Desmond Tutu

Desmond Tutu

Desmond Mpilo Tutu (October 7, 1931) is a South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. Tutu was elected and ordained the first African South African Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa, and primate of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa (now the Anglican Church of Southern Africa). He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984. He is also a recipient of the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism and was also rewarded with the Magubela prize for liberty in 1986. Desmond Tutu is committed to stopping global AIDS, and has served as the honorary chairman for the Global AIDS Alliance. In February 2007 he was awarded Gandhi Peace Prize 2005 by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, president of India.

He was generally credited with coining the term Rainbow Nation as a metaphor to describe post-apartheid South Africa after 1994 under ANC rule. The expression has since entered mainstream consciousness to describe South Africa's ethnic diversity. He continues to champion human rights, freedom, democracy and justice and to lend his support to such causes as rights for the Palestinian people and to those whose sexual orientation attracts censure. At the invitation of South Africa's first post-apartheid President, fellow Nobel Peace laureate Nelson Mandela he chaired the nation's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which was charged with healing the wounds of the past with the power to sometimes give amnesty to those who had violated human rights, or who had even committed murder, as part of the task of building a new, equal, just society.

Background

Desmond Tutu born in Klerksdorp, Transvaal on 7 October, 1931. Tutu’s family moved to Johannesburg when he was 12 years old. Although he wanted to become a physician, his family could not afford the training, and he followed his father's footsteps into teaching. Tutu studied at the Pretoria Bantu Normal College from 1951 through 1953, and went on to teach at Johannesburg Bantu High School, where he remained until 1957. He resigned following the passage of the Bantu Education Act, in protest of the poor educational prospects for African South Africans. He continued his studies, this time in theology, and in 1960 was ordained as an Anglican priest. He became chaplain at the University of Fort Hare, a hotbed of dissent and one of the few quality universities for African students in the southern part of Africa.

Tutu left his post as chaplain and traveled to King's College London, (1962–1966), where he received his Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Theology. He returned to Southern Africa and from 1967 until 1972 used his lectures to highlight the circumstances of the African population. He wrote a letter to Prime Minister Vorster, in which he described the situation in South Africa as a "powder barrel that can explode at any time." The letter was never answered. From 1970 to 1972, Tutu lectured at the National University of Lesotho.

In 1972 Tutu returned to the UK, where he was appointed vice-director of the Theological Education Fund of the World Council of Churches, at Bromley in Kent. He returned to South Africa in 1975 and was appointed Anglican Dean of Johannesburg—the first African person to hold that position.

In 2000 Tutu received a L.H.D. from Bates College, and in 2005, Tutu received an honorary degree from the University of North Florida, one of the many universities in North America and Europe where he has taught. He visited a school at that time, Twin Lakes Academy Elementary School, and spoke to a class of 3rd graders about his work.

In 2005, Tutu was named a Doctor of Humane Letters at Fordham University in The Bronx. He was also awarded Honorary Patronage of the University Philosophical Society by John Hume, another Honorary Patron of the Society and fellow Nobel laureate. He was also awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters by Berea College prior to delivering the commencement address.

In 2006, Tutu was named a Doctor of Public Service at the College of William and Mary in Virginia, where he was also the commencement speaker. He was awarded the Light of Truth award along with Belgian artist Hergé (posthumously for Tintin) by the Dalai Lama for his contribution towards public understanding of Tibet.

Personal life

He has been married to Leah Nomalizo Tutu since 1955. They have four children: Trevor Thamsanqa Tutu, Theresa Thandeka Tutu, Naomi Nontombi Tutu and Mpho Andrea Tutu, all of whom attended the Waterford Kamhlaba School in Swaziland. His family has supported him fully in his often dangerous campaigns, since he has received many death threats, some of which were communicated to his children. In his God Has a Dream (2005) he commented that his wife has been "exposed to a fair degree of harassment that would not have happened had she not been my wife," while his children supported him "despite all the harassment and all the death threats" (92).

Political work

In 1976 protests in Soweto, also known as the Soweto Riots, against the government's use of Afrikaans as a compulsory medium of instruction in black schools became a massive uprising against apartheid. From then on Tutu supported an economic boycott of his country.

Desmond Tutu was Bishop of Lesotho from 1976 until 1978, when he became Secretary-General of the South African Council of Churches. From this position, he was able to continue his work against apartheid with agreement from nearly all churches. Tutu consistently advocated reconciliation between all parties involved in apartheid through his writings and lectures at home and abroad. Though he was most firm in denouncing South Africa's white-ruled government, Tutu was also harsh in his criticism of the violent tactics of some anti-apartheid groups such as the African National Congress and denounced terrorism and Communism.

On October 16, 1984, Tutu was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The Nobel Committee cited his "role as a unifying leader figure in the campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa."

Nobel Peace Prize Winners the Dalai Lama & Bishop Tutu. Vancouver, Canada, 2004. Photo by Carey Linde

Tutu became the first black person to lead the Anglican Church in South Africa on 7 September 1986. In 1989 he was invited to Birmingham, England, United Kingdom as part of Christian Celebrations marking the city's centenary. Tutu and his wife visited a number of establishments including the Nelson Mandela School in Sparkbrook, Highgate Baptist Church, where the Bishop spoke to a multi-faith audience. His simple but powerful message that 'God loves you' attracted large crowds at various venues in the city although the final day, the rally in the Aston Villa Football Stadium failed to fill the venue and consequently the organizing committee's chair, Bishop Colin Buchanan, resigned as bishop of Aston.

After the fall of apartheid, he headed the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, for which he was awarded the Sydney Peace Prize in 1999.

In 2004, Tutu returned to the UK as Visiting Professor in Post-Conflict Societies at King's College and gave the Commemoration Oration as part of the College's 175th anniversary. He also visited the student union nightclub named "Tutu's" in his honor, and featuring a rare bust of his likeness.

On March 17, 2004 Tutu visited Marymount to accept Marymount University's 2004 Ethics Award.

On November 30, 2006, Tutu was appointed as the lead to a High-Level Fact-Finding Mission mandated by the United Nations Human Rights Council into the Israeli military operations which led to civilian deaths in Beit Hanoun.

Politics and Political views

Homosexuality

In the debate about Anglican views of homosexuality he has opposed Christian discrimination against homosexuality. Commenting days after the August 5, 2003 election of Gene Robinson, an openly homosexual man to be a bishop in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, Desmond Tutu said, "In our Church here in South Africa, that doesn't make a difference. We just say that at the moment, we believe that they should remain celibate and we don't see what the fuss is about."

Declared Tutu: "I am deeply saddened at a time when we've got such huge problems … that we should invest so much time and energy in this issue … I think God is weeping."
...
"Jesus did not say, 'If I be lifted up I will draw some'." Jesus said, 'If I be lifted up I will draw all, all, all, all, all. Black, white, yellow, rich, poor, clever, not so clever, beautiful, not so beautiful. It's one of the most radical things. All, all, all, all, all, all, all, all. All belong. Gay, lesbian, so-called straight. All, all are meant to be held in this incredible embrace that will not let us go. All."

"Isn't it sad, that in a time when we face so many devastating problems – poverty, HIV/AIDS, war and conflict – that in our Communion we should be investing so much time and energy on disagreement about sexual orientation?" [The Communion, which] "Used to be known for embodying the attribute of comprehensiveness, of inclusiveness, where we were meant to accommodate all and diverse views, saying we may differ in our theology but we belong together as sisters and brothers" now seems "hell-bent on excommunicating one another. God must look on and God must weep."

Since then Dr. Tutu has increased his criticism of conservative attitudes to homosexuality within his own church, equating homophobia with racism and has stated that given the problems that Africa faces he thinks it ludicrous that people should focus so much on what people do in bed with whom.

Yet others equally devoted to divine and human compassion find it incumbent upon spiritual leaders to decry homosexuality as part of prophetic responsibility and calling. The issue remains controversial in religious and human affairs. The call to define a divine ideal in human relations should not be presumed as uncaring or discompassionate.

Tutu's agnosticism and call for celibacy is a respectable application of Christian ideals.

United Nations

The Nobel laureate has also expressed support for the West Papuan independence movement, criticizing the United Nations' role in the takeover of West Papua by Indonesia. Tutu said: "For many years the people of South Africa suffered under the yoke of oppression and apartheid. Many people continue to suffer brutal oppression, where their fundamental dignity as human beings is denied. One such people is the people of West Papua."

Mugabe

Tutu has also criticized human rights abuses in Zimbabwe, calling Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe a "caricature of an African dictator," and criticizing the South African government's policy of quiet diplomacy towards Zimbabwe.

He warned of corruption shortly after the election of the African National Congress government of South Africa, saying that they "stopped the gravy train just long enough to get on themselves."

Slavery

In June 1999, Tutu was invited to give the annual Wilberforce Lecture in Kingston upon Hull, commemorating the life and achievements of the anti-slavery campaigner William Wilberforce. Tutu used the occasion to praise the people of the city for their traditional support of freedom and for standing with the people of South Africa in their fight against apartheid. He was also presented with the freedom of the city.

Views on Israel and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Tutu has spoken of the significant role Jews played in the anti-Apartheid struggle in South Africa, and has voiced support for Israel's security needs and against tactics of suicide bombing and incitement to hatred. Tutu is, nonetheless, an active and prominent proponent of the campaign for divestment from Israel, and has likened Israel's treatment of Palestinians to the treatment of Black South Africans under apartheid.. Former US President Jimmy Carter in his Palestine: Not Apartheid (2007) uses a similar comparison of how Palestinians are being treated in the West Bank and Gaza strip with South Africa's treatment of non-whites during the long years of Apartheid.

In 2003, Tutu accepted the role as patron of Sabeel International, a Christian liberation theology organization which supports the concerns of the Palestinian Christian community, actively lobbies the International Christian community for divestment from Israel.

Tutu has made some controversial statements involving Israel. In 1988, he was quoted as saying that Zionism has "very many parallels with racism," on the grounds that it "excludes people on ethnic or other grounds over which they have no control … in Israel you exclude people and treat those that are excluded as lesser humans." When lobbying for divestment at a 2002 conference in Boston, Tutu stated, "My heart aches. I say why are our memories so short. Have our Jewish sisters and brothers forgotten their humiliation? Have they forgotten the collective punishment, the home demolitions, in their own history so soon? Have they turned their backs on their profound and noble religious traditions? Have they forgotten that God cares deeply about the downtrodden?" He continued by saying, "People are scared in this country [the US], to say wrong is wrong because the Jewish lobby is powerful - very powerful. Well, so what? For goodness sake, this is God's world! We live in a moral universe. The apartheid government was very powerful, but today it no longer exists. Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Pinochet, Milosevic, and Idi Amin were all powerful, but in the end they bit the dust."When he edited and reprinted this speech in 2005, Tutu replaced the phrase "Jewish lobby" with the phrase "pro-Israel lobby."

Tutu's comment about a "Jewish lobby" caused some offense, including by some who believed he was making a direct comparison between the American pro-Israel lobby and Hitler. This, as well as some prior remarks, has led to accusations of anti-Semitism by some. He has rejected this charge, saying "Somehow the Israeli government is placed on a pedestal, where to criticize them is to be immediately dubbed as anti-Semitic." A 2006 opinion piece in the Jerusalem Post newspaper describes him as "a friend, albeit a misguided one, of Israel and the Jewish people". In 2003, Archbishop Tutu received an International Advocate for Peace Award from the Cardozo School of Law, an affiliate of Yeshiva University, although there were some protests.

Nelson Mandela Foundation Lecture

After a decade of freedom for South Africa, Archbishop Tutu was honored with the invitation to deliver the annual Nelson Mandela Foundation Lecture. On November 23, 2004 Tutu was given the address entitled, "Look to the Rock from Which You Were Hewn'. This lecture, critical of the ANC-controlled government, stirred a pot of controversy between Tutu and Thabo Mbeki, calling into question "the right to criticise."[2] After the first round of volleys were fired, SAPA journalist, Ben Maclennan reported Tutu's response as:

"Thank you Mr President for telling me what you think of me, that I am—a liar with scant regard for the truth, and a charlatan posing with his concern for the poor, the hungry, the oppressed and the voiceless."—Tutu. (Ben Maclennan, Sapa, 2004-12-02)

In January 2005, Tutu added his voice to the growing dissent over terrorist suspects held at Camp X-Ray in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, referring to detentions without trial as "utterly unacceptable."

On 20 April 2005, following the election of Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger as Pope Benedict XVI, Tutu said he was sad that The Roman Catholic Church was unlikely to change its opposition to condoms amidst the fight against HIV/AIDS in Africa: "We would have hoped for someone more open to the more recent developments in the world, the whole question of the ministry of women and a more reasonable position with regards to condoms and HIV/AIDS."

In February 2006 Desmond Tutu took part in the 9th Assembly of the World Council of Churches, held in Porto Alegre, Brazil. There he manifested his commitment to ecumenism and praised the efforts of Christian churches to promote dialogue in order to diminish their differences. For Desmond, "a united church is no optional extra."

Beit Hanoun

Desmond Tutu was named to head a United Nations fact-finding mission to the Gaza Strip town of Beit Hanoun, where, in a November 2006 incident the Israel Defense Forces killed 19 civilians after troops wound up a week-long incursion aimed at curbing Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel from the town.. Tutu planned to travel to the Palestinian territory to "assess the situation of victims, address the needs of survivors and make recommendations on ways and means to protect Palestinian civilians against further Israeli assaults," according to the president of the UN Human Rights Council, Luis Alfonso De Alba. Israeli officials expressed concern that the report would be biased against Israel.

Tutu cancelled the trip in mid-December, saying that Israel had refused to grant him the necessary travel clearance after more than a week of discussions. A spokesman from the Israeli foreign ministry indicated that no final decision had been made, to which Tutu responded, "At times not making a decision is making a decision. We couldn't obviously wait in limbo indefinitely." The Anti-Defamation League stated that the appointment of Tutu as head of the mission is not appropriate, arguing that he would be a prepossessed observer, and criticized the mission for having not "address[ed] the continuing barrage of Kassam rockets fired into Israel by Palestinian terrorists in Gaza, killing and maiming Israeli citizens …. Tutu has already publicly expressed his anti-Israel views and his opinions regarding what happened in Beit Hanoun, and combined with the one-sided anti-Israel mandate provided by the resolution, the results of the mission are all-but preordained". "The appointment of Desmond Tutu as head of the fact-finding mission to Beit Hanoun is an extension of the anti-Israel kangaroo court tactics used by the U.N. Human Rights Council," said Abraham H. Foxman, ADL National Director. "No fact-finding mission can produce balanced and trustworthy results if its leader professes to know all the answers beforehand. Tutu has already publicly expressed his anti-Israel views and his opinions regarding what happened in Beit Hanoun, and combined with the one-sided anti-Israel mandate provided by the resolution, the results of the mission are all-but preordained."

Quotes by Tutu

• "When missionaries came to South Africa, we had the land, they had the Bible. Then they told us, 'Let's close our eyes and pray.' When we opened our eyes we saw that we have the Bible, they have the land."
• "My heart aches. I say why are our memories so short. Have our Jewish sisters and brothers forgotten their humiliation? Have they forgotten the collective punishment, the home demolitions, in their own history so soon? Have they turned their backs on their profound and noble religious traditions? Have they forgotten that God cares deeply about the downtrodden?
• "If you are neutral in situations of injustice, you have chosen the side of the oppressor. If an elephant has its foot on the tail of a mouse and you say that you are neutral, the mouse will not appreciate your neutrality."

Ubuntu Theology

Despite sometimes being regarded as more of a political activist than a Christian leader, theology informs everything that Tutu does. He has developed a type of theology based on the African concept of "ubuntu," which refers to human interdependence. God created us, says Tutu, as a single human family. For him, "social harmony ... is the summum bonum - the greatest good" (2005: 27). We are related to the whole of "creation" and "stewards" of "all of in its glory and physicality" (28). Ubuntu does not say, "I think therefore I am" but "I am human because I belong, I participate, I share." It subverts the idea that success by any means is permitted, such as "succeeding at the expense of others" (27). Ultimate freedom is to be found in a human unity that recognizes no barriers, so that "We can be human only together, black and white, rich and poor, Christian, Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, and Jew" (27). Tutu has had a warm relationship with leaders from faith communities other than his own.

Criticism of Tutu

In August 2006 Archbishop Tutu publicly urged Jacob Zuma, the South African politician who'd been accused of sexual crimes and corruption, to drop out of the ANC's presidential succession race. Zuma's personal advisor responded by accusing Tutu of having double standards and "selective amnesia" (as well as being old). Elias Khumalo claims the archbishop “had found it so easy to accept the apology from the apartheid government that committed unspeakable atrocities against millions of South Africans,” yet now “cannot find it in his heart to accept the apology from this humble man who has erred.” Tutu and Zuma’s public criticism of each other are reflections of a turbulent time in South African politics.

Praise for Tutu

In an article published in the Ecumenical Review (Oct 2003) B.J. de Klerk describes Tutu as, alongside Nelson Mandela, an "icon of reconciliation" and an inspiration to many millions of people around the globe. Tutu, he writes, "is a man who rejoices in the human spirit. His optimism as a devoted Christian, belief in the triumph of good over evil and the remarkable strength of the human spirit help him to overcome the different struggles in his life" . Despite all his honors, Tutu remains at heart a humble priest and servant. He tell how, while flying one time, a passenger mistook him for Bishop Muzorewa when they asked an air hostess to request his autograph; "I tried to look modest, although I was thinking in my heart that there were some people who recognized a good thing when they saw it. As she handed me the book and I took out my pen, she said, 'you are Bishop Muzorewa, aren't you?'". "That certainly," writes Tutu, "helped keep my ego in check." On the day that the prisoner who became President was released, Mandela said of Tutu, "Here is a man who had inspired an entire nation with his words and his courage, who had revived the people's hope during the darkest of times."

Bibliography

Primary

Tutu is the author of seven collections of sermons and other writings:

• Crying in the Wilderness. Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., 1982 ISBN 9780802819406
• Hope and Suffering: Sermons and Speeches. Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans, 1984 ISBN 9780802836144
• The Words of Desmond Tutu. NY: Newmarket Press, 1989 ISBN 9781557040381, with Naomi Tutu
• Worshipping Church in Africa. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993 ISBN 9780822364016
• The Essential Desmond Tutu. Bellville: Mayibuye Books; Cape Town: D. Philip Publishers 1997 ISBN 9780864863461, with John Allen
• No Future without Forgiveness. NY: Doubleday, 1999 ISBN 9780385496896
• The African Prayerbook. NY: Hodder & Stoughton Religious Division, 2000 ISBN 978-0340642429
• God Has a Dream: A Vision of Hope for Our Time. NY: Doubleday, 2004 ISBN 0385483716

Tutu has also co-authored numerous books:

• Bounty in Bondage: Anglican Church in Southern Africa - Essays in Honour of Edward King, Dean of Cape Town, with Frank England, Torguil Paterson, and Torquil Paterson. Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1989 ISBN 9780869753835
• Resistance Art in South Africa, with Sue Williamson, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1990 ISBN 9780312041427
• The Rainbow People of God, with John Allen, London: Doubleday, 1994 ISBN 9780385405799
• Freedom from Fear: And Other Writings, with Vaclav Havel and Aung San Suu Kyi, BY: Penguion, 1995 ISBN 9780140170894
• "Reconciliation: The Ubuntu Theology of Desmond Tutu," with and Michael Jesse Battle, Washington, DC: Howard School of Theology The Journal of religious thought 55/56, Part 2/1 (2000): 127-129
• Exploring Forgiveness, with Robert D. Enright and Joanna North. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1998 ISBN 9780299157708
• Love in Chaos: Spiritual Growth and the Search for Peace in Northern Ireland, with Mary McAleese NY: Continuum, 1999 ISBN 9780826411372
• Race and Reconciliation in South Africa (Global Encounters: Studies in Comparative Political Theory), with William Vugt and G. Daan Cloete. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2000 ISBN 9780739101421
• South Africa: A Modern History, with T.R.H. Davenport and Christopher Saunders, Hampshire: Macmillan Press; NY: St. Martin's Press, 2000 ISBN 9780312233761
• At the Side of Torture Suvivors: Treating a Terrible Assault on Human Dignity, with Bahman Nirumand, Sepp Graessner and Norbert Gurris. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Pres, 2001 ISBN 9780801866272
• Place of Compassion, with Kenneth E. Luckman. Hertford, England: Authors OnLine, 2001 ISBN 9780755200283
• Passion for Peace: Exercising Power Creatively with Stuart Rees, Sydney: UNSW Press, 2002 ISBN 9780868407500
• Out of Bounds, (New Windmills) with Beverley Naidoo. NY: HarperCollins, 2003 ISBN 9780060507992
• Fly, Eagle, Fly! with Christopher Gregorowski and Niki Daly. NY: Margaret K. McElderry Books, 2003 ISBN 9780689823985
• Sex, Love and Homophobia: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Lives, with Amnesty International, Vanessa Baird and Grayson Perry. London: Amnesty International, 2004 ISBN 9781873328576
• Toward a Jewish Theology of Liberation, with Gustavo Gutierrez and Marc H. Ellis. 2004 ISBN 9780883443583
• Radical Compassion: The Life and Times of Archbishop Ted Scott with Hugh McCullum, Geneva: World Council of Churches, 2004 ISBN 2825414034
• Third World Health: Hostage to First World Wealth with Theodore MacDonald, Oxford, Seattle: Radcliffe Pub, 2005 9781857757699
• Where God Happens: Discovering Christ in One Another and Other Lessons from the Desert Fathers. with Rowan Williams. Boston: New Seeds, 2005 ISBN 978-1590302316
• Health, Trade and Human Rights, with Mogobe Ramose and Theodore H. MacDonald, Oxford; Seattle: Radcliffe Pub., 2006 ISBN 978-1846190506
• The Soul of a New Cuisine: A Discovery of the Foods and Flavors of Africa. with Marcus Samuelsson, Heidi Sacko Walters and Gediyon Kifle, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2006 ISBN 978-0764569111
• The Gospel According to Judas WMA: By Benjamin Iscariot, with Jeffrey Archer, Frank Moloney. St. Martin's Press, 2007 ISBN 978-0312375201
• Mandela, with Charlene Smith. Cape Town: Struik Publishers, 2000 ISBN 978-1868722068

Secondary

• du Boulay, Shirley. Tutu: Voice of the Voiceless. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1988 ISBN 9780802836496
• Battle, Michael. Reconciliation: The Ubuntu Theology of Desmond Tutu. Cleveland, Ohio: Pilgrim Press, 1997 ISBN 978-0829811582
• de Klerk, B. J. "Nelson Mandela and Desomond Tutu: living icons of reconciliation." 323-334 The Ecumenical Review (Oct 2003) ISSN 0013-0796 Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu: living icons of reconciliation retrieved 11 May 2007
• Gish, Steven D. Desmond Tutu: A Biography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004 ISBN 9780313328602
• Hein, David. "Bishop Tutu's Christology." Cross Currents 34 (1984): 492-499.
• Hein, David. "Religion and Politics in South Africa." Modern Age 31 (1987): 21-30.
• Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Boston, MA: Little Brown & Co, 1995 ISBN 0316548189

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Desmond Tutu

• The Desmond Tutu Peace Centre retrieved 06 May 2007
• Tutu Foundation UK retrieved 06 May 2007
• Nobel e-Museum Nobel Peace Prize retrieved 06 May 2007
• Archbishop Desmond Tutu Centre for War and Peace Studies at Liverpool Hope University retrieved 06 May 2007
• IMDB Profile retrieved 06 May 2007
• Nobel lecture, 11 December 1984. Retrieved 06 May 2007

Preceded by: Philip Welsford Richmond Russell

Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town 1986-1996

Succeeded by: Njongonkulu Ndungane

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New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

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