Hydrology

Water covers 70% of the Earth's surface.

Hydrology (from Greek: Yδρoλoγια, Yδωρ+Λoγos, Hydrologia, the "study of water") is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water throughout the Earth, and thus addresses both the hydrologic cycle and water resources. A practitioner of hydrology is a hydrologist, working within the fields of either earth or environmental science, physical geography, or civil and environmental engineering.

Domains of hydrology include hydrometeorology, surface hydrology, hydrogeology, drainage basin management, and water quality, where water plays the central role. Oceanography and meteorology are not included because water is only one of many important aspects.

Hydrological research is useful in that it allows us to better understand the world in which we live, and also provides insight for environmental engineering, policy and planning.

Hydrologic cycle

Main article: Hydrologic cycle

Branches of hydrology

Chemical hydrology is the study of the chemical characteristics of water. Chemical Hydrology examines how water is affected chemically as it comes into contact with different materials on and within the Earth's surface. This field includes studies on the mechanics by which salts are transported from land to sea via runoff or erosion, and from ocean back to land, by the process of evaporation and precipitation. Through examining the chemical characteristics of bodies of water in specific regions, researchers can also determine the date and origin of groundwater in present-day desert regions, glaciers, and ice sheets. <"Chemical Hydrology." Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 2006. http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9360468>

Ecohydrology is the study of the relationship between the hydrological system and the ecological processes that are affected by it. The ecological processes include biota living on and within the soil. Ecohydrologists study how the hydrological system affects plant physiology, soil moisture, and plant diversity and spatial orientation in various regions over a period of time. Ecohydrology determines the water balance in a point in the landscape. It has four main components including, infiltration of precipitation into the soil, evapotranspiration, leakage of water into deeper portions of the soil not accessible to the plant, and runoff from the ground surface. <parts copied from ecohydrology article in wiki>

Hydrogeology is the study of the presence and movement of water in aquifers.

Hydroinformatics is the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications.

Hydrometeorology is the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere.

Hydromorphology: Hydromorphology is the study of the physical characteristics of bodies of water on the Earth's surface, including river basins, channels, streams, and lakes. Water quality, levels of pollution, and biological components needed for ecological system maintenance are a few areas assessed when classifying water systems. Hydromorphology studies the dynamics of groundwater flow into channels, lakes, and streams. It measures flow patterns and geometry as well as routing flows to avoid flooding or drought.

Isotope hydrology is the study of the isotopic signatures of water.

Surface hydrology is the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near the Earth's surface.

Related fields

• Aquatic chemistry
• Civil engineering
• Climatology
• Environmental engineering
• Physical Geography
• Geomorphology
• Hydraulic engineering
• Limnology
• Oceanography

Hydrologic measurements

The movement of water through the Earth can be measured in a number of ways. This information is important for both assessing water resources and understanding the processes involved in the hydrologic cycle. Following is a list of devices used by hydrologists and what they are used to measure.

• Disdrometer - precipitation characteristics
• Evaporation -Symon's evaporation pan
• Infiltrometer - infiltration
• Piezometer - groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test)
• Radar - cloud properties
• Rain gauge - rain and snowfall
• Satellite- topographic patterns of surface water
• Sling psychrometer - humidity
• Stream gauge - stream flow (see: discharge (hydrology))
• Tensiometer - soil moisture
• Time domain reflectometer - soil moisture

Hydrologic prediction

Observations of hydrologic processes are used to make predictions of future water movement and quantity.

Statistical hydrology

By analyzing the statistical properties of hydrologic records, such as rainfall or river flow, hydrologists can estimate future hydrologic phenomena. This, however, assumes the characteristics of the processes remain unchanged.

These estimates are important for engineers and economists so that proper risk analysis can be performed for future investment decisions in infrastructure and to determine the yield reliability characteristics of water supply systems. Statistical information is utilized to formulate operating rules for large dams forming part of systems which include agricultural, industrial and residential demands.

See: return period.

Hydrologic modeling

Hydrologic models are simplified, conceptual representations of a part of the hydrologic cycle. They are primarily used for hydrologic prediction and for understanding hydrologic processes. Two major types of hydrologic models can be distinguished:

• Models based on data. These models are black box systems, using mathematical and statistical concepts to link a certain input (for instance rainfall) to the model output (for instance runoff). Commonly used techniques are regression, transfer functions, neural networks and system identification. These models are known as stochastic hydrology models.

• Models based on process descriptions. These models try to represent the physical processes observed in the real world. Typically, such models contain representations of surface runoff, subsurface flow, evapotranspiration, and channel flow, but they can be far more complicated. These models are known as deterministic hydrology models. Deterministic hydrology models can be subdivided into single-event models and continuous simulation models.

Hydrologic transport

See main article: Hydrologic transport model

Water movement is a significant means by which other material, such as soil or pollutants, are transported from place to place. Initial input of receiving waters may arise from a point source discharge or a line source or area source, such as surface runoff. Since the 1960s rather complex mathematical models have been developed, facilitated by the availability of high speed computers. The most common pollutant classes analyzed are nutrients, pesticides, total dissolved solids and sediment.

Applications of hydrology

• Mitigating and predicting flood, landslide and drought risk;
• Designing irrigation schemes and managing agricultural productivity;
• Providing drinking water;
• Designing dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation;
• Designing bridges;
• Designing sewers and urban drainage system;
• Analyzing the impacts of antecedent moisture on sanitary sewer systems.
• Predicting geomorphological changes, such as erosion or sedimentation.
• Assessing the impacts of natural and anthropogenic environmental change on water resources.
• Assessing contaminant transport risk and establishing environmental policy guidelines.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Introduction to Hydrology, 4e. Viessman and Lewis, 1996. ISBN 0-673-99337-X
• Handbook of Hydrology. ISBN 0-07-039732-5
• Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences. ISBN 0-471-49103-9

External links

• International Glossary of Hydrology.
• U.S. Geological Survey - Water Resources of the United States
• British Hydrology Society
• Institute of Hydrology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany
• NOAA's National Weather Service - Office of Hydrologic Development
• Virtual Campus in Hydrology and Water Resources
• Decision tree to choose an uncertainty method for hydrological and hydraulic modelling

General subfields within the earth sciences
Atmospheric sciences | Geodesy | Geology | Geophysics | Glaciology
Hydrology | Oceanography | Soil science

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

• Hydrology  ^history

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

• History of "Hydrology"

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.