Difference between revisions of "Kwanzaa" - New World Encyclopedia

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'''Kwanzaa''' is a week-long annual celebration held in the United States and other nations of the [[African diaspora in the Americas]] to honor African heritage in [[African-American culture]]. It is observed from December 26 to January 1, culminating in gift-giving and a feast. Kwanzaa has seven core principles (''Nguzo Saba''). It was created by [[Maulana Karenga]] and was first celebrated in 1966–67.
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'''Kwanzaa''' is a week-long annual celebration held in the [[United States]] and other nations of the [[African diaspora]] to honor African heritage in [[African-American culture]]. It is observed from December 26 to January 1, culminating in gift-giving and a feast. In English, the proper greeting is "Joyous Kwanzaa."
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Kwanzaa was created by [[Maulana Karenga]] and was first celebrated in 1966–1967. The celebration has seven core principles (''Nguzo Saba''), representing African values which particularly focus on community and working together to create a society of beauty and prosperity shared by all.  
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
 
[[File:Kwanza-RonKarenga.jpg|thumb|250px|A 2003 Kwanzaa celebration with Kwanzaa founder [[Maulana Karenga]] at center, and others.]]
 
[[File:Kwanza-RonKarenga.jpg|thumb|250px|A 2003 Kwanzaa celebration with Kwanzaa founder [[Maulana Karenga]] at center, and others.]]
 
American [[Black Power]] activist and [[secular humanist]] [[Maulana Karenga]], also known as [[Ronald McKinley Everett]], created Kwanzaa in 1966, as a specifically African-American holiday.<ref>Ron  Alexander, [https://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F00B1EFD395C0C738FDDAB0994DB484D81 The Evening Hours] ''The New York Times'', December 30, 1983. Retrieved November 16, 2019.</ref>  
 
American [[Black Power]] activist and [[secular humanist]] [[Maulana Karenga]], also known as [[Ronald McKinley Everett]], created Kwanzaa in 1966, as a specifically African-American holiday.<ref>Ron  Alexander, [https://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F00B1EFD395C0C738FDDAB0994DB484D81 The Evening Hours] ''The New York Times'', December 30, 1983. Retrieved November 16, 2019.</ref>  
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Kwanzaa was established to help African Americans reconnect with their African cultural and historical heritage by uniting in [[meditation]] and study of African traditions and ''Nguzo Saba'', the "seven principles of African Heritage," which Karenga said "is a [[communitarian]] African philosophy."<ref name=Karenga/> For Karenga, the creation of such a holiday also underscored the essential premise: "you must have a cultural revolution before the violent revolution. The cultural revolution gives identity, purpose and direction."<ref name=Mayes/>
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Kwanzaa was established to help African Americans reconnect with their African cultural and historical heritage by uniting in [[meditation]] and study of African traditions and ''Nguzo Saba'', the "seven principles of African Heritage," which Karenga said "is a [[communitarian]] African philosophy."<ref name=Karenga/> For Karenga, the creation of such a holiday also underscored the essential premise: "you must have a cultural revolution before the violent revolution. The cultural revolution gives identity, purpose and direction."<ref name=Mayes>Keith A. Mayes, ''Kwanzaa: Black Power and the Making of the African-American Holiday Tradition'' (Routledge, 2009, ISBN 978-0415998543).</ref>
  
 
The name Kwanzaa derives from the [[Swahili language|Swahili]] phrase ''matunda ya kwanza'', meaning "first fruits of the harvest."<ref>Holly Hartman, [http://www.infoplease.com/spot/kwanzaa1.html Kwanzaa – Honoring the values of ancient African cultures] ''Infoplease''. Retrieved November 16, 2019.</ref> A more conventional translation would simply be "first fruits."  
 
The name Kwanzaa derives from the [[Swahili language|Swahili]] phrase ''matunda ya kwanza'', meaning "first fruits of the harvest."<ref>Holly Hartman, [http://www.infoplease.com/spot/kwanzaa1.html Kwanzaa – Honoring the values of ancient African cultures] ''Infoplease''. Retrieved November 16, 2019.</ref> A more conventional translation would simply be "first fruits."  
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Kwanzaa celebratory symbols include a mat ''(Mkeka)'' on which other symbols are placed: a ''[[Kinara]]'' (candle holder), ''Mishumaa Saba'' (seven candles), ''mazao'' (crops), ''Mahindi'' ([[maize|corn]]), a ''Kikombe cha Umoja'' (unity cup) for commemorating and giving shukrani (thanks) to African Ancestors, and ''Zawadi'' (gifts).<ref>Maitefa Angaza, ''Kwanzaa: From Holiday to Every Day'' (Dafina, 2007, ISBN 9780758216656).</ref> Supplemental representations include a Nguzo Saba poster, the [[Pan-African flag|black, red, and green]] ''bendera'' (flag), and African books and artworks – all to represent values and concepts reflective of African culture and contribution to community building and reinforcement.<ref>[http://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/symbols.shtml The Symbols of Kwanzaa] ''Official Kwanzaa Website''. Retrieved November 16, 2019.</ref>
 
Kwanzaa celebratory symbols include a mat ''(Mkeka)'' on which other symbols are placed: a ''[[Kinara]]'' (candle holder), ''Mishumaa Saba'' (seven candles), ''mazao'' (crops), ''Mahindi'' ([[maize|corn]]), a ''Kikombe cha Umoja'' (unity cup) for commemorating and giving shukrani (thanks) to African Ancestors, and ''Zawadi'' (gifts).<ref>Maitefa Angaza, ''Kwanzaa: From Holiday to Every Day'' (Dafina, 2007, ISBN 9780758216656).</ref> Supplemental representations include a Nguzo Saba poster, the [[Pan-African flag|black, red, and green]] ''bendera'' (flag), and African books and artworks – all to represent values and concepts reflective of African culture and contribution to community building and reinforcement.<ref>[http://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/symbols.shtml The Symbols of Kwanzaa] ''Official Kwanzaa Website''. Retrieved November 16, 2019.</ref>
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The shape of the kinara  was inspired by the form of the royal throne of the [[Ashanti Empire]], in what is now [[Ghana]].<ref name=TimeandDate>[https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/kwanzaa Kwanzaa (first day) in the United States] ''TimeandDate''. Retrieved November 17, 2019.</ref> The candles are also symbolic, numbering seven, one for each of the seven days and principles of Kwanzaa. There is one black candle in the center representing the people, three red for their struggle, and three green candles for the future and hope that comes from their struggle.<ref name=Karenga/>
  
 
==Observance==
 
==Observance==
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A Kwanzaa ceremony may include drumming and musical selections, libations, a reading of the African Pledge and the Principles of Blackness, reflection on the [[Pan-African colors]], a discussion of the African principle of the day or a chapter in African history, a candle-lighting ritual, artistic performance, and, finally, a feast ([[karamu (feast)|karamu]]).  
 
A Kwanzaa ceremony may include drumming and musical selections, libations, a reading of the African Pledge and the Principles of Blackness, reflection on the [[Pan-African colors]], a discussion of the African principle of the day or a chapter in African history, a candle-lighting ritual, artistic performance, and, finally, a feast ([[karamu (feast)|karamu]]).  
  
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At first, observers of Kwanzaa avoided the mixing of the holiday or its symbols, values, and practice with other holidays, as doing so would violate the principle of ''kujichagulia'' (self-determination) and thus violate the integrity of the holiday, which is partially intended as a reclamation of important African values. Today, many African American families celebrate Kwanzaa along with [[Christmas]] and [[New Year's]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/kwanzaa |title=Kwanzaa (until Jan 1) in the United States |website=Timeanddate.com |date= |accessdate=December 27, 2016}}</ref> Frequently, both Christmas trees and [[kinara]]s, the traditional candle holder symbolic of African American roots, share space in Kwanzaa-celebrating households. For people who celebrate both holidays, Kwanzaa is an opportunity to incorporate elements of their particular ethnic heritage into holiday observances and celebrations of Christmas.
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At first, observers of Kwanzaa avoided the mixing of the holiday or its symbols, values, and practice with other holidays, as doing so would violate the principle of ''kujichagulia'' (self-determination) and thus violate the integrity of the holiday, which is partially intended as a reclamation of important African values. Today, many African American families celebrate Kwanzaa along with [[Christmas]] and [[New Year's]].<ref name=TimeandDate/> Frequently, both Christmas trees and [[kinara]]s, the traditional candle holder symbolic of African American roots, share space in Kwanzaa-celebrating households. For people who celebrate both holidays, Kwanzaa is an opportunity to incorporate elements of their particular ethnic heritage into holiday observances and celebrations of Christmas.
  
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Cultural exhibitions include the Spirit of Kwanzaa, an annual celebration held at the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]] featuring [[interpretive dance]], [[African dance]], song and poetry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kennedy-center.org/calendar/index.cfm?fuseaction=showEvent&past=true&event=RHXAP |title=The Spirit of Kwanzaa – The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts |website=Kennedy-center.org |date= |accessdate=December 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.danceinstitute.org/aboutus3g.html|title=Dance Institute of Washington|date=February 21, 2001|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=October 25, 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010221084040/http://www.danceinstitute.org/aboutus3g.html|archivedate=February 21, 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://usps.com/communications/news/stamps/2004/sr04_070.htm|title=Kwanzaa Featured on This Year's Holiday U.S. Postage Stamp|date=October 19, 2004|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=October 25, 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041019032411/http://usps.com/communications/news/stamps/2004/sr04_070.htm|archivedate=October 19, 2004}}</ref>
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Cultural exhibitions include the "Spirit of Kwanzaa," an annual celebration featuring dance, music, and spoken word performances presented by the Dance Institute of Washington.<ref>[https://bbardc.org/event/the-spirit-of-kwanzaa/2019-12-21/ The Spirit of Kwanzaa] ''THEARC Theater''. Retrieved November 17, 2019.</ref>
  
 
==Adherence==
 
==Adherence==
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Starting in the 1990s, the holiday became increasingly commercialized, with the first [[Hallmark Cards|Hallmark Card]] being sold in 1992,<ref>Douglas Martin, [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/20/nyregion/the-marketing-of-kwanzaa-black-american-holiday-earns-dollars-causing-concern.html The Marketing of Kwanzaa; Black American Holiday Earns Dollars, Causing Concern] ''The New York Times'', December 20, 1993. Retrieved November 15, 2019.</ref> leading to concern about this damaging the holiday's values.<ref>[http://billingsgazette.com/lifestyles/commercialized-kwanzaa-worries-enthusiasts/article_5514246b-bfd0-575f-9937-f2c004850b63.html Commercialized Kwanzaa worries enthusiasts] ''The Billings Gazette'', December 28, 2001. Retrieved November 15, 2019.</ref>  The holiday also saw a greater public recognition as the first Kwanzaa [[postage stamp|stamp]], designed by [[Synthia Saint James]], was issued by the United States Post Office in 1997,<ref>Sewell Chan, [https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/26/after-40-years-does-kwanzaa-still-resonate/?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=D3ECF87C270073A6B1D2A6ED8831595F&gwt=pay&assetType=REGIWALL After 40 Years, Kwanzaa Spreads Its Roots] ''The New York Times'', December 26, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2019.</ref> and in the same year [[Bill Clinton]] gave the first presidential declaration marking the holiday.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/12/23/message/ Clinton Offers Holiday Messages] ''CNN'', December 23, 1997. Retrieved November 15, 2019.</ref>
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Starting in the 1990s, the holiday became increasingly commercialized, with the first [[Hallmark Cards|Hallmark Card]] being sold in 1992,<ref>Douglas Martin, [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/20/nyregion/the-marketing-of-kwanzaa-black-american-holiday-earns-dollars-causing-concern.html The Marketing of Kwanzaa; Black American Holiday Earns Dollars, Causing Concern] ''The New York Times'', December 20, 1993. Retrieved November 15, 2019.</ref> leading to concern about this damaging the holiday's values.<ref>[http://billingsgazette.com/lifestyles/commercialized-kwanzaa-worries-enthusiasts/article_5514246b-bfd0-575f-9937-f2c004850b63.html Commercialized Kwanzaa worries enthusiasts] ''The Billings Gazette'', December 28, 2001. Retrieved November 15, 2019.</ref>  The holiday also saw a greater public recognition as the first Kwanzaa [[postage stamp|stamp]], designed by [[Synthia Saint James]], was issued by the United States [[Post Office]] in 1997,<ref>Sewell Chan, [https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/26/after-40-years-does-kwanzaa-still-resonate/?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=D3ECF87C270073A6B1D2A6ED8831595F&gwt=pay&assetType=REGIWALL After 40 Years, Kwanzaa Spreads Its Roots] ''The New York Times'', December 26, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2019.</ref> and in the same year [[Bill Clinton]] gave the first presidential declaration marking the holiday.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/12/23/message/ Clinton Offers Holiday Messages] ''CNN'', December 23, 1997. Retrieved November 15, 2019.</ref>  
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The [[National Retail Federation]] has sponsored a marketing survey on winter holidays since 2004, and in 2015 found that 1.9% of those polled planned to celebrate Kwanzaa – about six million people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nrf.com/sites/default/files/Images/Media%20Center/Holiday%20%231%202015.pdf|title=Prosper Insights & Analytics™, Monthly Consumer Survey|last=|first=|date=October 2015|website=National Retail Federation|access-date=}}</ref> In a 2006 speech, Maulana Karenga asserted that 28 million people celebrate Kwanzaa.  He has always claimed it is celebrated all over the world.<ref name="Why Kwanzaa">{{cite web|url=http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/kwanzaa.html|publisher="[[Maulana Karenga]]"|title=Why Kwanzaa Video|accessdate=December 27, 2016}}</ref> The African American Cultural Center claimed 30 million in 2009.<ref name="ohioupost">"[http://www.thepostathens.com/archive/article_9b16d132-959d-5eb8-8c3b-4872797e1a3c.html Kwanzaa celebration unites African-American community]", ''The Post,''  Ohio University, November 1, 2011. Accessed December 31, 2014.</ref>
 
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According to [[University of Minnesota]] Professor Keith Mayes, the author of ''Kwanzaa: Black Power and the Making of the African-American Holiday Tradition,'' the popularity within the U.S. has "leveled off" as the [[black power movement]] there has declined, and as of 2009 between 500 thousand and two million Americans celebrated Kwanzaa, or between one and five percent of African Americans.<ref name=Mayes>Keith A. Mayes, ''Kwanzaa: Black Power and the Making of the African-American Holiday Tradition'' (Routledge, 2009, ISBN 978-0415998543).</ref> Mayes added that [[white people|white]] institutions now celebrate it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/nation/index.ssf/2009/12/kwanzaa_celebrations_continue.html|title=Kwanzaa celebrations continue, but boom is over, popularity fading|last=Scott|first=Megan K.|date=December 17, 2009|work=The Plain Dealer|access-date=December 24, 2017|agency=Associated Press|language=en-US}}</ref>
 
  
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The holiday has also spread to Canada and is celebrated by [[Black Canadians]] in a similar fashion as in the United States.<ref name="The principles of Kwanzaa">{{cite web|url=http://archives.cbc.ca/society/celebrations/clips/16226/ |title=The principles of Kwanzaa |publisher=CBC |date=December 28, 1993 |accessdate=December 16, 2011}}</ref> According to the Language Portal of Canada, "this fairly new tradition has [also] gained in popularity in France, Great Britain, Jamaica and Brazil".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/bien-well/fra-eng/vocabulaire-vocabulary/clbrt-kwanzaa-eng.html |title=Celebrate Kwanzaa! |publisher=Government of Canada |date=February 21, 2011  |accessdate=December 16, 2011}}</ref> Brazilian celebrations have been held in several cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blackwomenofbrazil.co/the-rising-popularity-of-kwanzaa-in-brazil/ |title=The rising popularity of Kwanzaa in Brazil: Festa in celebration of African heritage catching on in cities like Salvador and São Paulo |publisher=Black Women of Brazil |date=February 21, 2011 |accessdate=December 26, 2018}}</ref>
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Kwanzaa's popularity has spread beyond the United States to the World African community. The holiday had spread to [[Canada]] by the early 1990s, celebrated in a similar fashion as in the US.<ref>Anne-marie Pedersen, [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/kwanzaa Kwanzaa] ''The Canadian Encylcopedia'', March 4, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2019.</ref> Kwanzaa celebrations have become popular in [[Brazil]], being held in several cities.<ref>Marques Travae, [https://blackwomenofbrazil.co/the-rising-popularity-of-kwanzaa-in-brazil/ The rising popularity of Kwanzaa in Brazil: Festa in celebration of African heritage catching on in cities like Salvador and São Paulo] ''Black Women of Brazil'', December 25, 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2019.</ref>
  
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[[Maya Angelou]] narrated a [[documentary film]] about Kwanzaa, ''[[The Black Candle]]'', written and directed by [[M.K. Asante, Jr.]] and featuring [[Chuck D]], graduate of [[Goldsmiths, University of London|Goldsmiths university of London]].<ref name=Asante>[https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=98278817 Kwanzaa Celebration Captured In 'Black Candle'] ''NPR'', December 15, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2019.</ref>
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[[Maya Angelou]] narrated a 2008 [[documentary film]] about Kwanzaa, ''[[The Black Candle]]'', written and directed by [[M.K. Asante, Jr.]] and featuring [[Chuck D]], graduate of [[Goldsmiths, University of London|Goldsmiths university of London]].<ref name=Asante>[https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=98278817 Kwanzaa Celebration Captured In 'Black Candle'] ''NPR'', December 15, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2019.</ref>
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
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==External links==
 
==External links==
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All links retrieved  
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All links retrieved November 17, 2019.
 
* [http://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/index.shtml Kwanzaa]
 
* [http://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/index.shtml Kwanzaa]
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* [http://www.theblackcandle.com ''The Black Candle'': a Kwanzaa film narrated by Maya Angelou]
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* [https://mkasante.com/films/the-black-candle/''The Black Candle''] a Kwanzaa film narrated by Maya Angelou.
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* [http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/kwanzaa.html Why Kwanzaa was created by Karenga]
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* [http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/kwanzaa.html Why Kwanzaa]
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* [http://www.history.com/topics/holidays/kwanzaa-history The History Channel: Kwanzaa]
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* [http://www.history.com/topics/holidays/kwanzaa-history Kwanzaa] ''The History Channel''.
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* {{Cite web |title=The Meaning of Kwanzaa in 2003 |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1571259 |date=December 26, 2003 |work=[[The Tavis Smiley Show]] |publisher=[[NPR]]}} Interview: Karenga discusses the evolution of the holiday and its meaning.
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* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1571259 The Meaning of Kwanzaa in 2003] ''NPR''.
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* [http://www.oprah.com/spirit/dr-maya-angelou-on-kwanzaa Dr. Maya Angelou's thoughts on Kwanzaa]
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* [http://www.oprah.com/spirit/dr-maya-angelou-on-kwanzaa Dr. Maya Angelou's thoughts on Kwanzaa] ''Oprah''.
  
  

Latest revision as of 23:36, 17 November 2019

Kwanzaa
Kwanzaa
Seven candles in a kinara symbolize the seven principles of Kwanzaa
Observed by African Americans, parts of African diaspora
Type Cultural and ethnic
Significance Celebrates African heritage, unity, and culture.
Date December 26 to January 1
Celebrations Unity
Creativity
Faith
Giving gifts
Related to Pan-Africanism

Kwanzaa is a week-long annual celebration held in the United States and other nations of the African diaspora to honor African heritage in African-American culture. It is observed from December 26 to January 1, culminating in gift-giving and a feast. In English, the proper greeting is "Joyous Kwanzaa."

Kwanzaa was created by Maulana Karenga and was first celebrated in 1966–1967. The celebration has seven core principles (Nguzo Saba), representing African values which particularly focus on community and working together to create a society of beauty and prosperity shared by all.

History

A 2003 Kwanzaa celebration with Kwanzaa founder Maulana Karenga at center, and others.

American Black Power activist and secular humanist Maulana Karenga, also known as Ronald McKinley Everett, created Kwanzaa in 1966, as a specifically African-American holiday.[1] Kwanzaa was established to help African Americans reconnect with their African cultural and historical heritage by uniting in meditation and study of African traditions and Nguzo Saba, the "seven principles of African Heritage," which Karenga said "is a communitarian African philosophy."[2] For Karenga, the creation of such a holiday also underscored the essential premise: "you must have a cultural revolution before the violent revolution. The cultural revolution gives identity, purpose and direction."[3]

The name Kwanzaa derives from the Swahili phrase matunda ya kwanza, meaning "first fruits of the harvest."[4] A more conventional translation would simply be "first fruits."

The choice of Swahili, an East African language, reflects its status as a symbol of Pan-Africanism, especially in the 1960s, although most of the Atlantic slave trade that brought African people to America originated in West Africa.[5][6]

First fruits festivals exist in Southern Africa, celebrated in December/January with the southern solstice, and Karenga was partly inspired by an account he read of the Zulu festival Umkhosi Wokweshwama. It was decided to spell the holiday's name with an additional "a" so that it would have a symbolic seven letters.[3]

During the early years of Kwanzaa, Karenga said it was meant to be an alternative to Christmas. He believed Jesus was psychotic and Christianity was a "White" religion that Black people should shun.[7] As Kwanzaa gained mainstream adherents, Karenga altered his position so practicing Christians would not be alienated: "Kwanzaa was not created to give people an alternative to their own religion or religious holiday."[2] Many African Americans who celebrate Kwanzaa do so in addition to observing Christmas.[8]

Principles and symbols

A display of Kwanzaa symbols with fruit and vegetables

Kwanzaa celebrates the seven principles of Kwanzaa, or Nguzo Saba (originally Nguzu Saba – the seven principles of African Heritage), which Karenga said "is a communitarian African philosophy," consisting of "the best of African thought and practice in constant exchange with the world."[2] They were developed in 1965, a year before Kwanzaa itself. These seven principles comprise Kawaida, a Swahili word meaning "common."

Each of the seven days of Kwanzaa is dedicated to one of the following principles:[2]

  • Umoja (Unity): To strive for and to maintain unity in the family, community, nation, and race.
  • Kujichagulia (Self-Determination): To define and name ourselves, as well as to create and speak for ourselves.
  • Ujima (Collective Work and Responsibility): To build and maintain our community together and make our brothers' and sisters' problems our problems and to solve them together.
  • Ujamaa (Cooperative Economics): To build and maintain our own stores, shops, and other businesses and to profit from them together.
  • Nia (Purpose): To make our collective vocation the building and developing of our community in order to restore our people to their traditional greatness.
  • Kuumba (Creativity): To do always as much as we can, in the way we can, in order to leave our community more beautiful and beneficial than we inherited it.
  • Imani (Faith): To believe with all our hearts in our people, our parents, our teachers, our leaders, and the righteousness and victory of our struggle.

Kwanzaa celebratory symbols include a mat (Mkeka) on which other symbols are placed: a Kinara (candle holder), Mishumaa Saba (seven candles), mazao (crops), Mahindi (corn), a Kikombe cha Umoja (unity cup) for commemorating and giving shukrani (thanks) to African Ancestors, and Zawadi (gifts).[9] Supplemental representations include a Nguzo Saba poster, the black, red, and green bendera (flag), and African books and artworks – all to represent values and concepts reflective of African culture and contribution to community building and reinforcement.[10]

The shape of the kinara was inspired by the form of the royal throne of the Ashanti Empire, in what is now Ghana.[11] The candles are also symbolic, numbering seven, one for each of the seven days and principles of Kwanzaa. There is one black candle in the center representing the people, three red for their struggle, and three green candles for the future and hope that comes from their struggle.[2]

Observance

A woman lighting kinara candles for Kwanzaa.

The traditional Kwanzaa greeting is Habari Gani, a Swahili phrase meaning "How are you?" The answer is the principle for the day of Kwanzaa, "Umoja," on the first day, "Kujichagulia," on the second day and so forth.[12] In English, the proper greeting is "Joyous Kwanzaa."[13]

At the end of each day, celebrants light a candle starting with the black candle on the first night and continuing from left to right on the following days until all candles are lit on the seventh night.[13]

Families celebrating Kwanzaa decorate their households with objects of art, colorful African cloth such as kente, especially the wearing of kaftans by women, and fresh fruits that represent African idealism. It is customary to include children in Kwanzaa ceremonies and to give respect and gratitude to ancestors. Libations are shared, generally with a common chalice, Kikombe cha Umoja, passed around to all celebrants.

A Kwanzaa ceremony may include drumming and musical selections, libations, a reading of the African Pledge and the Principles of Blackness, reflection on the Pan-African colors, a discussion of the African principle of the day or a chapter in African history, a candle-lighting ritual, artistic performance, and, finally, a feast (karamu).

At first, observers of Kwanzaa avoided the mixing of the holiday or its symbols, values, and practice with other holidays, as doing so would violate the principle of kujichagulia (self-determination) and thus violate the integrity of the holiday, which is partially intended as a reclamation of important African values. Today, many African American families celebrate Kwanzaa along with Christmas and New Year's.[11] Frequently, both Christmas trees and kinaras, the traditional candle holder symbolic of African American roots, share space in Kwanzaa-celebrating households. For people who celebrate both holidays, Kwanzaa is an opportunity to incorporate elements of their particular ethnic heritage into holiday observances and celebrations of Christmas.

Cultural exhibitions include the "Spirit of Kwanzaa," an annual celebration featuring dance, music, and spoken word performances presented by the Dance Institute of Washington.[14]

Adherence

Starting in the 1990s, the holiday became increasingly commercialized, with the first Hallmark Card being sold in 1992,[15] leading to concern about this damaging the holiday's values.[16] The holiday also saw a greater public recognition as the first Kwanzaa stamp, designed by Synthia Saint James, was issued by the United States Post Office in 1997,[17] and in the same year Bill Clinton gave the first presidential declaration marking the holiday.[18]

Kwanzaa's popularity has spread beyond the United States to the World African community. The holiday had spread to Canada by the early 1990s, celebrated in a similar fashion as in the US.[19] Kwanzaa celebrations have become popular in Brazil, being held in several cities.[20]

Maya Angelou narrated a 2008 documentary film about Kwanzaa, The Black Candle, written and directed by M.K. Asante, Jr. and featuring Chuck D, graduate of Goldsmiths university of London.[21]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ron Alexander, The Evening Hours The New York Times, December 30, 1983. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Maulana Karenga, Kwanzaa: A Celebration of Family, Community and Culture (Kawaida Pubns, 2007, ISBN 978-0943412283).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Keith A. Mayes, Kwanzaa: Black Power and the Making of the African-American Holiday Tradition (Routledge, 2009, ISBN 978-0415998543).
  4. ↑ Holly Hartman, Kwanzaa – Honoring the values of ancient African cultures Infoplease. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  5. ↑ Herbert S. Klein, The Atlantic Slave Trade (Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0521182508).
  6. ↑ John M. Mugane, The Story of Swahili (Ohio University Press, 2015, ISBN 978-0896802933).
  7. ↑ Maulana Karenga, The Quotable Karenga (US Organization, 1967).
  8. ↑ Lena Williams, In Blacks' Homes, the Christmas and Kwanzaa Spirits Meet The New York Times, December 20, 1990. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  9. ↑ Maitefa Angaza, Kwanzaa: From Holiday to Every Day (Dafina, 2007, ISBN 9780758216656).
  10. ↑ The Symbols of Kwanzaa Official Kwanzaa Website. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kwanzaa (first day) in the United States TimeandDate. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
  12. ↑ Greetings Official Kwanzaa Website. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Sam Schwarz, What is Kwanzaa and When Does it Start? Newsweek, December 26, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  14. ↑ The Spirit of Kwanzaa THEARC Theater. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
  15. ↑ Douglas Martin, The Marketing of Kwanzaa; Black American Holiday Earns Dollars, Causing Concern The New York Times, December 20, 1993. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
  16. ↑ Commercialized Kwanzaa worries enthusiasts The Billings Gazette, December 28, 2001. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
  17. ↑ Sewell Chan, After 40 Years, Kwanzaa Spreads Its Roots The New York Times, December 26, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
  18. ↑ Clinton Offers Holiday Messages CNN, December 23, 1997. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
  19. ↑ Anne-marie Pedersen, Kwanzaa The Canadian Encylcopedia, March 4, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
  20. ↑ Marques Travae, The rising popularity of Kwanzaa in Brazil: Festa in celebration of African heritage catching on in cities like Salvador and São Paulo Black Women of Brazil, December 25, 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
  21. ↑ Kwanzaa Celebration Captured In 'Black Candle' NPR, December 15, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2019.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Angaza, Maitefa. Kwanzaa: From Holiday to Every Day. Dafina, 2007. ISBN 9780758216656
  • Karenga, Maulana. The Quotable Karenga. US Organization, 1967. ASIN B0007DTF4C
  • Karenga, Maulana. Kwanzaa: A Celebration of Family, Community and Culture. Kawaida Pubns, 2007. ISBN 978-0943412283
  • Klein, Herbert S. The Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0521182508
  • Mayes, Keith A. Kwanzaa: Black Power and the Making of the African-American Holiday Tradition. Routledge, 2009. ISBN 978-0415998543
  • Mugane, John M. The Story of Swahili. Ohio University Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0896802933

External links

All links retrieved November 17, 2019.


Holidays, Observances, and Celebrations in the United States of America
Family Christmas

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