Louis Leakey
Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey (August 7, 1903 – October 1, 1972) was a British archaeologist whose work was important in establishing human evolutionary development in Africa.
Life
Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey was born in Kabete, British East Africa (now Kenya), into the family of Harry and Mary Leakey, Christian missionaries. He grew up playing and hunting with African children, learning to walk with the distinctive gait of the Kikuyu tribe, and speaking their language as fluently as English. He was even initiated as a member of Kikuya tribe. At 13, after discovering stone tools, he began to develop his lifelong passion for prehistory.
He studied at Cambridge University, graduating in 1926 with a major in anthropology. He returned to Tanzania to work as an African expert on an archaeological mission. He discovered several human and proto-human skeletons or partial skeletons at Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika, and after several years made a huge collection of bones, tools, and other artifacts. With that he gained recognition from other archaeologists.
In 1928, he went to Britain with a two year Fellowship at Saint John’s College. He married the same year, to a woman named Frieda Avern, and published his first book The Stone Age Cultures of Kenya Colony. He was awarded a Ph.D. in 1930.
During his years at Saint John’s, Leakey conducted a new field trip to Africa, during which he discovered the skeleton of what Leakey claimed to be the oldest Homo sapiens in the world. Upon his return to England, Leakey became famous, but also seriously contested.
He was asked to show the sites where he found the fossils, but was unable to do due to inadequate documentation. This seriously damaged Leakey’s reputation. In addition, problems in his personal life shed bad light on his work. In 1932, he began an affair with Mary Nicol, a scientific illustrator, leaving behind his pregnant wife and child. All this destroyed Leakey’s promising career at Cambridge, and so, almost ruined, he returned to Africa.
In 1936, he wrote his autobiography White Africa, and started his new field study on the culture of Kikuyu people. He divorced Frieda and married Mary, with whom he continued his research.
After the Second World War broke out, Leakey became involved with the government. He first became a Civilian Intelligence Officer for the Kenyan government, and later served as a spy in the African Intelligence Department. In 1945, he accepted a poorly paid job as the curator of a museum. In 1947, he organized the first "Pan-African Congress of Prehistory," which restored some of his reputation.
In 1947, the Leakeys began excavations on Rusinga Island, and in 1949 found the first complete Proconsul skull, together with face—a missing link between monkey and ape. After that the Leakeys received a new grant to continue their research. In 1951, Louis went back to Olduvai Gorge, but found nothing more of interest there. It was only in 1959, after years of continuous hard work and stubborn persistence that the Leakeys made a new discovery: a skeleton of a hominid, which the Leakeys named “Zinj.” The find brought great publicity to both Louis and Mary, ensuring them worldwide fame.
During the 1960s, Louis and Mary drifted apart, but never officially divorced. While she focused on Olduvai Gorge, he continued his own projects. He helped several primatologists, later named “Leakey’s angels,” including Jane Goodall, in their research on non-human primates. He also conducted excavations in Ethiopia and a search for ancient humans in California. He was very popular in the United States.
In 1972, Leakey died of a heart attack in London. Mary Leakey continued her research, and later made perhaps the most important discovery in Palaeolithic archaeology, finding the Laetoli footprints. Louis' son, Richard Leakey, became a famous paleoanthropologist himself.
Work
In the time when scientists believed that humanity originated somewhere in Asia, Leakey argued that early human ancestors come from Africa. He found numerous bones, tools, and artifacts, especially at Olduval Gorge and Rusinga Island, which led him to such beliefs. His early find, found in 1932 at Kanam and Kanjera, which Leakey named "Homo kanamensis", was thought to be the oldest Homo sapiens in the world, and the true ancestor of humans. However, when Leakey was unable to show the site where he originally found the bones, his discovery was discarded. Modern scientists believe that the fossils of Homo kanamensis were in fact modern human bones buried in older sediments.
Leakey argued that human lineage had distinctive roots, separate from all other hominid lines, including Java Man, Peking Man, Rhodesian Man, and Neanderthal. He put all latter in the line of Paleoanthropidae or ancient men, while he considered human lineage as a separate line, or Neoanthropidae (new men). Leakey even claimed that both Australopithecus and Homo erectus did not belong into the line of true humans, but that they were just extinct offshoots of it. Modern scientists consider Java, Peking, Rhodesian Man, and Neanderthal as direct ancestors or at least close relatives to a modern man.
Among Leakey’s many extraordinary finds was the 1959 unearthing of Zinjanthropus, a robust hominid that hinted at the great complexity of mankind's evolutionary roots. Leakey called it Zinjanthropus boisei, and believed that it belonged in a line of direct human ancestors. In 1964 the find was recognized as the new species – Homo habilis, or “the human who used tools”. Using a new method of dating, the carbon-14 technique, researchers from the University of California at Berkeley estimate that the site where they were found and the bones themselves were 1.75 million years old.
Legacy
Even though he was wrong in many premises, Leakey’s work was an important step in the discovery of the origins of modern humans. His find Zinjanthropus boisei, later named Homo habilis, established that human ancestors used tools 1.75 million years ago. Later findings of his wife Mary and his son Richard also contributed toward defining the roots of human lineage.
Another one of Leakey's greatest legacies stems from his role in fostering field research of primates in their natural habitats, which he understood as key to unraveling the mysteries of human evolution. Leakey touch chose three female researchers, later dubbed 'Leakey's Angels', who each went on to become giants in the field of primatology. Jane Goodall became the first of Leakey's Angels in 1957, when she began her first field study of chimpanzee culture in the Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania. In 1967, Dian Fossey became Leakey's second Angel, beginning her extended study of mountain gorillas in the Virunga Volcanoes of Rwanda. In 1971, Biruté Galdikas became the third, when she began field studies of orangutans in the jungles of Borneo.
Publications
- Leakey, Louis. 1931. The Stone Age cultures of Kenya Colony. The University Press
- Leakey, Louis. 1966. White African. London: Silver Burdett Press (original published 1937). ISBN 087073721X
- Leakey, Louis. 1969. Unveiling Man's Origins: Ten Decades of Thought About Human Evolution. Silver Burdett Press. ISBN 0870737104
- Leakey, Louis. 1976. By the evidence: Memoirs, 1932-1951. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch. ISBN 015615000X
- Leakey, Louis. 1980. Adam's Ancestors the Evolution of Man and His Culture. Peter Smith Pub Inc. ISBN 0844624403
- Leakey, Louis. 1981. Progress and Evolution of Man in Africa. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192114247
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Cole, Sonia. 1975. Leakey's Luck: The Life of Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey, 1903-1972. Harcourt. ISBN 0151494568
- Isaac, Glynn L. 1976. Human Origins: Louis Leakey and the East African Evidence (Perspectives on Human Evolution). W. A. Benjamin Advanced Bk Program. ISBN 0805399429
- Morell, Virginia. 1996. Ancestral passions: The Leakey family and the quest for humankind's beginnings. Touchstone. ISBN 0684824701
- Poynter, Margaret. 1997. The Leakeys: Uncovering the Origins of Humankind. Enslow Publishers. ISBN 0894907883
External links
- LeakeyFoundation.org - The Leakey Foundation: committed to research related to human origins
- TalkOrigins.org - Louis Leakey
- Ancestry lines – The human lineage
- Bibliography – Short biography
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