Difference between revisions of "Jasmine" - New World Encyclopedia

Revision as of 20:37, 19 July 2007

Jasmine

Jasminum polyanthum

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Oleaceae
Genus:	Jasminum

Species

See text

Jasmine or Jessamine is any of the more than 200 species of shrubs and vines comprising the plant genus Jasminum of the olive family (Oleaceae). The term also refers to the aromatic oily mixture taken from these plants and used in making perfumes.

Jasmine is native to tropical and warm temperate regions of the Old World, chiefly Asia, with some species native to all continents except Antartica and North America. The term jasmine is also used for some species of plants of other genera: Confederate or star jasmine (Trachelospermum), Cape jasmine (Gardenia jasminoides), night-blooming jasmine (Cestrum nocturnum), and Carolina jasmine (Gelsemium).

Jasminum sambac is also the National Flower of Indonesia, where it is known as "Melati", and of the Philippines, where it is known as "Sampaguita". In Indonesia (especially the island of Java), it is the most important flower in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians.

It is widely grown throughout the tropics as an ornamental plant for its strongly scented flowers.

Description

The majority of jasmine species grow as climbers on other plants or on structures. The leaves can be either evergreen or deciduous, and are opposite in most species. The leaf shape is simple, trifoliate, or pinnate with up to nine leaflets.

Jasmine flowers are generally white, although some species have yellow flowers. Unlike most genera in the Oleaceae, which have four corolla lobes ("petals"), jasmines often have five or six lobes. They are often strongly and sweetly scented.

Flowering is in spring or summer in most species, but in a few species, notably J. nudiflorum, in winter on the bare branches of this deciduous species.

Cultivation and uses

Jasminum sambac flowers harvested for Malligai - Raama Baanam

Jasmines are widely cultivated for their flowers, enjoyed in the garden, as house plants, and as cut flowers. The flowers are worn by women in their hair in southern and southeast Asia.

Many species of jasmine also are used to yield an absolute which is used in the production of perfumes and incense. Similar to essential oils, absolutes are concentrated, highly-aromatic, oily mixtures extracted from plants. Whereas essential oils can typically be produced through steam distillation, absolutes require the use of solvent extraction techniques.

Jasmine tea is produced from dried flowers of Arabian jasmine (Jasminum sambac). Some claim that the daily consumption of jasmine tea is effective in preventing certain cancers. Jasmine tisane (any herbal infusion other than from the leaves of the tea bush) is consumed in China, where it is called Jasmine flower tea (茉莉花茶; pinyin: mò lì huā chá). Jasminum sambac flowers are also used to make tea, which often has a base of green tea, but sometimes an Oolong base is used.

The delicate Jasmine flower opens only at night and is plucked in the morning when the tiny petals are tightly closed. They are then stored in a cool place until night. Between six and eight in the evening, as the temperature cools, the petals begin to open. Flowers and tea are "mated" in machines that control temperature and humidity. It takes four hours or so for the tea to absorb the fragrance and flavour of the Jasmine blossoms, and for the highest grades, this process may be repeated as many as seven times. Because the tea has absorbed moisture from the flowers, it must be refired to prevent spoilage. The spent flowers may or may not be removed from the final product, as the flowers are completely dry and contain no aroma. If present, they simply add visual appeal and are no indication of the quality of the tea.

Jasminum officinale is the national flower of Pakistan, where it is known as the "Chameli" or "Yasmine". In Sanskrit, it is called Mallika. Jasmine is cultivated at Pangala, in Karnataka, India, and exported to Middle East countries

J. fluminense is an invasive species in Hawaii, where it is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine". J. dichotomum is also invasive in Florida.

In Thailand, jasmine flowers are used as a symbol of the mother.

Jasmine is the meaning of the name Gelsey. Typically reserved for females, it is of English origin.

Jasminum molle

Jasminum molle, commonly known as Indian Jui, is a small, bushy plant with simple ovate dark green small leaves and powdery satin white flowers. Possessing a strong gardenia like scent, flowers appear in bunches from summer to fall.

Jasminum molle is not very common though it deserves a special attention. The flower is held sacred to all forms of Goddess Devi and is used as sacred offerings during Hindu religious ceremonies. It is very easy to grow, and takes both sun and shade, dry and moist conditions, and thus is popular for a scented garden or as indoor plant.

The common names for Jasminum molle are Jui (Bengali), Juhi (Hindi), Jai (Marathi), Yuthika (Sanskrit), Uccimalligai (Tamil), Adavimalle (Telugu), Sucimulla (Malayalam) and Sanna mallige (Kannada).

Jasminum sambac

A double-flowered cultivar of Jasminum sambac in flower with an unopened bud. The flower smells exactly like the tea as it opens.

Jasminum sambac (syn. Nyctanthes sambac) is a species of jasmine native to southern Asia, in India, Philippines, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. It is an evergreen plant that reaches up to 1 to 3 meters in height. The leaves are opposite or in whorls of three, simple (not pinnate, like most other jasmines), ovate, 4-12.5 cm long and 2-7.5 cm broad. The flowers are produced in clusters of 3-12 together, strongly scented, with a white corolla 2-3 cm diameter with 5-9 lobes. The flowers open at night, and close in the morning. The fruit is a purple-black berry 1 cm in diameter.

Common names include Arabian Jasmine, Mogra (Hindi), Kampupot, Melati (Malay and Indonesian Language), Sampaguita (Tagalog), and Mallipu (Tamil).

Jasminum sambac is widely grown throughout the tropics as an ornamental plant for its strongly scented flowers. Numerous cultivars have been selected, including some with double flowers such as Jasminum sambac or 'Duke of Tuscany'.

The flower of Jasminum sambac is processed and used as the main ingredient in jasmine tea.

Jasminum sambac is the national flower of the Philippines, adopted by its government in 1937. In the Philippines, the flowers are gathered and strung into leis, corsages, and crowns or its oils distilled and sold in stores, streets, and outside churches. The garlands may be used to welcome guests, or as an offering or adornment in religious altars.

File:Ch alamat sampaguita.jpg

Philippines sampaguita Indonesia melati

It also is the national flower of Indonesia, being adopted by Indonesian government in 1990, along with Moon Orchid (Phalaenopsis amabilis) and Rafflesia arnoldii. In Indonesia, the flower symbolizes purity, eternal love, and nobility. It also symbolizes the beauty of a girl. The flower is commonly used in religious or cultural ceremony especially in Java and Bali. It is nicknamed puspa bangsa (nation flower or people flower) by the government.

In Hawaii, the flower is known as "pikake" or "pikaki," and is used to make fragrant leis. In South India, jasmines are strung into thick strands and worn as a hair adornment.

Selected species

Jasminum albicalyx
Jasminum amplexicaule
Jasminum angulare
Jasminum angustifolium
Jasminum arborescens
Jasminum attenuatum
Jasminum auriculatum
Jasminum azoricum
Jasminum beesianum
Jasminum cinnamomifolium
Jasminum coffeinum
Jasminum craibianum
Jasminum cuspidatumkmkm
Jasminum dichotomum – Gold Coast Jasmine
Jasminum dispermum
Jasminum duclouxii
Jasminum elongatum
Jasminum flexile
Jasminum floridum
Jasminum fluminense – African Jasmine
Jasminum fruticans
Jasminum fuchsiifolium
Jasminum grandiflorum – Spanish jasmine
Jasminum guangxiense
Jasminum hongshuihoense
Jasminum humile – Yellow Jasmine
Jasminum lanceolaria
Jasminum lang
Jasminum latifolium
Jasminum laurifolium

Jasminum longitubum
Jasminum mesnyi – Primrose Jasmine
Jasminum microcalyx
Jasminum molle - Indian Jui
Jasminum multiflorum – Star Jasmine
Jasminum nervosum
Jasminum nintooides
Jasminum nitidum – Shining Jasmine
Jasminum nudiflorum – Winter Jasmine
Jasminum odoratissimum
Jasminum officinale – Common Jasmine
Jasminum parkeri
Jasminum pentaneurum
Jasminum pierreanum
Jasminum polyanthum - Pink Jasmine
Jasminum prainii
Jasminum pubescens
Jasminum rehderianum
Jasminum rex
Jasminum roxburghianum
Jasminum rufohirtum
Jasminum sambac – Arabian Jasmine
Jasminum seguinii
Jasminum sinense
Jasminum stephanense
Jasminum subglandulosum
Jasminum subhumile
Jasminum tonkinense
Jasminum urophyllum
Jasminum wengeri
Jasminum yuanjiangense

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Ito Y, A Sugimoto, T Kakuda, and K Kubota. 2002. Identification of potent odorants in Chinese jasmine green tea scented with flowers of Jasminum sambac. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50 (17):4878-84.

Rohwer, Jens G. 1997. The Fruits of Jasminum mesnyi (Oleaceae), and the Distinction Between Jasminum and Menodora. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 84 (4):848.

Sadhu SK, MS Khan, T Ohtsuki, and M Ishibashi. 2007. Secoiridoid components from Jasminum grandiflorum. Phytochemistry. 68 (13):1718-21.

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@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 }}
-'''Jasmine''' or '''Jessamine''' (''Jasminum'') is a genus of [[shrub]]s and [[vine]]s in the olive family ([[Oleaceae]]), with about 200 species, native to tropical and warm temperate regions of the [[Old World]]. The majority of species grow as climbers on other plants or on structures. The [[leaf|leaves]] can be either [[evergreen]] or [[deciduous]], and are opposite in most species; leaf shape is simple, trifoliate or pinnate with up to nine leaflets.
+'''Jasmine''' or '''Jessamine''' is any of the more than 200 species of [[shrub]]s and [[vine]]s comprising the plant [[genus]] ''Jasminum'' of the olive family ([[Oleaceae]]). The term also refers to the aromatic oily mixture taken from these plants and used in making perfumes.
-Jasmine [[flower]]s are generally white, although some species have yellow flowers. Unlike most genera in the Oleaceae which have four corolla lobes ("petals"), jasmines often have five or six lobes. They are often strongly and sweetly scented. Flowering is in spring or summer in most species, but in a few species, notably ''J. nudiflorum'', in winter on the bare branches of this deciduous species.
+Jasmine is native to tropical and warm temperate regions of the [[Old World]], chiefly Asia, with some species native to all continents except Antartica and North America. The term jasmine is also used for some species of plants of other genera: Confederate or star jasmine (''[[Trachelospermum]]''), Cape jasmine (''[[Gardenia|Gardenia jasminoides]]''), night-blooming jasmine (''[[Cestrum nocturnum]]''), and Carolina jasmine (''[[Gelsemium]]'').
-''[[Trachelospermum]]'' : (Confederate or star jasmine)
+''Jasminum sambac'' is also the [[National emblem|National Flower]] of [[Indonesia]], where it is known as "Melati", and of the [[Philippines]], where it is known as  "[[Sampaguita]]". In Indonesia (especially the island of Java), it is the most important flower in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians.
-''[[Gardenia|Gardenia jasminoides]]'' : (Cape jasmine)
+It is widely grown throughout the tropics as an [[ornamental plant]] for its strongly scented flowers.
-''[[Cestrum nocturnum]]'' : (Night blooming jasmine)
+==Description==
-''[[Gelsemium]]'' : (Carolina jasmine)
+The majority of jasmine species grow as climbers on other plants or on structures. The [[leaf|leaves]] can be either [[evergreen]] or [[deciduous]], and are opposite in most species. The [[leaf]] shape is simple, trifoliate, or pinnate with up to nine leaflets.
+Jasmine [[flower]]s are generally white, although some species have yellow flowers. Unlike most genera in the Oleaceae, which have four corolla lobes ("petals"), jasmines often have five or six lobes. They are often strongly and sweetly scented.
+Flowering is in spring or summer in most species, but in a few species, notably ''J. nudiflorum'', in winter on the bare branches of this deciduous species.
 ===Cultivation and uses===
 [[Image:Malligai_Ramabaanam.jpg|thumb|left|''Jasminum sambac'' flowers harvested for Malligai - Raama Baanam]]
-Jasmines are widely cultivated for their flowers, enjoyed in the [[garden]], as house plants, and as cut flowers. The flowers are worn by women in their hair in southern and southeast Asia. Some claim that the daily consumption of Jasmine tea is effective in preventing certain cancers. Many species also yield an [[absolute (substance)|absolute]] which is used in the production of [[perfume]]s and [[incense]].
+Jasmines are widely cultivated for their [[flower]]s, enjoyed in the [[garden]], as house plants, and as cut flowers. The flowers are worn by women in their hair in southern and southeast Asia.
+Many species of jasmine also are used to yield an [[absolute (substance)|absolute]] which is used in the production of [[perfume]]s and [[incense]]. Similar to [[essential oil]]s, '''absolutes''' are concentrated, highly-[[aroma compound|aromatic]], oily mixtures extracted from plants. Whereas essential oils can typically be produced through [[steam distillation]], absolutes require the use of [[solvent extraction]] techniques.
-Similar to [[essential oil]]s (any concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants), '''absolutes''' are concentrated, highly-[[aroma compound|aromatic]], oily mixtures extracted from plants. Whereas essential oils can typically be produced through [[steam distillation]], absolutes require the use of [[solvent extraction]] techniques.
+Jasmine tea is produced from dried flowers of Arabian jasmine (''Jasminum sambac''). Some claim that the daily consumption of jasmine tea is effective in preventing certain cancers.
+Jasmine [[tisane]] (any herbal infusion other than from the leaves of the tea bush) is consumed in [[China]], where it is called Jasmine flower tea (茉莉花茶; [[pinyin]]: mò lì huā chá).  [[Jasminum sambac]] flowers are also used to make [[tea]], which often has a base of [[green tea]], but sometimes an [[Oolong]] base is used.
-Jasmine [[tisane]] is consumed in [[China]], where it is called Jasmine flower tea (茉莉花茶; [[pinyin]]: mò lì huā chá).  [[Jasminum sambac]] flowers are also used to make [[tea]], which often has a base of [[green tea]], but sometimes an [[Oolong]] base is used. The delicate Jasmine flower opens only at night and is plucked in the morning when the tiny petals are tightly closed. They are then stored in a cool place until night. Between six and eight in the evening, as the temperature cools, the petals begin to open. Flowers and tea are "mated" in machines that control temperature and humidity. It takes four hours or so for the tea to absorb the fragrance and flavour of the Jasmine blossoms, and for the highest grades, this process may be repeated as many as seven times. Because the tea has absorbed moisture from the flowers, it must be refired to prevent spoilage. The spent flowers may or may not be removed from the final product, as the flowers are completely dry and contain no aroma. If present, they simply add visual appeal and are no indication of the quality of the tea.
+The delicate Jasmine flower opens only at night and is plucked in the morning when the tiny petals are tightly closed. They are then stored in a cool place until night. Between six and eight in the evening, as the temperature cools, the petals begin to open. Flowers and tea are "mated" in machines that control temperature and humidity. It takes four hours or so for the tea to absorb the fragrance and flavour of the Jasmine blossoms, and for the highest grades, this process may be repeated as many as seven times. Because the tea has absorbed moisture from the flowers, it must be refired to prevent spoilage. The spent flowers may or may not be removed from the final product, as the flowers are completely dry and contain no aroma. If present, they simply add visual appeal and are no indication of the quality of the tea.
-[[Image:Jsambac.jpg|thumb|left|A double-flowered cultivar of ''Jasminum sambac'' in flower with an unopened bud. The flower smells exactly like the tea as it opens.]]
+''Jasminum officinale'' is the national flower of [[Pakistan]], where it is known as the "Chameli" or "Yasmine". In [[Sanskrit]], it is called Mallika. Jasmine is cultivated at [[Pangala]], in [[Karnataka]], India, and exported to [[Middle East]] countries
-''Jasminum sambac'' is also the [[National emblem|National Flower]] of [[Indonesia]], where it is known as "Melati", and of the [[Philippines]], where it is known as  "[[Sampaguita]]". In Indonesia (especially the island of Java), it is the most important flower in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians. ''Jasminum officinale'' is the national flower of [[Pakistan]], where it is known as the "Chameli" or "Yasmine". In [[Sanskrit]] it is called Mallika.  Jasmine is cultivated at [[Pangala]], in [[Karnataka]], India, and exported to [[Middle East]] countries{{Fact|date=February 2007}}.
 ''J. fluminense'' is an [[invasive species]] in [[Hawaii]], where it is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine". ''J. dichotomum'' is also invasive in [[Florida]]. <br clear = left>
@@ Line 48: / Line 54: @@
 ==Jasminum molle==
-'''''Jasminum molle''''', commonly known as '''Indian Jui''', is a beautiful [[flower]] with extremely heavy gardenia type [[scent]]. This species is not very common though it deserves a special attention. For those who are familiar with this plant, Jui is a most wonderful [[Jasmine]].
+'''''Jasminum molle''''', commonly known as '''Indian Jui''', is a small, bushy [[plant]] with simple [[ovate]] dark [[green]] small [[leaves]] and powdery satin [[white]] flowers. Possessing a strong gardenia like scent, [[flower]]s appear in bunches from [[summer]] to [[fall]].
-A stunning, small scandent bushy [[plant]] with simple [[ovate]] dark [[green]] small [[leaves]] and powdery satin [[white]] flowers. Possessing a strong gardenia like scent, flowers appear in bunches from [[summer]] to [[fall]]. Very easy to grow, takes both sun and shade, dry and moist conditions. Highly recommended jasmine for scented garden or as indoor plant. A must for everyone who appreciates [[fragrant]] flowers. The flower is held sacred to all forms of [[Goddess]] [[Devi]] and is used as [[sacred]] offerings during [[Hindu]] religious ceremonies.
+''Jasminum molle'' is not very common though it deserves a special attention. The flower is held sacred to all forms of [[Goddess]] [[Devi]] and is used as [[sacred]] offerings during [[Hindu]] religious ceremonies. It is very easy to grow, and takes both sun and shade, dry and moist conditions, and thus is popular for a scented garden or as indoor plant.
 The common names for ''Jasminum molle'' are Jui ([[Bengali]]), Juhi ([[Hindi]]), Jai ([[Marathi]]), Yuthika ([[Sanskrit]]), Uccimalligai ([[Tamil]]), Adavimalle ([[Telugu]]), Sucimulla ([[Malayalam]]) and Sanna mallige ([[Kannada]]).
 ==Jasminum sambac==
-'''''Jasminum sambac''''' ([[synonymy|syn.]] ''Nyctanthes sambac'') is a species of [[jasmine]] native to southern [[Asia]], in [[India]], [[Philippines]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. Common names include '''Arabian Jasmine''', '''Mogra''' ([[Hindi]]), '''Kampupot''', '''Melati''' ([[Malay language|Malay]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] Language),  '''Sampaguita''' ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]), and '''Mallipu''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]).
+[[Image:Jsambac.jpg|thumb|left|A double-flowered cultivar of ''Jasminum sambac'' in flower with an unopened bud. The flower smells exactly like the tea as it opens.]]
+'''''Jasminum sambac''''' ([[synonymy|syn.]] ''Nyctanthes sambac'') is a species of jasmine native to southern [[Asia]], in [[India]], [[Philippines]], [[Myanmar]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. It is an [[evergreen]] plant that reaches up to 1 to 3 meters in height. The [[leaf|leaves]] are opposite or in whorls of three, simple (not [[pinnate]], like most other jasmines), ovate, 4-12.5 cm long and 2-7.5 cm broad. The [[flower]]s are produced in clusters of 3-12 together, strongly scented, with a white corolla 2-3 cm diameter with 5-9 lobes. The flowers open at night, and close in the morning. The [[fruit]] is a purple-black [[berry]] 1 cm in diameter.
-It is an [[evergreen]] [[vine]] or [[shrub]] reaching up to 1-3 m tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are opposite or in whorls of three, simple (not [[pinnate]], like most other jasmines), ovate, 4-12.5 cm long and 2-7.5 cm broad. The [[flower]]s are produced in clusters of 3-12 together, strongly scented, with a white corolla 2-3 cm diameter with 5-9 lobes. The flowers open at night, and close in the morning. The [[fruit]] is a purple-black [[berry]] 1 cm in diameter.
+Common names include '''Arabian Jasmine''', '''Mogra''' ([[Hindi]]), '''Kampupot''', '''Melati''' ([[Malay language|Malay]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] Language),  '''Sampaguita''' ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]), and '''Mallipu''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]).
-It is widely grown throughout the tropics as an [[ornamental plant]] for its strongly scented flowers. Numerous [[cultivar]]s have been selected, including some with double flowers such as Jasminum sambac or 'Duke of Tuscany'.
+''Jasminum sambac'' is widely grown throughout the tropics as an [[ornamental plant]] for its strongly scented flowers. Numerous [[cultivar]]s have been selected, including some with double flowers such as Jasminum sambac or 'Duke of Tuscany'.
-It is the [[national flower]] of the [[Philippines]], adopted by its government in [[1937]]. In the Philippines, the flowers are gathered and strung into leis, corsages and crowns or its oils distilled and sold in stores, streets, and outside churches. The garlands may be used to welcome guests, or as an offering or adornment in religious altars.
+The flower of ''Jasminum sambac'' is processed and used as the main ingredient in [[jasmine]] tea.
+''Jasminum sambac'' is the [[national flower]] of the [[Philippines]], adopted by its government in 1937. In the Philippines, the flowers are gathered and strung into leis, corsages, and crowns or its oils distilled and sold in stores, streets, and outside churches. The garlands may be used to welcome guests, or as an offering or adornment in religious altars.
 [[Image:Ch_alamat_sampaguita.jpg|thumb|left|Philippines ''sampaguita'' Indonesia ''melati'']]
-Besides the Philippines, it is also the national flower of [[Indonesia]], which was adopted by Indonesian government in [[1990]] along with Moon Orchid (''[[Phalaenopsis|Phalaenopsis amabilis]]'') and ''[[Rafflesia arnoldii]]''. In Indonesia, the flower symbolizes purity, eternal love and nobility. It also symbolizes the beauty of a girl. The flower is commonly used in religious or cultural ceremony especially in [[Java (island)|Java]] and [[Bali]]. It is nicknamed ''puspa bangsa'' (nation flower or people flower) by the government.
+It also is the national flower of [[Indonesia]], being adopted by Indonesian government in 1990, along with Moon Orchid (''[[Phalaenopsis|Phalaenopsis amabilis]]'') and ''[[Rafflesia arnoldii]]''. In Indonesia, the flower symbolizes purity, eternal love, and nobility. It also symbolizes the beauty of a girl. The flower is commonly used in religious or cultural ceremony especially in [[Java (island)|Java]] and [[Bali]]. It is nicknamed ''puspa bangsa'' (nation flower or people flower) by the government.
-In Hawaii, the flower is known as "pikake" or "pikaki," and is used to make fragrant leis. In South India, jasmines are strung into thick strands and worn as a hair adornment. In China, the flower is processed and used as the main ingredient in [[jasmine]] tea.
+In Hawaii, the flower is known as "pikake" or "pikaki," and is used to make fragrant leis. In South India, jasmines are strung into thick strands and worn as a hair adornment.
 ==Selected species==
@@ Line 141: / Line 150: @@
 *[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=116771 Flora of China: ''Jasminum'']
 *[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=116771 Flora of Pakistan: ''Jasminum'']
+Ito Y, A Sugimoto, T Kakuda, and K Kubota. 2002. Identification of potent odorants in Chinese jasmine green tea scented with flowers of Jasminum sambac. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50 (17):4878-84.
+Rohwer, Jens G. 1997. The Fruits of Jasminum mesnyi (Oleaceae), and the Distinction Between Jasminum and Menodora. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 84 (4):848.
+Sadhu SK, MS Khan, T Ohtsuki, and M Ishibashi. 2007. Secoiridoid components from Jasminum grandiflorum. Phytochemistry. 68 (13):1718-21.
 {{credit|Jasmine|144829510|Jasminum_molle|140063513|Absolute_(substance)|128511567}}
 [[Category:Life sciences]]