Large intestine

Large intestine
Front of abdomen, showing the large intestine, with the stomach and small intestine in dashed outline.
Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for liver (red), and the stomach and large intestine (blue).
Latin	intestinum crassum
Gray's	subject #249 1177
Lymph	inferior mesenteric lymph nodes
Dorlands/Elsevier	i_11/12456545

The large intestine is the terminal portion of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) of vertebrates prior to the anus or cloaca. Vertebrate intestines—the long, tubular portion of the gut that extends from the stomach to the anus or cloaca— tend to be divided into small intestine and large intestine, with the lower portion designated the large intestine. Its function is to absorb the remaining water from indigestible food matter, stores these unusable food matter (wastes), and then eliminates the wastes from the body.

or the organ which is now more commonly referred to by its Greek name, the colon, is the last part of the digestive system: the final stage of the alimentary canal in vertebrate animals. the more terminal division of the vertebrate intestine that is wider and shorter than the small intestine

The large intestine starts in the right iliac region of the pelvis, just at or below the right waist. Joined to the bottom end of the small intestine, it consists of the cecum and colon. The large intestine is about 1.5 meters long, which is about one-fifth of the whole length of the intestinal canal.

The small intestine is the narrow tube of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) of vertebrates between the stomach and the large intestine that is responsible for most of the digestion. Vertebrate intestines—the long, tubular portion of the gut that extends from the stomach to the anus or cloaca— tend to be divided into small intestine and large intestines, with the upper portion designated the small intestine.

Just as the various parts of the body work together harmonious to provide for the health of the entire body, the small intestine provides an important function for the whole: digestion and absorption of nutrients and water, as well as an immune function in protection against invaders. In turn, the body supports the small intestine's individual purpose of survival, maintenance, and development by providing nourishment for the small intestine's cells and carrying away metabolic waste products.

In cartilaginous fishes and some primitive bony fishes (eg., lungfish, sturgeon), the intestine is relatively straight and short, and many fishes have a spiral valve (Ritchison 2007). Amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, as well as some fish, tend to have an elongated and coiled small intestine (Ritchison 2007). In mammals, including humans, the small intestine is divided into three sections, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Although it is called "small intestine," it is longer in mammals than is the long intestine, but is narrower in diameter.

In the anatomy of the digestive system, the colon is a part of the large intestine, but very often is incorrectly used in the meaning of the whole large intestine altogether; it is really only the biggest part of the large intestine. The main function of the colon appears to be extraction of water from feces. In mammals, it consists of the ascending colon, transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon. The colon from cecum to the mid-transverse colon is also known as the right colon. The remainder is known as the left colon.

The small intestine in humans is typically four to five times longer than the large intestine. On average, the diameter of the small intestine of an adult human measures approximately 2.5 to 3 centimeters, and the large intestine measures about 7.6 centimeters in diameter.

Function and relation to other organs

The large intestine takes 12 to 25 hours to finish up the remaining processes of the digestive system. Food is not broken down any further in this stage of digestion. The large intestine simply absorbs vitamins that are created by the bacteria inhabiting the colon. It is also very important in absorbing water and compacting the feces.

The large intestine differs most obviously from the small intestine in being wider and in showing the longitudinal layer of the muscularis to have been reduced to 3 strap-like structures known as the taeniae coli. The wall of the large intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelium. Instead of having the evaginations of the SI (villi) the LI has invaginations (the intestinal glands). While both the SI and the LI have goblet cells, they are abundant in the LI.

The vermiform appendix is attached to its posteromedial surface of the large intestine. It contains masses of lymphoid tissue. It is a part of MALT which gives the appendix an important role in immunity. Appendicitis is the result of a blockage that traps infectious material in the lumen. The appendix can be removed with no damage or consequence to the patient

Bacterial flora

The large intestine houses over 700 species of bacteria that perform a variety of functions.

The large intestine absorbs some of the products formed by the bacteria inhabiting this region. Undigested polysaccharides (fiber) are metabolized to short-chain fatty acids by bacteria in the large intestine and absorbed by passive diffusion. The bicarbonate the large intestine secretes helps to neutralise the increased acidity resulting from the formation of these fatty acids.

These bacteria also produce small amounts of vitamins, especially vitamin K and vitamin B, for absorption into the blood. Although this source of vitamins generally provides only a small part of the daily requirement, it makes a significant contribution when dietary vitamin intake is low. An individual who depends on absorption of vitamins formed by bacteria in the large intestine may become vitamin deficient if treated with antibiotics that inhibit other species of bacteria as well as the disease-causing bacteria.

Other bacterial products include gas (flatus), which is a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, with small amounts of the inflammable gases hydrogen, methane, and hydrogen sulphide. Bacterial fermentation of undigested polysaccharides produces these

The normal flora is also essential in the development of certain tissues, including the cecum and lymphatics.

They are also involved in the production of cross-reactive antibodies. These are antibodies produced by the immune system against the normal flora, that are also effective against related pathogens, thereby preventing infection or invasion.

The most prevelant bacteria are the bacteroides, which have been implicated in the initiation of colitis and colon cancer. Bifidobacteria are also abundant, and are often described as 'friendly bacteria'.

A mucus layer protects the large intestine from attacks from colonic commensal bacteria [1]. This mucus layer is called the mucosal barrier.

Parts and location

Parts of the large intestine are:

• Cecum - the first part of the large intestine
• Taeniae coli - three bands of smooth muscle
• Haustra - bulges caused by contraction of taeniae coli
• Epiploic appendages - small fat accumulations on the viscera

Locations along the colon are:

• The ascending colon
• The right colic (hepatic) flexure
• The transverse colon
• The transverse mesocolon
• The left colic (splenic) flexure
• The descending colon
• The sigmoid colon - the s shaped region of the large intestine

Additional images

• 

  Sigmoid colon and rectum, showing distribution of branches of inferior mesenteric artery and their anastomoses.

references

Bowen http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/largegut/index.html http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/largegut/anatomy.html

External links

• Overview and diagrams at seer.cancer.gov
• Template:MerckHome
• Photo at mgccc.cc.ms.us
• MeSH Large+Intestine

Template:Gray's

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