Difference between revisions of "Petroglyph" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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==Interpretation==
 
==Interpretation==
 +
[[Image:MtnSheepPetroglyph.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A petroglyph of a caravan of [[bighorn sheep]] near [[Moab, Utah]], [[USA]]; a common theme in glyphs from the [[desert]] southwest]]
 
There are many theories to explain their purpose, depending on their location, age, and the type of image.  Some petroglyphs are thought to be astronomical markers, maps, and other forms of symbolic communication, including a form of "pre-[[writing]]."  They might also have been a by-product of other rituals:  sites in India, for example, have been identified as musical instruments or "rock gongs." <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3520384.stm Ancient Indians made 'rock music', BBC News Friday, 19 March, 2004]</ref>
 
There are many theories to explain their purpose, depending on their location, age, and the type of image.  Some petroglyphs are thought to be astronomical markers, maps, and other forms of symbolic communication, including a form of "pre-[[writing]]."  They might also have been a by-product of other rituals:  sites in India, for example, have been identified as musical instruments or "rock gongs." <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3520384.stm Ancient Indians made 'rock music', BBC News Friday, 19 March, 2004]</ref>
  
 
Some petroglyph images probably had deep cultural and religious significance for the societies that created them; in many cases this significance remains for their descendants. Many petroglyphs are thought to represent some kind of not-yet-fully understood symbolic or ritual language. Later glyphs from the [[Nordic Bronze Age]] in Scandinavia seem to refer to some form of territorial boundary between [[tribe]]s, in addition to possible religious meanings. It also appears that local or regional dialects from similar or neighboring peoples exist. The [[Siberian inscriptions]] almost look like some early form of [[Runic alphabet|runes]], although there is not thought to be any relationship between them. They are not yet well understood.
 
Some petroglyph images probably had deep cultural and religious significance for the societies that created them; in many cases this significance remains for their descendants. Many petroglyphs are thought to represent some kind of not-yet-fully understood symbolic or ritual language. Later glyphs from the [[Nordic Bronze Age]] in Scandinavia seem to refer to some form of territorial boundary between [[tribe]]s, in addition to possible religious meanings. It also appears that local or regional dialects from similar or neighboring peoples exist. The [[Siberian inscriptions]] almost look like some early form of [[Runic alphabet|runes]], although there is not thought to be any relationship between them. They are not yet well understood.
−
[[Image:MtnSheepPetroglyph.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A petroglyph of a caravan of [[bighorn sheep]] near [[Moab, Utah]], [[USA]]; a common theme in glyphs from the [[desert]] southwest]]
 
  
−
Some researchers have noticed the resemblance of different styles of petroglyphs across different continents; while it is expected that all people would be inspired by their surroundings, it is harder to explain the common styles. This could be mere coincidence, an indication that certain groups of people [[Human migration|migrated]] widely from some initial common area, or indication of a common origin. In 1853 George Tate read a paper to the Berwick Naturalists' Club at which a Mr John Collingwood Bruce agreed that the carvings had "... a common origin, and indicate a symbolic meaning, representing some popular thought." <ref>J. Collingwood Bruce (1868; cited in Beckensall, S., ''Northumberland's Prehistoric Rock Carvings: A Mystery Explained''. Pendulum Publications, Rothbury, Northumberland. 1983:19)</ref> In his cataloguing of Scottish rock art, Ronald Morris summarised 104 different theories on their interpretation. <ref>Ronald Morris, ''The Prehistoric Rock Art of Galloway and The Isle of Man'' (ISBN 978-0-7137-0974-2 , Blandford Press 1979</ref>.
+
Some researchers have noticed the resemblance of different styles of petroglyphs across different continents; while it is expected that all people would be inspired by their surroundings, it is harder to explain the common styles. This could be mere coincidence, an indication that certain groups of people [[Human migration|migrated]] widely from some initial common area, or indication of a common origin.<ref>Beckensall, Stan. ''Northumberlands Prehistoric Rock Carvings: Mystery Explained'', (Pendulum Pr 1983) ISBN 0950693537</ref> Other theories suggest that petroglyphs were made by [[shaman]]s in an [[altered state of consciousness]]<ref>[see Lewis-Williams, D.  2002.  A Cosmos in Stone: Interpreting Religion and Society through Rock Art. Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, Ca.]</ref>, perhaps induced by the use of natural [[Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants#Hallucinogenic plants, fungi, and animals|hallucinogen]]s. Many of the [[Geometry|geometric]] [[pattern]]s (known as [[form constant]]s) which recur in petroglyphs and [[cave paintings]] have been shown to be "hard-wired" into the human brain; they frequently occur in visual disturbances and hallucinations brought on by drugs, [[migraine]] and other stimuli.
−
 
 
−
Other, more controversial, explanations are mostly grounded in [[Jungian psychology]] and the views of [[Mircea Eliade]]. According to these theories it is possible that the similarity of petroglyphs (and other [[atavism|atavistic]] or [[archetype|archetypal]] [[symbol]]s) from different cultures and continents is a result of the [[genetics|genetically]] inherited structure of the human brain.
 
−
 
 
−
Other theories suggest that petroglyphs were made by [[shaman]]s in an [[altered state of consciousness]]<ref>[see Lewis-Williams, D.  2002.  A Cosmos in Stone: Interpreting Religion and Society through Rock Art. Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, Ca.]</ref>, perhaps induced by the use of natural [[Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants#Hallucinogenic plants, fungi, and animals|hallucinogen]]s. Many of the [[Geometry|geometric]] [[pattern]]s (known as [[form constant]]s) which recur in petroglyphs and [[cave paintings]] have been shown to be "hard-wired" into the human brain; they frequently occur in visual disturbances and hallucinations brought on by drugs, [[migraine]] and other stimuli.
 
  
 
==List of petroglyph sites==
 
==List of petroglyph sites==
Line 57: Line 53:
  
 
===Asia===
 
===Asia===
−
<gallery>
+
[[Image:Cheung Chau Rock Carving 1.jpg|thumb|175px|Rock carving on [[Cheung Chau]] Island, [[Hong Kong]]. This 3000-year-old rock carving was reported by [[geologist]]s in 1970]]
−
Image:Cheung Chau Rock Carving 1.jpg|Rock carving on [[Cheung Chau]] Island, [[Hong Kong]]. This 3000-year-old rock carving was reported by [[geologist]]s in 1970
 
−
Image:KyrgyzPetroglyphs.jpg|Petroglyphs at Cholpon-Ata in Kyrgyzstan
 
−
</gallery>
 
−
 
 
−
====China====
 
 
* Eight sites in [[Hong Kong]]: on [[Tung Lung Island]], [[Kau Sai Chau]], [[Po Toi|Po Toi Island]], [[Cheung Chau]], [[Shek Pik]] on Lantau Island, [[Wong Chuk Hang]] and [[Big Wave Bay]] on [[Hong Kong Island]], [[Lung Ha Wan]] in [[Sai Kung]]
 
* Eight sites in [[Hong Kong]]: on [[Tung Lung Island]], [[Kau Sai Chau]], [[Po Toi|Po Toi Island]], [[Cheung Chau]], [[Shek Pik]] on Lantau Island, [[Wong Chuk Hang]] and [[Big Wave Bay]] on [[Hong Kong Island]], [[Lung Ha Wan]] in [[Sai Kung]]
 
* [[Yin Mountains]] in [[Inner Mongolia]]
 
* [[Yin Mountains]] in [[Inner Mongolia]]
  
−
====India====
+
* [[Edakkal Caves]] Cavesin Wayanad, Kerala. They date back to about 4000 B.C.E. - India
−
* [[Edakkal Caves]] Cavesin Wayanad, Kerala. They date back to about 4000 B.C.E.
 
  
−
====Kazakhstan====
+
* [[Chumysh (river)|Chumysh River]] basin, - Khaszikstan
−
* [[Chumysh (river)|Chumysh River]] basin,
+
* [[Tamgaly]] on the [[Ili River]] - a [[World Heritage Site]] -  Khaszikstan
−
* [[Tamgaly]] on the [[Ili River]] - a [[World Heritage Site]]
+
[[Image:KyrgyzPetroglyphs.jpg|thumb|150px|Petroglyphs at Cholpon-Ata in Kyrgyzsta]]
  
−
====Korea====
+
* [[Bangudae Petroglyphs]], - Korea
−
* [[Bangudae Petroglyphs]],
 
  
−
====Kyrgyzstan====
+
* Several sites, mostly in the [[Tien Shan]] mountains; [[Cholpon-Ata]], the Talas valley, Siymaliytash (Saimaluu-Tash), and on the rock outcrop called Suleiman's Throne in [[Osh]] in the [[Fergana valley]] - Kyrgyz
−
* Several sites, mostly in the [[Tien Shan]] mountains; [[Cholpon-Ata]], the Talas valley, Siymaliytash (Saimaluu-Tash), and on the rock outcrop called Suleiman's Throne in [[Osh]] in the [[Fergana valley]]
 
  
−
====Pakistan====
+
* [[Northern Areas#Rock art and petroglyphs|Rock art and petroglyphs in Northern Areas]], - Pakistan
−
* [[Northern Areas#Rock art and petroglyphs|Rock art and petroglyphs in Northern Areas]],
+
 
−
+
* [[Angono Petroglyphs]] of [[Rizal]], - Phillipines
−
====Philippines====
 
−
<gallery>Image:Angono_Petroglyphs1.jpg|Petroglyphs on a rock wall found in the Sierra Madre mountain range, Rizal, Philippines</gallery>
 
−
* [[Angono Petroglyphs]] of [[Rizal]],
 
  
 
===Pacific===
 
===Pacific===
−
<gallery>
 
−
Image:HawaiiHieroglyph.JPG|Petroglyph on western coast of Hawaii
 
−
Image:Hawaii petroglyph men.jpg|[[Hawaii Volcanoes National Park]]
 
−
Image:Motu Nui.jpg|Petroglyphs at [[Orongo]], [[Rapa Nui]] (Easter Island). A [[Make-make]] at the base and two [[Tangata Manu|birdmen]] higher up
 
−
</gallery>
 
 
* [[Easter Island#Petroglyphs|Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Petroglyphs]]
 
* [[Easter Island#Petroglyphs|Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Petroglyphs]]
 
* Hawaii (particularly the Big Island).
 
* Hawaii (particularly the Big Island).
Line 100: Line 80:
  
 
===North America===
 
===North America===
−
<gallery>
+
 
−
image:Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland-750px.jpg|Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland, eastern California, USA
 
−
image:Pictograph_2_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
 
−
image:Pictograph_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
 
−
Image:Ute Petroglyphs in Arches National Park.jpg|Arches National Park
 
−
Image:Petroglyphs.jpg|Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
 
−
Image:Petroglyph in Arizona 2007-01-20.jpg|Arizona, USA
 
−
Image:Petroglyphs in the Columbia River Gorge.jpg|Columbia River Gorge, Washington, USA
 
−
Image:Upside down.jpg|Upside-down man in Western Colorado, USA
 
−
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: Image:petroglifosMina.jpg|Nuevo Leon, Mexico —>
 
−
</gallery>
 
 
* [[Arches National Park]], [[Utah]]
 
* [[Arches National Park]], [[Utah]]
 
* [[Capitol Reef National Park]], [[Utah]]
 
* [[Capitol Reef National Park]], [[Utah]]
Line 160: Line 130:
 
* [[White Tank Mountain Regional Park]], [[Waddell, Arizona|Waddell]], [[Arizona]]
 
* [[White Tank Mountain Regional Park]], [[Waddell, Arizona|Waddell]], [[Arizona]]
  
−
===Dominican Republic===
 
−
* [[Cueva de las Maravillas]]
 
−
* [[Los 3 Ojos]]
 
  
 
===Europe===  
 
===Europe===  
−
<gallery>
+
 
−
Image:Ancientastronauts.jpg|Engravers from [[Val Camonica]], [[Italy]]
 
−
Image:Tanun_carvings_birds.jpg|Rock Carving in Tanum, [[Sweden]]
 
−
Image:Sweden-Brastad-Petroglyph_Skomakaren-Aug_2003.jpg|Carving "The Shoemaker," Brastad, [[Sweden]]
 
−
Image:Petroglifo_bentayga.jpg|Petroglyph in Roque Bentayga, Gran Canaria (Canary Islands).
 
−
</gallery>
 
−
====England====
 
 
* [[Cup and ring mark]]ed rocks in [[Northumberland]], [[County Durham]] and [[North Yorkshire]], [[England]]
 
* [[Cup and ring mark]]ed rocks in [[Northumberland]], [[County Durham]] and [[North Yorkshire]], [[England]]
  
−
====France====
 
 
* [[Mercantour National Park]], [[France]]
 
* [[Mercantour National Park]], [[France]]
  
−
====Ireland====
 
 
* [[Newgrange]], [[Ireland]]
 
* [[Newgrange]], [[Ireland]]
  
−
====Italy====
 
 
* [[Val Camonica]], [[Italy]] (biggest european site, over 350,000)
 
* [[Val Camonica]], [[Italy]] (biggest european site, over 350,000)
 
* [[Bagnolo stele]], [[Italy]]
 
* [[Bagnolo stele]], [[Italy]]
  
−
====Norway====
 
 
{{See also|List of rock carvings in Norway}}
 
{{See also|List of rock carvings in Norway}}
 
* [[Rock carvings at Alta]], World Heritage Site (1985)
 
* [[Rock carvings at Alta]], World Heritage Site (1985)
Line 191: Line 148:
 
* [[Rock carvings at Tennes]]
 
* [[Rock carvings at Tennes]]
  
−
====Portugal====
 
 
* [[Vale do Côa rock carvings]], [[Portugal]]
 
* [[Vale do Côa rock carvings]], [[Portugal]]
  
−
====Russia====
 
 
* Petroglyph Park near [[Petrozavodsk]]-[[Lake Onega]], [[Russia]]
 
* Petroglyph Park near [[Petrozavodsk]]-[[Lake Onega]], [[Russia]]
 
* [[Tomskaya Pisanitsa Museum|Tomskaya Pisanitsa]]
 
* [[Tomskaya Pisanitsa Museum|Tomskaya Pisanitsa]]
  
−
====Sweden====
 
 
* [[Tanumshede]] ([[Bohuslän]]); World Heritage Site (1994)
 
* [[Tanumshede]] ([[Bohuslän]]); World Heritage Site (1994)
 
* [[Himmelstalund]] (by [[Norrköping]] in [[Östergötland]])
 
* [[Himmelstalund]] (by [[Norrköping]] in [[Östergötland]])
Line 210: Line 164:
 
* [[Glösa]] ([[Jämtland]])
 
* [[Glösa]] ([[Jämtland]])
  
−
====Ukraine====
 
 
* [[Kamyana Mohyla]], [[Ukraine]]
 
* [[Kamyana Mohyla]], [[Ukraine]]
 
* [[Stone stelae of the Ukraine]]
 
* [[Stone stelae of the Ukraine]]
Line 218: Line 171:
 
* Wadi Faynan, Jordan
 
* Wadi Faynan, Jordan
 
* "Graffiti Rocks," about 110 km SW of [[Riyadh]] off the [[Mecca]] highway
 
* "Graffiti Rocks," about 110 km SW of [[Riyadh]] off the [[Mecca]] highway
 +
 +
==Gallery==
 +
<Gallery>
 +
Image:Ancientastronauts.jpg|Engravers from [[Val Camonica]], [[Italy]]
 +
Image:Tanun_carvings_birds.jpg|Rock Carving in Tanum, [[Sweden]]
 +
Image:Sweden-Brastad-Petroglyph_Skomakaren-Aug_2003.jpg|Carving "The Shoemaker," Brastad, [[Sweden]]
 +
Image:Petroglifo_bentayga.jpg|Petroglyph in Roque Bentayga, Gran Canaria (Canary Islands).
 +
image:Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland-750px.jpg|Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland, eastern California, USA
 +
image:Pictograph_2_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
 +
image:Pictograph_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
 +
Image:Ute Petroglyphs in Arches National Park.jpg|Arches National Park
 +
Image:Petroglyphs.jpg|Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
 +
Image:Petroglyph in Arizona 2007-01-20.jpg|Arizona, USA
 +
Image:Petroglyphs in the Columbia River Gorge.jpg|Columbia River Gorge, Washington, USA
 +
Image:Upside down.jpg|Upside-down man in Western Colorado, USA
 +
Image:HawaiiHieroglyph.JPG|Petroglyph on western coast of Hawaii
 +
Image:Hawaii petroglyph men.jpg|[[Hawaii Volcanoes National Park]]
 +
Image:Motu Nui.jpg|Petroglyphs at [[Orongo]], [[Rapa Nui]] (Easter Island). A [[Make-make]] at the base and two [[Tangata Manu|birdmen]] higher up
 +
</Gallery>
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
  
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
−
 
−
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==

Revision as of 21:11, 11 December 2007


Petroglyphs on Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, southern Utah, USA
Rock carving known as "Meercatze" (named by archaeologist Leo Frobenius), rampant lionesses in Wadi Methkandoush, Mesak Settafet region of Libya.

Petroglyphs are images created by removing part of a rock surfaces by incising, pecking, carving, and abrading. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often (but not always) associated with prehistoric peoples.They are one of the three different techniques used in Rock art, the prehistoric precursors to art. The meaning of these works is still unclear, but much conjecture and speculation has been produced in academic circles.

The word comes from the Greek words petros meaning "stone" and glyphein meaning "to carve" (it was originally coined in French as pétroglyphe).[1]

History

Composite image of petroglyphs from Scandinavia (Häljesta, Västmanland in Sweden). Nordic Bronze Age. The glyphs have been painted to make them more visible.

The oldest petroglyphs are dated to approximately the Neolithic and late Upper Paleolithic boundary, about 10,000 to 12,000 years ago, if not earlier (Kamyana Mohyla).[2] Around 7,000 to 9,000 years ago, other precursors of writing systems, such as pictographs and ideograms, began to appear. Petroglyphs were still common though, and some cultures continued using them much longer, even until contact with Western culture was made in the 20th century. Petroglyphs have been found in all parts of the globe except Antarctica with highest concentrations in parts of Africa, Scandinavia, Siberia, southwestern North America and Australia.

Technique

Petroglyphs are from removing rock in such ways as scratching, abrading, pecking, carving, drilling, incising and sculpting. Locations of choice are rock facets coated with patina, a dark mineral accumulation on rock surfaces. Petroglyphs remove the patina, exposing the contrasting lighter rock interior. Instances of negative images, produced by removing the patina surrounding the intended figure, are also known. Sometimes petroglyphs are painted or accentuated by polishing. The degree of repatination indicates relative dating. Some of the most ancient petroglyphs are the same color as the surrounding rock.

Interpretation

A petroglyph of a caravan of bighorn sheep near Moab, Utah, USA; a common theme in glyphs from the desert southwest

There are many theories to explain their purpose, depending on their location, age, and the type of image. Some petroglyphs are thought to be astronomical markers, maps, and other forms of symbolic communication, including a form of "pre-writing." They might also have been a by-product of other rituals: sites in India, for example, have been identified as musical instruments or "rock gongs." [3]

Some petroglyph images probably had deep cultural and religious significance for the societies that created them; in many cases this significance remains for their descendants. Many petroglyphs are thought to represent some kind of not-yet-fully understood symbolic or ritual language. Later glyphs from the Nordic Bronze Age in Scandinavia seem to refer to some form of territorial boundary between tribes, in addition to possible religious meanings. It also appears that local or regional dialects from similar or neighboring peoples exist. The Siberian inscriptions almost look like some early form of runes, although there is not thought to be any relationship between them. They are not yet well understood.

Some researchers have noticed the resemblance of different styles of petroglyphs across different continents; while it is expected that all people would be inspired by their surroundings, it is harder to explain the common styles. This could be mere coincidence, an indication that certain groups of people migrated widely from some initial common area, or indication of a common origin.[4] Other theories suggest that petroglyphs were made by shamans in an altered state of consciousness[5], perhaps induced by the use of natural hallucinogens. Many of the geometric patterns (known as form constants) which recur in petroglyphs and cave paintings have been shown to be "hard-wired" into the human brain; they frequently occur in visual disturbances and hallucinations brought on by drugs, migraine and other stimuli.

List of petroglyph sites

Africa

  • Tassili n'Ajjer in Algeria
  • Bidzar, Cameroon
  • Bambari, Lengo and Bangassou in the south of the Central African Republic; Bwale in the west
  • Niola Doa, Chad
  • The Niari River valley in the Congo, 250km south west of Brazzaville
  • Ogooue River Valley, Gabon
  • Akakus, Libya
  • Jebel Uweinat, Libya
  • The Draa River valley in Morocco
  • Twyfelfontein, Namibia
  • Life-size giraffe carvings on Dabous Rock, Air Mountains, Niger
  • Wadi Hammamat in Qift, Egypt many carvings and inscriptions dating from before the earliest Egyptian Dynasties to the modern era, including the only painted petroglyph known from the Eastern Desert and drawings of Egyptian reed boats dated to 4000 B.C.E.

Australia

  • Arnhem Land / Kakadu National Park, Northern Australia
  • Murujuga, Western Australia - world heritage assessed
  • Sydney Rock Engravings, New South Wales

Asia

Rock carving on Cheung Chau Island, Hong Kong. This 3000-year-old rock carving was reported by geologists in 1970
  • Eight sites in Hong Kong: on Tung Lung Island, Kau Sai Chau, Po Toi Island, Cheung Chau, Shek Pik on Lantau Island, Wong Chuk Hang and Big Wave Bay on Hong Kong Island, Lung Ha Wan in Sai Kung
  • Yin Mountains in Inner Mongolia
  • Edakkal Caves Cavesin Wayanad, Kerala. They date back to about 4000 B.C.E. - India
  • Chumysh River basin, - Khaszikstan
  • Tamgaly on the Ili River - a World Heritage Site - Khaszikstan
File:KyrgyzPetroglyphs.jpg
Petroglyphs at Cholpon-Ata in Kyrgyzsta
  • Bangudae Petroglyphs, - Korea
  • Several sites, mostly in the Tien Shan mountains; Cholpon-Ata, the Talas valley, Siymaliytash (Saimaluu-Tash), and on the rock outcrop called Suleiman's Throne in Osh in the Fergana valley - Kyrgyz
  • Rock art and petroglyphs in Northern Areas, - Pakistan
  • Angono Petroglyphs of Rizal, - Phillipines

Pacific

South America

North America

[4]

  • Mina, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
  • Olympic National Park, Washington
  • Petit Jean State Park, Arkansas
  • Petrified Forest National Park
  • Petroglyph National Monument
  • Petroglyphs Provincial Park, north of Peterborough, Ontario
  • Petroglyph Provincial Park, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada [5]
  • Sanilac Petroglyphs Historic State Park. Michigan
  • Sedona, Arizona
  • Seminole Canyon, Texas
  • Sloan Canyon National Conservation Area, Nevada
  • Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, Nevada
  • Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada
  • South Mountain Park, Arizona
  • St John, USVI
  • Stuart Lake, British Columbia
  • Three Rivers Petroglyphs, New Mexico [6]
  • West Virginia glyphs
  • Writing Rock State Historical Site, North Dakota
  • Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, East of Milk River, Alberta
  • White Tank Mountain Regional Park, Waddell, Arizona


Europe

  • Cup and ring marked rocks in Northumberland, County Durham and North Yorkshire, England
  • Mercantour National Park, France
  • Val Camonica, Italy (biggest european site, over 350,000)
  • Bagnolo stele, Italy


  • Rock carvings at Alta, World Heritage Site (1985)
  • Rock carvings in Central Norway
  • Rock carvings at Møllerstufossen
  • Rock carvings at Tennes
  • Petroglyph Park near Petrozavodsk-Lake Onega, Russia
  • Tomskaya Pisanitsa
  • Tanumshede (Bohuslän); World Heritage Site (1994)
  • Himmelstalund (by Norrköping in Östergötland)
  • Enköping (Uppland)
  • Southwest Skåne (Götaland)
  • Alvhem (Västra Götaland)
  • Torhamn (Blekinge)
  • Nämforsen (Ångermanland)
  • Häljesta (Västmanland)
  • Slagsta (Södermanland)
  • Glösa (Jämtland)
  • Kamyana Mohyla, Ukraine
  • Stone stelae of the Ukraine

Middle East

  • Wadi Rum, Jordan
  • Wadi Faynan, Jordan
  • "Graffiti Rocks," about 110 km SW of Riyadh off the Mecca highway

Gallery

  • Engravers from Val Camonica, Italy

  • Rock Carving in Tanum, Sweden

  • Carving "The Shoemaker," Brastad, Sweden

  • Petroglyph in Roque Bentayga, Gran Canaria (Canary Islands).

  • Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland, eastern California, USA

  • Pictograph 2 tds.jpg

    Southern Utah, USA

  • Southern Utah, USA

  • Arches National Park

  • Peterborough, Ontario, Canada

  • Arizona, USA

  • Columbia River Gorge, Washington, USA

  • Upside-down man in Western Colorado, USA

  • Petroglyph on western coast of Hawaii

  • Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

  • Petroglyphs at Orongo, Rapa Nui (Easter Island). A Make-make at the base and two birdmen higher up

Notes

  1. ↑ Petroglyph. (n.d.). Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved December 11, 2007, from Dictionary.com website: [1]
  2. ↑ Scholl, Albert B., Jr. Rock Art and Ruins for Beginners and Old Guys, (Rainbow Pub Services 2001) ISBN 0970468806
  3. ↑ Ancient Indians made 'rock music', BBC News Friday, 19 March, 2004
  4. ↑ Beckensall, Stan. Northumberlands Prehistoric Rock Carvings: Mystery Explained, (Pendulum Pr 1983) ISBN 0950693537
  5. ↑ [see Lewis-Williams, D. 2002. A Cosmos in Stone: Interpreting Religion and Society through Rock Art. Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, Ca.]
  6. ↑ Keyser, James D. (July 1992). Indian Rock Art of the Columbia Plateau. University of Washington Press, 139pp.. ISBN 978-0295971605. 

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Beckensall, Stan and Laurie, Tim, Prehistoric Rock Art of County Durham, Swaledale and Wensleydale, County Durham Books, 1998 ISBN 1-897585-45-4
  • Beckensall, Stan, Prehistoric Rock Art in Northumberland, Tempus Publishing, 2001 ISBN 0-7524-1945-5

External links


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