "total work of art," with buildings, furniture, textiles, clothes, and jewelry all conforming to the principles of Art Nouveau.
+
Art Nouveau is an ornamental style of art that flourished throughout Europe and the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is characterized by long, sinuous, organic lines and was employed most often in architecture, interior design, jewelry and glass design. Art Nouveau originated in England and quickly spread to the European continent, where it was called Jugendstil in Germany, Sezessionstil in Austria, Stile Floreale (or Stile Liberty) in Italy, and Modernismo (or Modernista) in Spain.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9009664 Art Nouveau] Retrieved November 25, 2007</ref> Art Nouveau designers believed that all the arts should work in harmony to create a "total work of art," with buildings, furniture, textiles, clothes, and jewelry all conforming to the principles of Art Nouveau.
  
 
Although Art Nouveao was only popular at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century it left behind some extraordinary colorful architectural examples. Art Nouveau was a contrast to previous styles which required following particular historical styles. Art Nouveau stressed a complete creative freedom, an expressive flight of fantasy. Sinuous lines and geometrical ornaments, the characteristic features of Art Nouveau, divided into two main main styles, decorative and romantic nationalistic. Significant romantic nationalism Latvian architects include, E. Laube, K. Pēkšēns, A. Vanags while M. Eizenšteins created examples of decorative Art Nouveau.<ref>Riga City Council [http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/Riga_architecture/Art_nouveau/default.htm Art Nouveau] Retrieved November 25, 2007.</ref>
 
Although Art Nouveao was only popular at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century it left behind some extraordinary colorful architectural examples. Art Nouveau was a contrast to previous styles which required following particular historical styles. Art Nouveau stressed a complete creative freedom, an expressive flight of fantasy. Sinuous lines and geometrical ornaments, the characteristic features of Art Nouveau, divided into two main main styles, decorative and romantic nationalistic. Significant romantic nationalism Latvian architects include, E. Laube, K. Pēkšēns, A. Vanags while M. Eizenšteins created examples of decorative Art Nouveau.<ref>Riga City Council [http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/Riga_architecture/Art_nouveau/default.htm Art Nouveau] Retrieved November 25, 2007.</ref>
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===Religion===
 
===Religion===
−
Lutheranism, Roman Catholicism, and Orthodox Christianity are the most popular religions in Riga.  Denominational membership statistics are self-reported and are therefore subject to varancies. In 2006, the Board of Religious Affairs recorded 1,174 congregations including Lutheran (303), Roman Catholic (250), Orthodox (118), Baptist (93), Old Believer Orthodox (67), Seventh-day Adventist (50), Jehovah's Witnesses (13), Methodist (13), Jewish (13), Buddhist (4), Muslim (15), Hare Krishna (11), Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) (4), and more than 100 other congregations.  
+
Lutheranism, Roman Catholicism, and Orthodox Christianity are the most popular religions in Riga.  Denominational membership statistics are self-reported and are therefore subject to variances. In 2006, the Board of Religious Affairs recorded 1,174 congregations including Lutheran (303), Roman Catholic (250), Orthodox (118), Baptist (93), Old Believer Orthodox (67), Seventh-day Adventist (50), Jehovah's Witnesses (13), Methodist (13), Jewish (13), Buddhist (4), Muslim (15), Hare Krishna (11), Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) (4), and more than 100 other congregations.  
  
 
There is no state religion in Latvia, however their constitution provides for a freedom of religion that is generally respected by the Government. However, bureaucratic problems still present problems for some minority religions with the Government appearing to distinguish between "traditional" (Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Old Believers, Baptists, and Jewish) and "new" religions.<ref name="US">U.S. Embassy Riga, Latvia[http://riga.usembassy.gov/EN/site/R/rep20060918 International Religious Freedom Report - Latvia, 2006] Retrieved November 24, 2007. </ref>  
 
There is no state religion in Latvia, however their constitution provides for a freedom of religion that is generally respected by the Government. However, bureaucratic problems still present problems for some minority religions with the Government appearing to distinguish between "traditional" (Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Old Believers, Baptists, and Jewish) and "new" religions.<ref name="US">U.S. Embassy Riga, Latvia[http://riga.usembassy.gov/EN/site/R/rep20060918 International Religious Freedom Report - Latvia, 2006] Retrieved November 24, 2007. </ref>  
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Riga has a history of anti-semitism that still surfaces today. Jews are considered an ethnic group in Latvia, similar to Latvian or Russian, rather than a religion. The Jewish community, once estimated to be between 6,000 to 13,500 persons  was virtually destroyed in the Holocaust during the 1941-1944 German occupation.  
 
Riga has a history of anti-semitism that still surfaces today. Jews are considered an ethnic group in Latvia, similar to Latvian or Russian, rather than a religion. The Jewish community, once estimated to be between 6,000 to 13,500 persons  was virtually destroyed in the Holocaust during the 1941-1944 German occupation.  
  
−
Descrations of Jewish sites continue with several recent incidents including the overturning of tombstones and spraying of anti-Semitic graffiti on the walls of Riga's New Jewish Cemetery. Although the damage was quickly repaired and National leaders condemned the act, there were similar acts of vandalism in both 2004 and 2005. Also in seperate incidents in 2005, the Orthodox rabbi of Riga was accosted, threatened, and subjected to violently anti-Semitic epithets and vandals deliberately knocked over and broke a large outdoor menorah during the Jewish Hanukkah holiday.<ref name="US" />
+
Desecrations of Jewish sites continue with several recent incidents including the overturning of tombstones and spraying of anti-Semitic graffiti on the walls of Riga's New Jewish Cemetery. Although the damage was quickly repaired and National leaders condemned the act, there were similar acts of vandalism in both 2004 and 2005. Also in separate incidents in 2005, the Orthodox rabbi of Riga was accosted, threatened, and subjected to violently anti-Semitic epithets and vandals deliberately knocked over and broke a large outdoor menorah during the Jewish Hanukkah holiday.<ref name="US" />
  
 
==Infrastructure==  
 
==Infrastructure==  
 
===Health===  
 
===Health===  
 
Latvia’s health care system has undergone several changes since independence in 1991. The Ministries of Health, Labour and Social Welfare were combined into the Ministry of Welfare in 1993.  
 
Latvia’s health care system has undergone several changes since independence in 1991. The Ministries of Health, Labour and Social Welfare were combined into the Ministry of Welfare in 1993.  
−
Sickness funds were re-established in 1994, and then in 1998 the State Compulsory Health Insurance Agency was created. The state has responsibility for providing specialised services, while responsibility for delivering primary and secondary health care rests with local government.<ref>WHO Regional Office for European Health [http://www.eolc-observatory.net/global_analysis/latvia_health_care.htm Health care system in Latvia] Retrieved November 25, 2007.</ref>
+
Sickness funds were re-established in 1994, and then in 1998 the State Compulsory Health Insurance Agency was created. The state has responsibility for providing specialized services, while responsibility for delivering primary and secondary health care rests with local government.<ref>WHO Regional Office for European Health [http://www.eolc-observatory.net/global_analysis/latvia_health_care.htm Health care system in Latvia] Retrieved November 25, 2007.</ref>
  
 
===Transport===  
 
===Transport===  
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Located on an ancient trade route between Russia and Europe, the port of Riga is an important cargo shipping center. It has connections to the Trans-Siberian rail route and direct links with Russia,  other former Soviet Union countries, the rapidly growing Baltic countries, and even East Asia. It is the main all-weather port in the Baltic and is expected to grow as a result of Latvia’s return to independence in 1991, its recent admission into the EU and NATO, and increased trade with China and other ex-Soviet states.<ref> [http://riga.usembassy.gov/EN/site/R/rep20060912 ] Retrieved November 25, 2007.</ref>  The Port is large, growing, and an important economic asset for Latvia.
 
Located on an ancient trade route between Russia and Europe, the port of Riga is an important cargo shipping center. It has connections to the Trans-Siberian rail route and direct links with Russia,  other former Soviet Union countries, the rapidly growing Baltic countries, and even East Asia. It is the main all-weather port in the Baltic and is expected to grow as a result of Latvia’s return to independence in 1991, its recent admission into the EU and NATO, and increased trade with China and other ex-Soviet states.<ref> [http://riga.usembassy.gov/EN/site/R/rep20060912 ] Retrieved November 25, 2007.</ref>  The Port is large, growing, and an important economic asset for Latvia.
−
 
−
==Sister cities==
 
−
Riga maintains [[sister city]] relationships with the following cities:
 
−
{| class="wikitable"
 
−
|-
 
−
| {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Aalborg]], [[Denmark]] (1989)
 
−
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Florence]], [[Italy]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Slough]], [[United Kingdom|UK]]
 
−
|-
 
−
| {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Almati]], [[Kazakhstan]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Alicante]], [[Spain]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Calais]], [[France]]
 
−
|-
 
−
| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Amsterdam]], [[The Netherlands]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Cairns, Queensland|Cairns]], [[Australia]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Dunkirk]], [[France]] (1960)
 
−
|-
 
−
| {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Bordeaux]], [[France]]
 
−
|-
 
−
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kobe]], [[Japan]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Bremen (city)|Bremen]], [[Germany]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
 
−
|-
 
−
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]], [[United States|USA]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk]], [[Belarus]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Norrköping]], [[Sweden]]
 
−
|-
 
−
| {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China|China]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Pori]], [[Finland]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Rostock]], [[Germany]]
 
−
|-
 
−
| {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], [[Chile]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]
 
−
|-
 
−
| {{flagicon|China}} [[Suzhou]], [[People's Republic of China|China]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]]
 
−
|-
 
−
| {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuania]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]]
 
−
| {{flagicon|Guam}} [[Guam]], [[United States|USA]]
 
−
|-
 
−
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[United States|USA]]
 
−
|}
 
  
  
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==Sources and further reading==
 
==Sources and further reading==
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
{{Commons|Riga}}
+
All Links Retrieved December 22, 2007.
 
*[http://www.vecriga.info/section/?lang=en Virtual tour of old Riga]
 
*[http://www.vecriga.info/section/?lang=en Virtual tour of old Riga]
 
*[http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/default.htm Riga Municipality portal]
 
*[http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/default.htm Riga Municipality portal]
−
*{{Wikitravel|Riga}}
 
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[[Category:Geography]]
 
[[Category:Geography]]
  
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{{credit|163962757}}
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{{credit|Riga,_Latvia|163962757}}

Revision as of 00:54, 22 December 2007


Rīga
90px Flag of Riga.png
Riga silhouette.jpg
View of the old town
City rights 1201
Latvia-Riga city.png
Location of Rīga within Latvia
Location 56°58′N 24°8′E
Other names Estonian: Riia; Finnish: Riika; Irish: Ríge; Lithuanian: Ryga; Russian: Рига; Polish: Ryga
Mayor Jānis Birks
Area 307.17 km² (119 sq mi)
  Water 48.50 km² (19 sq mi)
Population 727,578
Metropolitan 1,148,003
Density 2,382/km² (6,169/sq mi)
Postal code LV-10(01-84)
Calling code +371 7
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
  Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Homepage of Rīga


Riga the capital city of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. Riga is the largest city in the Baltic states.

The Historic Centre of Riga has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, with the city being particularly notable for its extensive Art Nouveau (Jugendstil) architecture, which UNESCO considers to be unparalleled anywhere in the world. [1]


Geography

Riga is located at 56° 58′ North and 24° 8′ East covering approximately 119 square miles (307 square kilometers).

Riga, the largest city of the Baltic States, is located on the southern shores of the Baltic Sea at the mouth of the Daugava River. The city's location, between Eastern and Western Europe, has been both a help and a hindrance to the city. It's strategic location made it aa important part of the Russian trade with Western Europe, but has also subjected it to invasion and occupation throughout it 800 year history. Riga is situated on a sandy plain 9 miles (15 kilometers) from the mouth of the River Daugava and the Gulf of Riga.

Riga has large areas of natural habitat with 43.4 square miles (11,252 hectares) or over 36 percent of its total area. This includes large-scale blocks of forests that cover 17 percent of the city. Within these natural habitat areas are bird sanctuaries and 25 protected plant species. [2]

Rivers, lakes, and other wetlands occupy an additional 17.6 percent of the total city area including 13 lakes. The largest of these lakes are Kisezers at 6.7 square miles (17.4 square kilometers) and Juglas Lake at 2.2 square miles (5.7 square kilometers). There are many minor ponds and lakes within the city and a total of 60 miles (96.4 kilometers) of rivers.[2]

Climate

Riga's close proximity to the sea results in a moderate climate with cloud cover for approximately 40 percent of the year. This maritime influence also results in higher humidity (80 percent) compared to the inland areas. Summers are short and cool with average July temperatures around 64°F (18°C). Winters are long, dark and cold, with January temperatures averaging around 28°F (-2°C). Snowfall is heavy and cover usually lasts from mid-December to mid-March. Total annual precipitation, including rain and snow, is 25 inches (636 millimeters).[3]

History

Historic Centre of Riga*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
The Old Town of Riga
Type Cultural
Criteria i, ii
Reference 852
Region** Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription 1997  (21st Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.

Riga is located at the site of an ancient settlement of the Livonians, an ancient Finnic tribe, at the junction of the Daugava and Ridzene (Latvian: Rīdzene) rivers. The Ridzene was originally known as the Riga River, at one point forming a natural harbor called the Riga Lake, neither of which exist today [4].

The modern founding of Riga is regarded by historians to have begun with the arrival in Latvia of German traders, mercenaries and religious crusaders in the second half of the 12th century, attracted by a sparsely populated region, potential new markets and by the missionary opportunities to convert the local population to Christianity. German merchants established an outpost for trading with the Balts near the Liv settlement at Riga in 1158. The Augustinian monk Meinhard built a monastery there ca. 1190.[5]


Bishop Albert was proclaimed Bishop of Livonia by his uncle Hartwig, Archbishop of Bremen and Hamburg in 1199. He landed in Riga in 1201 with 23 ships and more than 1500 armed crusaders, making Riga his bishopric.[5] He established the Order of Livonian Brothers of the Sword (later a branch of the Teutonic Knights) and granted Riga city rights in that same year. Albert was successful in converting the King of the Livs, Caupo of Turaida, to Christianity, although, as related in the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia ("Henricus Lettus"), it took him three decades to gain full control of Livonia (German Livland). Riga as well as Livonia and Prussia came under the auspices of the Holy Roman (German) Empire. It was not until much later, at the time of Martin Luther, that Riga, Livonia and Prussia converted to Protestantism.

Riga served as a gateway to trade with the Baltic tribes and with Russia. In 1282 Riga became a member of the Hanseatic League (German Hanse, English Hansa). The Hansa developed out of an association of merchants into a loose trade and political union of North German and Baltic cities and towns. Due to its economic protectionist policies which favored its German members, the League was very successful, but its exclusionist policies produced competitors. Its last Diet convened in 1669, although its powers were already weakened by the end of the 14th century, when political alliances between Lithuania and Poland and between Sweden, Denmark and Norway limited its influence. Nevertheless, the Hansa was instrumental in giving Riga economic and political stability, thus providing the city with a strong foundation which endured the political conflagrations that were to come, down to modern times.

The Doma Cathedral weather cock
Classical view of Riga's Skyline
Riga Doma Cathedral in the mist
View of the city from St. Peter's Church
File:RigaMarket.jpg
Riga's Central Market pavilions and Science Academy Building
A view of Riga on a postcard from around 1900
Laima Clock - a popular meeting place in Riga
Riga in 1650 (Drawing by Johann Christoph Brotze)

As the influence of the Hansa waned, Riga became the object of foreign military, political, religious and economic aspirations. Riga accepted the Reformation in 1522, ending the power of the archbishops. In 1524, a venerated statue of the Virgin Mary in the Cathedral was denounced as a witch, and given a trial by water in the Daugava or Dvina River. The statue floated, so it was denounced as a witch and burnt at Kubsberg[6]. With the demise of the Teutonic Knights in 1561, Riga for twenty years had the status of a Free Imperial City, then in 1581,[5] Riga came under the influence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

1600-1629, The Polish-Swedish War.

The city was brought to rack and ruin, people suffered from starvation and plague.[7]

Attempts to reinstitute Roman Catholicism in Riga and southern Livonia failed as in 1621, Riga and the outlying fortress of Daugavgriva came under the rule of Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, who intervened in the Thirty Years' War not only for political and economic gain but also in favor of German Lutheran Protestantism. In 1628, Gustavus Adolphus declared Riga the second capital of Sweden.[7]

During the Russo-Swedish War, 1656-1658, Riga withstood a siege by Russians.[5] Riga remained the second largest city under Swedish control until 1710 during a period in which the city retained a great deal of self-government autonomy. In that year, in the course of Great Northern War, Russia under Tsar Peter the Great invaded Riga. Sweden's northern dominance ended, and Russia's emergence as the strongest Northern power was formalized through the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. Riga was annexed by Russia and became an industrialized port city of the Russian empire, where it remained until World War I.[5] By 1900, Riga was the third largest city in Russia after Moscow and St. Petersburg in terms of numbers of industrial workers.


1812,

The army of Napoleon occupies Kurzeme region, creating a threat to Riga.Governor General Essen gives orders to burn the Riga suburbs down.[7]

During these many centuries of war and changes of power in the Baltic, the Baltic Germans in Riga, successors to Albert's merchants and crusaders, clung to their dominant position despite demographic changes. Riga even employed German as its official language of administration until the imposition of Russian language in 1891 as the official language in the Baltic provinces. All birth, marriage and death records were kept in German up to that year. By the mid-19th century Latvians had begun to supplant Germans as the largest ethnic group in the city.[5] The rise of a Latvian bourgeoisie made Riga a center of the Latvian National Awakening with the founding of the Riga Latvian Association in 1868 and the organization of the first national song festival in 1873.[5] The nationalist movement of the Young Latvians was followed by the socialist New Current during the city's rapid industrialization, culminating in the 1905 Revolution led by the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party.

The 20th century brought World War I and the impact of the Russian Revolution to Riga. The German army marched into Riga in 1917. In 1918 the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed giving the Baltic countries to Germany.[5] Because of the Armistice with Germany (Compiègne) of November 11, 1918, Germany had to renounce that treaty, as did Russia, leaving Latvia and the other Baltic States in a position to claim independence.

After more than 700 years of German, Swedish, Russian rule, Latvia, with Riga as its capital city, thus declared its independence on November 18, 1918.[5]

Between World War I and World War II (1918–1940), Riga and Latvia shifted their focus from Russia to the countries of Western Europe. A democratic, parliamentary system of government with a President was instituted. Latvian was recognized as the official language of Latvia. Latvia was admitted to the League of Nations. The United Kingdom and Germany replaced Russia as Latvia's major trade partners.


Riga was described at this time as a vibrant, grand and imposing city and earned the title of "Paris of the North" from its visitors.

This period of rebirth was short-lived, however. Democracy faltered, and in 1934, President Ulmanis staged a coup d´état that installed an authoritarian regime.[7] World War II followed, with the Soviet occupation and annexation of Latvia in 1940, German occupation in 1941-1944. The Baltic Germans were forcibly repatriated to Germany at Hitler's behest, after 700 years in Riga. The city's Jewish community was forced into a ghetto in the Maskavas neighborhood, and concentration camps were constructed in Kaiserwald and at nearby Salaspils.

Nazism was defeated, but the effects of the war were lasting. Aside from the destruction it wrought, the war cost Latvia dearly. Hundreds of thousands of her citizens had perished and tens of thousands fled into exile in countries all over the world.[5] As a result of World War II, Latvia lost approximately one-third of its population.

Furthermore, instead of re-established independence, in 1945 Latvia was once again subjected to Soviet domination. Many Latvians were deported to Siberia and other regions of the Soviet Union, usually being accused of having collaborated with the Nazis or of supporting the post-war anti-Soviet Resistance. Forced industrialization and planned large-scale immigration of large numbers of non-Latvians from other Soviet republics into Riga, particularly Russians, changed the demographic composition of Riga. High-density apartment developments, ringed the city's edge, linked to the center by electric railways. By 1975 less than 40% of Riga's inhabitants were ethnically Latvian, a percentage which has risen since Latvian independence.[5]

In 1986 the modern landmark of Riga, the Riga Radio and TV Tower, whose design is reminiscent of the Eiffel Tower,[citation needed] was completed.

The policy of economic reform introduced as Perestroika by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev led to a situation in the late 1980s in which many Soviet republics, including Latvia, were able to regain their liberty and freedom (see Latvia). Latvia declared its full de facto independence on August 21, 1991 and that independence was recognized by Russia on September 6, 1991. Latvia formally joined the United Nations as an independent country on September 17, 1991. All Russian military forces were removed from 1992 to 1994.

  • In 2001, Riga celebrated its 800th anniversary as a city.
  • On March 29, 2004 Latvia joined NATO.
  • On May 1, 2004 Latvia joined the European Union.

Governance

As the federal capital of the Republic of Latvia, Riga is home to both the Federal government and their local city or municipal government.

Federal

The 100-seat unicameral Latvian parliament, the Saeima, is elected by direct, popular vote every four years. The president is elected by the Saeima in a separate election also every four years. The president appoints a prime minister who, together with his cabinet, forms the executive branch of the government, which has to receive a confidence vote by the Saeima.[8]

Municipal

After independence from the Soviets in 1991, the Riga City Council became responsible for running the city. The Riga City Council (RCC) consists of 60 councilors elected to 4-year terms. Elections are held on the second Saturday in March. The number of councilors from each area is proportionate to the number of residents.[9]

Riga is divided into 6 administrative districts: Centra, Kurzemes, Latgales, Vidzemes, Zemgales, and Ziemelu.

Economy

Since regaining its independence in 1991, the city of Riga has attempted to create an open Western style economy that complies with EU standards. Immediately following separation from the Soviet Union in 1991, Riga suffered economic recession, but has managed to stabilize it's economic situation and achieve positive growth rate in 1996 (GDP growth was 2.8 percent). GDP is expected to continue to grow by approximately 5% in 2002 and the following years. Inflation has been considerably reduced and is expected to be less than 3 per cent a year. Policies fostering privatization and the improvement of the investment climate, have contributed to increased foreign investments in the Riga area. Riga accounts for 49% of the total industrial output of Latvia.

Riga's industries include machine building, metalworking, shipbuilding and repair, textiles, woodworking and food processing. Manufacturing includes diesel engines, streetcars, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, furniture, electrical apparatus, radio and telephone equipment, meteorological instruments, printing and publishing, textiles, building materials, and paper.[10]

Recently, Riga has become the largest financial center in the Baltic Region with major banks, insurance companies and brokers located in the city. Retail trade and personal services was the first sector to show signs of recovery in the early 1990's. Wholesale and retail sales have increased from 8.7 percent of Latvia's GDP in 1994 to 16 percent in 2000. This trend is usually indicative of a growing level of consumption and an increase in the overall health of an economy.[11]

Demographics

With 722,485[12] inhabitants residing in 332,000 households[13], Riga is the largest city in the Baltic States, though its population has been on the decrease since 1991.[12] Notable causes include out-migration and low fertility rates. Some have estimated that the population may fall by as much as 50% by 2050.[14] According to the 2007 data, native Latvians make up 42.3% of the population of Riga, with the percentage of Russians at 42.1%, Belarusians at 4.4%, Ukrainians at 3.9%, Poles at 2.0%, and others at 4.3%.[15] By comparison, 59% of Latvia's inhabitants are native Latvians, 28.5% are Russians, 3.8% are Belarusians, 2.5% are Ukrainians, 2.4% are Polish, 1.4% are Lithuanians and the remaining 2.4% are accounted for by other nationalities (2006).[15] Upon restoration of Latvian independence in 1991, Soviet-era migrants (and any of their offspring born before 1991) were not automatically granted Latvian citizenship. Some have emigrated; this partially accounts for the recent decline in Riga's population. As a result of this repatriation of some Soviet-era migrants, the proportion of Latvians in Riga has increased from 36.5% in 1989 to 42.3% in 2007. In contrast the percentage of Russians has fallen from 47.3% to 42.1% in the same time period. Latvians overtook Russians as the largest ethnic group in 2006. [16]

Riga accounts for approximately one-third of Latvia's population.

Education

The total duration of general school education in Latvia is 12 years. It .

Education in Latvia begins at age seven and consists of 9-years of basic and 3 years of upper general secondary education. The 9 years of basic education consists of 4 years of primary education (sākumskola) and 5 years of lower secondary school (pamatskola). Latvian language, Mathematics, Music, Visual arts and Physical education are taught throughout the 9 years.

Upper secondary education is divided into general upper secondary education in preparation for university studies, and vocational secondary education, aimed at labour market.

Access to higher education is available to holders of a general secondary education certificate. Universities usually specify which particular subjects must be acquired in order to qualify for admission to a chosen program and often organize one or more competitive entrance examinations with an emphasis on subjects pertinent to the chosen program.[17]

Culture

A cat on the top of a roof in the Old Town
Riga cathedral and St. Peter's Church
The Powder Tower of Riga
Left-bank Riga is distinguished by its green streets and large parks.

Riga is the capital of culture and the arts in the Baltic region. Rigensians have had a long standing love affair with the fine arts. This is probably best exemplified by the fact that Riga's Opera House was one of the first buildings restored after they regained Independence in 1991. Latvians consider the opera an enormously important part of their cultural heritage. The new Opera House hosts both the opera and ballet. Latvians also love and respect their National Theatre, currently housed in the building where the country’s independence was first proclaimed in 1918.

Riga boasts a diverse range of museums covering history, literature, art, nature, medicine, as well as museums offering specific areas of interest. These include museums devoted to theater, cinematography, photography, television, porcelain, fire-fighting, sports, architecture, and the history of electricity. Some of Latvia’s institutions of higher education also have their own museums including the University of Latvia, the Riga Technical University and the “Turība” Business University. Riga also has a unique outdoor Latvian Ethnographic Museum on the shores of a lake just outside of the city and Mentzendorf House dedicated to showing how wealthy Rigensians lived in the 17th and 18th century.[18]

Riga's biggest event is the Latvian Song Festival held in Mezaparks every five years.[19]

Art Nouveau

Art Nouveau is an ornamental style of art that flourished throughout Europe and the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is characterized by long, sinuous, organic lines and was employed most often in architecture, interior design, jewelry and glass design. Art Nouveau originated in England and quickly spread to the European continent, where it was called Jugendstil in Germany, Sezessionstil in Austria, Stile Floreale (or Stile Liberty) in Italy, and Modernismo (or Modernista) in Spain.[20] Art Nouveau designers believed that all the arts should work in harmony to create a "total work of art," with buildings, furniture, textiles, clothes, and jewelry all conforming to the principles of Art Nouveau.

Although Art Nouveao was only popular at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century it left behind some extraordinary colorful architectural examples. Art Nouveau was a contrast to previous styles which required following particular historical styles. Art Nouveau stressed a complete creative freedom, an expressive flight of fantasy. Sinuous lines and geometrical ornaments, the characteristic features of Art Nouveau, divided into two main main styles, decorative and romantic nationalistic. Significant romantic nationalism Latvian architects include, E. Laube, K. Pēkšēns, A. Vanags while M. Eizenšteins created examples of decorative Art Nouveau.[21]

UNESCO's World Heritage list justification for the inclusion of Riga states "If it is evaluated for its importance in European architectural history as an assemblage of Art Nouveau/Jugendstil buildings, however, it is impossible to cite any city to compare with Riga." and "It should be noted in particular that Riga is the only ensemble on either of the Project's lists, all the remainder being individual buildings."

Arts and entertainment

Religion

Lutheranism, Roman Catholicism, and Orthodox Christianity are the most popular religions in Riga. Denominational membership statistics are self-reported and are therefore subject to variances. In 2006, the Board of Religious Affairs recorded 1,174 congregations including Lutheran (303), Roman Catholic (250), Orthodox (118), Baptist (93), Old Believer Orthodox (67), Seventh-day Adventist (50), Jehovah's Witnesses (13), Methodist (13), Jewish (13), Buddhist (4), Muslim (15), Hare Krishna (11), Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) (4), and more than 100 other congregations.

There is no state religion in Latvia, however their constitution provides for a freedom of religion that is generally respected by the Government. However, bureaucratic problems still present problems for some minority religions with the Government appearing to distinguish between "traditional" (Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Old Believers, Baptists, and Jewish) and "new" religions.[22]

Anti-Semitism

Riga has a history of anti-semitism that still surfaces today. Jews are considered an ethnic group in Latvia, similar to Latvian or Russian, rather than a religion. The Jewish community, once estimated to be between 6,000 to 13,500 persons was virtually destroyed in the Holocaust during the 1941-1944 German occupation.

Desecrations of Jewish sites continue with several recent incidents including the overturning of tombstones and spraying of anti-Semitic graffiti on the walls of Riga's New Jewish Cemetery. Although the damage was quickly repaired and National leaders condemned the act, there were similar acts of vandalism in both 2004 and 2005. Also in separate incidents in 2005, the Orthodox rabbi of Riga was accosted, threatened, and subjected to violently anti-Semitic epithets and vandals deliberately knocked over and broke a large outdoor menorah during the Jewish Hanukkah holiday.[22]

Infrastructure

Health

Latvia’s health care system has undergone several changes since independence in 1991. The Ministries of Health, Labour and Social Welfare were combined into the Ministry of Welfare in 1993. Sickness funds were re-established in 1994, and then in 1998 the State Compulsory Health Insurance Agency was created. The state has responsibility for providing specialized services, while responsibility for delivering primary and secondary health care rests with local government.[23]

Transport

Riga as a city-port is a major transportation hub and is the center of the local road and railway system. Most tourists travel to Riga by air via Riga International Airport, the largest airport in the Baltic states, which was renovated and modernized in 2001 on the occasion of Riga's 800th anniversary. Air traffic at the airport has doubled between 1993 and 2004. Baltic sea ferries connect Riga to Stockholm, Kiel and Lübeck. Riga was also home to two air bases during the Cold War: Rumbula and Spilve.[24]

Located on an ancient trade route between Russia and Europe, the port of Riga is an important cargo shipping center. It has connections to the Trans-Siberian rail route and direct links with Russia, other former Soviet Union countries, the rapidly growing Baltic countries, and even East Asia. It is the main all-weather port in the Baltic and is expected to grow as a result of Latvia’s return to independence in 1991, its recent admission into the EU and NATO, and increased trade with China and other ex-Soviet states.[25] The Port is large, growing, and an important economic asset for Latvia.


Notes

  1. ↑ Unesco World Heritage ListRiga (Page 67) Retrieved November 24, 2007.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cities Environment Reports on the Internet Natural heritage Retrieved November 24, 2007.
  3. ↑ Globe Media Ltd. Riga Retrieved November 24, 2007.
  4. ↑ Teritorija un administratīvās robežas vēsturiskā skatījumā (in Latvian). Cities Environmental Reports on the Internet. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 Riga Life History Retrieved November 27, 2007.
  6. ↑ MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2003). The Reformation: A History. Penguin. ISBN 0-670-03296-4. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 EU??? Riga History Retrieved November 27, 2007.
  8. ↑ (Latvian)Constitution of the Republic of Latvia with amendments and revisions (Official English translation) (Retrieved on 24 December 2006)
  9. ↑ Municipality of Riga Riga City Council Retrieved November 24, 2007.
  10. ↑ The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Riga Retrieved November 24, 2007
  11. ↑ Cities Environment Reports on the Internet Riga City Environment Centre "Agenda 21" Retrieved November 24, 2007.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia Resident Population by Region Retrieved November 24, 2007.
  13. ↑ Cities Environment Reports on the Internet Population Retrieved November 24, 2007.
  14. ↑ Heleniak, Timothy (February 2006). Latvia Looks West, But Legacy of Soviets Remains. University of Maryland. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Riga in Figures. Riga City Council. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  16. ↑ RESIDENT POPULATION BY ETHNICITY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE YEAR.
  17. ↑ Ministry of Education and Science Education in Latvia Retrieved November 24, 2007.
  18. ↑ Riga Tourism Coordination and Information Centre Museums Retrieved November 25, 2007.
  19. ↑ Riga Latvia Travel Guide The Cream of Culture Retrieved November 25, 2007.
  20. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Art Nouveau Retrieved November 25, 2007
  21. ↑ Riga City Council Art Nouveau Retrieved November 25, 2007.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 U.S. Embassy Riga, LatviaInternational Religious Freedom Report - Latvia, 2006 Retrieved November 24, 2007.
  23. ↑ WHO Regional Office for European Health Health care system in Latvia Retrieved November 25, 2007.
  24. ↑ www.russianairfields.com/doc/russianairfields.pdf ] Retrieved November 25, 2007.
  25. ↑ [1] Retrieved November 25, 2007.

Sources and further reading

External links

All Links Retrieved December 22, 2007.

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