Encyclopedia, Difference between revisions of "Leo Frobenius" - New World
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[[Image:Leo Frobenius.jpg|thumb|220px|Leo Frobenius]] | [[Image:Leo Frobenius.jpg|thumb|220px|Leo Frobenius]] | ||
| − | '''Leo Viktor Frobenius''' (June 29, 1873 – August 9, 1938) was a [[Germany|German]] [[ethnology|ethnologist]] and [[archaeology|archaeologist]], one of the leading experts on [[prehistory|prehistoric]] [[art]]. He was also one of the initiators of the culture-historical approach to [[ethnology]]. | + | '''Leo Viktor Frobenius''' (June 29, 1873 – August 9, 1938) was a [[Germany|German]] [[ethnology|ethnologist]] and [[archaeology|archaeologist]], one of the leading experts on [[prehistory|prehistoric]] [[art]]. He was also one of the initiators of the culture-historical approach to [[ethnology]]. Frobenius introduced the term ''Kulturkreis'' (culture circle) to describe the area of influence of a particular [[culture]] over other cultures. This idea was based on the concept of cultural diffusion as the method by which elements of a culture, both material things and in the form of ideas and [[custom]]s, spread from their point of origin to more distant human societies. Frobenius also believed that cultures grow and decline, much as all organic life does, noting three phases in the life of a culture. He also recognized that [[Africa]]n culture was as significant in human history as that of other continents, a view not commonly held in his time. Thus, Frobenius contributed to our understanding of the connections among different human societies, bringing us closer to one human family. |
==Life== | ==Life== | ||
| − | '''Leo Frobenius''' was born on June 29, 1873, in Berlin, [[Germany ]], the son of a [[Prussia]]n officer. Already as a child he showed enthusiasm toward collecting of | + | '''Leo Frobenius''' was born on June 29, 1873, in Berlin, [[Germany ]], the son of a [[Prussia]]n officer. Already as a child he showed enthusiasm toward the collecting of [[Africa]]n artifacts. By young adulthood he had assembled a significant collection of written and pictorial material of particular ethnological motifs. This collection later became part of his wider assembly of African art, many pieces of which are today in Frobenius Institute in the University of Frankfurt. |
| − | Frobenius never completed [[high school]], or received any form of formal education. This | + | Frobenius never completed [[high school]], or received any form of formal education. This was due to the fact that his father, an army officer, had to move around and always took his family with him. Frobenius never had a chance to complete school. He was mostly self-taught, studying the works of Heinrich Schurtz (whom Frobenius considered his teacher), [[Friedrich Ratzel]], and Richard Andree. He was particularly fascinated by the work of [[Heinrich Schliemann]]. |
In the period between 1904 and 1935, Frobenius led 12 expeditions to [[Africa]]. His first expedition in 1904 was to the Kasai district in [[Congo]]. There he studied the rock paintings and other art of local tribes. The results of his research were published in his ''Und Afrika sprach'', 3 vols. (1912/13; translated in 1913 as ''The Voice of Africa'', 2 vols.). | In the period between 1904 and 1935, Frobenius led 12 expeditions to [[Africa]]. His first expedition in 1904 was to the Kasai district in [[Congo]]. There he studied the rock paintings and other art of local tribes. The results of his research were published in his ''Und Afrika sprach'', 3 vols. (1912/13; translated in 1913 as ''The Voice of Africa'', 2 vols.). | ||
| − | Until 1918 he traveled to the western and central [[Sudan]], and in northern and northeastern Africa. Between 1921 and 1928 he published 12- | + | Until 1918 he traveled to the western and central [[Sudan]], and in northern and northeastern Africa. Between 1921 and 1928, he published a 12-volume series of folk tales and [[poetry|poems]] under the title ''Atlantis'', which served as an excellent source of material for historians of [[religion]]. He also visited [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Libya]], [[Egypt]], and [[South Africa]]. He later traveled to explore centers of prehistoric art in the [[Alps]], [[Norway]] and [[Spain]]. His last expedition in 1938 was to [[Australia]], where he studied Aboriginal art. His book ''Kulturgeschichte Afrikas'' (1933) summarized his research. |
In 1920, he founded the Institute for Cultural Morphology in Munich, where he exhibited his entire collection. In 1925, the institute was moved to Frankfurt. The University of Frankfurt in 1932 granted Frobenius an honorary lectureship in the department of [[ethnology]] and cultural studies. In 1934, he was appointed director of the Municipal Ethnological Museum in Frankfurt. In 1938 he established a periodical ''Paideuma'', devoted to the problem of cultural morphology. | In 1920, he founded the Institute for Cultural Morphology in Munich, where he exhibited his entire collection. In 1925, the institute was moved to Frankfurt. The University of Frankfurt in 1932 granted Frobenius an honorary lectureship in the department of [[ethnology]] and cultural studies. In 1934, he was appointed director of the Municipal Ethnological Museum in Frankfurt. In 1938 he established a periodical ''Paideuma'', devoted to the problem of cultural morphology. | ||
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==Work== | ==Work== | ||
| − | Drawing upon the work of [[Friedrich Ratzel]], in his work from 1898 ''Der Ursprung der afrikanischen Kulturen'' (''The origin of African culture''), Frobenius introduced his definition of the term ''Kulturkreise'' (“culture circle”). Generally ''Kulturkreise'' referred to a larger sphere of [[culture|cultural]] influence that develops from a center of origin toward the periphery, and has impact on other cultures in its area of influence. However, unlike other German ethnologists who traced particular elements of a culture and tried to find their origin in a particular ''Kulturkreise'', Frobenius believed that all cultural elements need to be | + | Drawing upon the work of [[Friedrich Ratzel]], in his work from 1898 ''Der Ursprung der afrikanischen Kulturen'' (''The origin of African culture''), Frobenius introduced his definition of the term ''Kulturkreise'' (“culture circle”). Generally ''Kulturkreise'' referred to a larger sphere of [[culture|cultural]] influence that develops from a center of origin toward the periphery, and has impact on other cultures in its area of influence. However, unlike other German ethnologists who traced particular elements of a culture and tried to find their origin in a particular ''Kulturkreise'', Frobenius believed that all cultural elements need to be viewed in the more complex context of their culture as a totality. In another words, he argued that elements of culture should be studied as part of the organic whole of which they are parts. Only then one can understand the complex, historical nature of a particular culture. He also supported the notion of "cultural diffusion," the spread of ideas and material culture through conquest or [[trade]]. |
Frobenius believed that cultures exhibit "biological" characteristics, similar to living organisms. Every culture passes through “life cycle,” or stages of development. In that manner, he identified three main stages: | Frobenius believed that cultures exhibit "biological" characteristics, similar to living organisms. Every culture passes through “life cycle,” or stages of development. In that manner, he identified three main stages: | ||
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# '''Anwendung''' (lit. "utilization") – a culture’s old age. | # '''Anwendung''' (lit. "utilization") – a culture’s old age. | ||
| − | Cultures, argued Frobenius, have laws of their own, independently of people who live in them. Those laws, just like biological laws of nature, guide them through their life cycles. He | + | Cultures, argued Frobenius, have laws of their own, independently of the people who live in them. Those laws, just like biological laws of nature, guide them through their life cycles. He used the Greek word ''paideuma'' to describe that internal law. His entire book, ''Paideuma: Umrisse einer Kultur- und Seelenlehre'' (''Outline of a theory of culture and spirit''; 1921) was on this topic. This concept of culture as a living organism was influenced by the theories of [[Oswald Spengler]]. |
| − | Frobenius was especially inspired by African cultures, and regarded them as genuine as cultures of other continents. This view was rather novel, in | + | Frobenius was especially inspired by African cultures, and regarded them to be as genuine as the cultures of other continents. This view was rather novel, in a time when others thought of Africa as “without history.” He tried to bring African history out of the darkness, putting it into a historical relationship with other cultures. Frobenius’ writing with Douglas Fox, ''African Genesis: Folk Tales and Myths of Africa'', was a channel through which some African traditional storytelling and epics entered European literature. |
| − | In 1911, Frobenius claimed that he had found proof of the existence of the lost continent of [[Atlantis]]. This was based on some [[sculpture]]s which he discovered in the area of Ile-Ife in south-western [[Nigeria]]. The statues were made in [[bronze]] and [[terra cotta]], and were so naturalistic that Frobenius concluded that they could not have been made by Africans, but by some unknown [[civilization]]. He believed that a great civilization existed in the heart of Africa, and that it gradually disappeared. He saw evidence for his claims in local vegetation, [[architecture]], and even local [[myth]]s and fairytales. Later archeologists, however, have attributed the artifacts found by Frobenius as belonging to the Yoruba culture. | + | In 1911, Frobenius claimed that he had found proof of the existence of the lost continent of [[Atlantis]]. This was based on some [[sculpture]]s which he discovered in the area of Ile-Ife in south-western [[Nigeria]]. The statues were made in [[bronze]] and [[terra cotta]], and were so naturalistic that Frobenius concluded that they could not have been made by Africans, but rather by some unknown [[civilization]]. He believed that a great civilization existed in the heart of Africa, and that it gradually disappeared. He saw evidence for his claims in local vegetation, [[architecture]], and even local [[myth]]s and fairytales. Later archeologists, however, have attributed the artifacts found by Frobenius as belonging to the Yoruba culture. |
==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
| Line 41: | Line 41: | ||
Due to his studies in African history, Frobenius is a figure of renown in many African countries even today. In particular, he influenced [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]], one of the founders of Négritude and first president of [[Senegal]], who once claimed that Frobenius had "given Africa back its dignity and identity." Aimé Césaire, a Martinican poet, also quoted Frobenius as praising African people as being "civilized to the marrow of their bones," as opposed to the degrading vision encouraged by colonial propaganda. | Due to his studies in African history, Frobenius is a figure of renown in many African countries even today. In particular, he influenced [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]], one of the founders of Négritude and first president of [[Senegal]], who once claimed that Frobenius had "given Africa back its dignity and identity." Aimé Césaire, a Martinican poet, also quoted Frobenius as praising African people as being "civilized to the marrow of their bones," as opposed to the degrading vision encouraged by colonial propaganda. | ||
| − | + | Frobenius’ concept of ''Kulturkreise'' was further extended and developed by [[Fritz Graebner]]. | |
In 1925, the city of Frankfurt acquired his collection of about 4700 prehistorical African stone paintings, currently at the University's institute of [[ethnology]], which was named the Frobenius Institute in his honor in 1946. | In 1925, the city of Frankfurt acquired his collection of about 4700 prehistorical African stone paintings, currently at the University's institute of [[ethnology]], which was named the Frobenius Institute in his honor in 1946. | ||
| Line 72: | Line 72: | ||
* [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=11722 Leo Frobenius (1873-1938)]. – Biography on Literary Encyclopedia website | * [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=11722 Leo Frobenius (1873-1938)]. – Biography on Literary Encyclopedia website | ||
| − | * [http://www.frobenius-institut.de/index2_en.htm?frobenius_en.htm Frobenius Institute] – Website of the Frobenius Institute, with | + | * [http://www.frobenius-institut.de/index2_en.htm?frobenius_en.htm Frobenius Institute] – Website of the Frobenius Institute, with resources on Frobenius’ expeditions |
* [http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/15 Friedrich Ratzel, Clark Wissler, and Carl Sauer: Culture Area Research and Mapping] – Short history of the idea of ''Kulturkreise'' | * [http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/15 Friedrich Ratzel, Clark Wissler, and Carl Sauer: Culture Area Research and Mapping] – Short history of the idea of ''Kulturkreise'' | ||
| − | * [http://www.historywiz.com/artists.htm Yoruba mask] – Yoruba artwork, | + | * [http://www.historywiz.com/artists.htm Yoruba mask] – Yoruba artwork, which Frobenius thought to be from Atlantis |
* [http://courses.missouristate.edu/waw105f/DIFFUSIONISM.htm Diffusionism as an anthropological paradigm] – History of the idea of “cultural diffusion” | * [http://courses.missouristate.edu/waw105f/DIFFUSIONISM.htm Diffusionism as an anthropological paradigm] – History of the idea of “cultural diffusion” | ||
* [http://www.metrum.org/mapping/atlantis.htm Atlantis] – Search for Atlantis | * [http://www.metrum.org/mapping/atlantis.htm Atlantis] – Search for Atlantis | ||
{{Credit1|Leo_Frobenius|81438138|}} | {{Credit1|Leo_Frobenius|81438138|}} | ||
Revision as of 20:38, 25 December 2006
Leo Viktor Frobenius (June 29, 1873 – August 9, 1938) was a German ethnologist and archaeologist, one of the leading experts on prehistoric art. He was also one of the initiators of the culture-historical approach to ethnology. Frobenius introduced the term Kulturkreis (culture circle) to describe the area of influence of a particular culture over other cultures. This idea was based on the concept of cultural diffusion as the method by which elements of a culture, both material things and in the form of ideas and customs, spread from their point of origin to more distant human societies. Frobenius also believed that cultures grow and decline, much as all organic life does, noting three phases in the life of a culture. He also recognized that African culture was as significant in human history as that of other continents, a view not commonly held in his time. Thus, Frobenius contributed to our understanding of the connections among different human societies, bringing us closer to one human family.
Life
Leo Frobenius was born on June 29, 1873, in Berlin, Germany , the son of a Prussian officer. Already as a child he showed enthusiasm toward the collecting of African artifacts. By young adulthood he had assembled a significant collection of written and pictorial material of particular ethnological motifs. This collection later became part of his wider assembly of African art, many pieces of which are today in Frobenius Institute in the University of Frankfurt.
Frobenius never completed high school, or received any form of formal education. This was due to the fact that his father, an army officer, had to move around and always took his family with him. Frobenius never had a chance to complete school. He was mostly self-taught, studying the works of Heinrich Schurtz (whom Frobenius considered his teacher), Friedrich Ratzel, and Richard Andree. He was particularly fascinated by the work of Heinrich Schliemann.
In the period between 1904 and 1935, Frobenius led 12 expeditions to Africa. His first expedition in 1904 was to the Kasai district in Congo. There he studied the rock paintings and other art of local tribes. The results of his research were published in his Und Afrika sprach, 3 vols. (1912/13; translated in 1913 as The Voice of Africa, 2 vols.).
Until 1918 he traveled to the western and central Sudan, and in northern and northeastern Africa. Between 1921 and 1928, he published a 12-volume series of folk tales and poems under the title Atlantis, which served as an excellent source of material for historians of religion. He also visited Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, and South Africa. He later traveled to explore centers of prehistoric art in the Alps, Norway and Spain. His last expedition in 1938 was to Australia, where he studied Aboriginal art. His book Kulturgeschichte Afrikas (1933) summarized his research.
In 1920, he founded the Institute for Cultural Morphology in Munich, where he exhibited his entire collection. In 1925, the institute was moved to Frankfurt. The University of Frankfurt in 1932 granted Frobenius an honorary lectureship in the department of ethnology and cultural studies. In 1934, he was appointed director of the Municipal Ethnological Museum in Frankfurt. In 1938 he established a periodical Paideuma, devoted to the problem of cultural morphology.
Frobenius died in his residence in Biganzolo, Lago Maggiore, Italy, shortly after his 65th birthday.
Work
Drawing upon the work of Friedrich Ratzel, in his work from 1898 Der Ursprung der afrikanischen Kulturen (The origin of African culture), Frobenius introduced his definition of the term Kulturkreise (“culture circle”). Generally Kulturkreise referred to a larger sphere of cultural influence that develops from a center of origin toward the periphery, and has impact on other cultures in its area of influence. However, unlike other German ethnologists who traced particular elements of a culture and tried to find their origin in a particular Kulturkreise, Frobenius believed that all cultural elements need to be viewed in the more complex context of their culture as a totality. In another words, he argued that elements of culture should be studied as part of the organic whole of which they are parts. Only then one can understand the complex, historical nature of a particular culture. He also supported the notion of "cultural diffusion," the spread of ideas and material culture through conquest or trade.
Frobenius believed that cultures exhibit "biological" characteristics, similar to living organisms. Every culture passes through “life cycle,” or stages of development. In that manner, he identified three main stages:
- Ergriffenheit (lit. "emotion") - a culture's youth;
- Ausdruck (lit. "expression") - a culture's maturity; and
- Anwendung (lit. "utilization") – a culture’s old age.
Cultures, argued Frobenius, have laws of their own, independently of the people who live in them. Those laws, just like biological laws of nature, guide them through their life cycles. He used the Greek word paideuma to describe that internal law. His entire book, Paideuma: Umrisse einer Kultur- und Seelenlehre (Outline of a theory of culture and spirit; 1921) was on this topic. This concept of culture as a living organism was influenced by the theories of Oswald Spengler.
Frobenius was especially inspired by African cultures, and regarded them to be as genuine as the cultures of other continents. This view was rather novel, in a time when others thought of Africa as “without history.” He tried to bring African history out of the darkness, putting it into a historical relationship with other cultures. Frobenius’ writing with Douglas Fox, African Genesis: Folk Tales and Myths of Africa, was a channel through which some African traditional storytelling and epics entered European literature.
In 1911, Frobenius claimed that he had found proof of the existence of the lost continent of Atlantis. This was based on some sculptures which he discovered in the area of Ile-Ife in south-western Nigeria. The statues were made in bronze and terra cotta, and were so naturalistic that Frobenius concluded that they could not have been made by Africans, but rather by some unknown civilization. He believed that a great civilization existed in the heart of Africa, and that it gradually disappeared. He saw evidence for his claims in local vegetation, architecture, and even local myths and fairytales. Later archeologists, however, have attributed the artifacts found by Frobenius as belonging to the Yoruba culture.
Legacy
Due to his studies in African history, Frobenius is a figure of renown in many African countries even today. In particular, he influenced Léopold Sédar Senghor, one of the founders of Négritude and first president of Senegal, who once claimed that Frobenius had "given Africa back its dignity and identity." Aimé Césaire, a Martinican poet, also quoted Frobenius as praising African people as being "civilized to the marrow of their bones," as opposed to the degrading vision encouraged by colonial propaganda.
Frobenius’ concept of Kulturkreise was further extended and developed by Fritz Graebner.
In 1925, the city of Frankfurt acquired his collection of about 4700 prehistorical African stone paintings, currently at the University's institute of ethnology, which was named the Frobenius Institute in his honor in 1946.
Publications
- Frobenius, Leo. 1897/98. Der westafrikanische Kulturkreis. Gotha: Justus Perthes
- Frobenius, Leo. 1898. Der Ursprung der afrikanischen Kulturen. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger
- Frobenius, Leo. 1903. Weltgeschichte des Krieges. Hannover: Gebrüder Jänecke
- Frobenius, Leo. 1921. Paideuma: Umrisse einer Kultur- und Seelenlehre . München: Beck
- Frobenius, Leo. 1921-1928. Atlantis; Volksmärchen und Volksdichtungen Afrikas (12 Vols.). Jena: E. Diederichs
- Frobenius, Leo. 1923. Dokumente zur Kulturphysiognomik. Vom Kulturreich des Festlandes. Berlin: Volksverband der bücherfreunde
- Frobenius, Leo. 1931. Erythräa. Länder und Zeiten des heiligen Königsmords. Berlin: Atlantis-Verlag
- Frobenius, Leo. 1933. Kulturgeschichte Afrikas. Erschienen im Phaidon Verlag
- Frobenius, Leo. 1950 (original work published 1936). Das Urbild: Cicerone zur vorgeschichtlichen Reichsbildergalerie. Frankfurt: Forschungsinstitut fur Kulturmorphologie
- Frobenius, Leo. 1980 (original work published in 1913). Voice of Africa. Arno Press. ISBN 0405085370
- Frobenius, Leo. 1972 (original work published in 1937). Prehistoric Rock Pictures in Europe and Africa. Ayer Co Pub. ISBN 0405015615
- Frobenius, Leo & Diederichs, Ulf. 1980. Schwarze Sonne Afrika: Mythen, Marchen und Magie. Düsseldorf: E. Diederichs
- Frobenius, Leo & Fox, Douglas C. 1999 (original work published in 1937). African Genesis: Folk Tales and Myths of Africa. Dover Publications. ISBN 0486409112
- Frobenius, Leo & Haberland, Eike. 2006. Leo Frobenius on African History, Art, and Culture: An Anthology. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Pub. ISBN 1558764267
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- BookRags.com Biography of Leo Frobenius. Retrieved on December 19, 2006
- Encyclopedia Britannica. Leo Frobenius (1873-1938). Retrieved on December 19, 2006
- Heinrichs, Hans-Jurgen. 2000. Léo Frobenius: anthropologue, explorateur, aventurier. L'Harmattan. ISBN 2738479669
- Kriel A. P. 1973. The legacy of Leo Frobenius: An inaugural lecture given in the University of Fort Hare on the 16th March, 1973. Fort Hare University Press. ISBN 0949974145
External links
- Leo Frobenius (1873-1938). – Biography on Literary Encyclopedia website
- Frobenius Institute – Website of the Frobenius Institute, with resources on Frobenius’ expeditions
- Friedrich Ratzel, Clark Wissler, and Carl Sauer: Culture Area Research and Mapping – Short history of the idea of Kulturkreise
- Yoruba mask – Yoruba artwork, which Frobenius thought to be from Atlantis
- Diffusionism as an anthropological paradigm – History of the idea of “cultural diffusion”
- Atlantis – Search for Atlantis
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