Difference between revisions of "Daisy" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | '''Daisy''' is the common name for | + | '''Daisy''' is the common name for a large number of [[dicot]]yledonous [[flowering plant]]s within the [[Asteraceae]] (or Composite) family, and in particular is associated with the true or English daisy (''Bellis perennis'') and the oxeye daisy (''Leucanthemum vulgare'', sny. ''Chrysanthemum leucanthemum''). Daisies are characterized by the star-shaped flower head, consisting of a densely packed cluster of numerous, small, individual [[flower]]s (florets). Both of these species have a center composed of yellow disc florets surrounded by ray florets with long, white petals. In addition, the entire family sometimes is known as the daisy family. |
==Overview and description== | ==Overview and description== | ||
| Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
* In the essential oils [[Sesquiterpene]]s are present, but [[iridoid]]s are lacking. | * In the essential oils [[Sesquiterpene]]s are present, but [[iridoid]]s are lacking. | ||
| − | The most common characteristic of all these plants is an inflorescence or "flower head": a densely packed cluster of numerous, small, individual [[flower]]s, usually called "florets" (meaning "small flowers"). | + | The most common characteristic of all these plants is an inflorescence or "flower head": a densely packed cluster of numerous, small, individual [[flower]]s, usually called "florets" (meaning "small flowers"). Daisies typically have two kinds of florets. The outer perimeter of a flower head, like that of the English daisy and the oxeye daisy, is composed of florets possessing a long strap-like [[petal]], termed a ligule; these are the ''ray florets.'' The inner portion of the flower head (or ''disc'') is composed of small flowers with tubular corollas; these are the ''disc florets.'' |
| − | == | + | ==Partial list of species with the common name daisy== |
| − | + | The name daisy is associated with a very large number of flowers within Asteraceae, spanning a wide number of [[genus|genera]]. The following is only a partial listing. | |
| − | + | * ''Aster amellus'' European Michaelmas daisy | |
| − | + | *''[[Bellis annua]]'' Annual daisy | |
| − | *''[[Bellis annua]]'' | + | *''[[Bellis azorica]]'' Azores daisy |
| − | *''[[Bellis azorica]]'' | + | *''[[Bellis bernardii]]'' Corsican daisy |
| − | *''[[Bellis bernardii]]'' | + | *''[[Bellis Habanera]]'' Quilled English daisy |
| − | *''[[Bellis | + | *''[[Bellis perennis]]'' Daisy, common daisy, English daisy |
| − | *''[[Bellis | + | *''[[Bellis rotundifolia]]'' Spanish daisy |
| − | *''[[Bellis | + | *''[[Bellis sylvestris]]'' Southern daisy |
| − | *''[[Bellis | + | *''[[Chaetopappa asteroides]]'' Arkansas leastdaisy |
| − | *''[[ | + | *''[[Chaetopappa bellidifolia]]'' Whiteray leastdaisy |
| − | *''[[ | + | *''[[Chaetopappa bellioides]]'' Manyflower leastdaisy |
| − | *''[[ | + | *''[[Chaetopappa effusa]]'' Spreading leastdaisy |
| − | *''[[ | + | *''[[Chaetopappa hersheyi]]'' Guadalupe leastdaisy |
| − | *''[[ | + | *''[[Chaetopappa imberbis]]'' Awnless leastdaisy |
| − | + | *''[[Chaetopappa parryi]]'' Parry's leastdaisy | |
| − | + | *''Chrysanthemum coronarium'' Crown daisy | |
| − | + | *''Erigeron aurantiacus'' Orange daisy | |
| − | + | *''Erigeron bellidiastrum'' Western daisy fleabane | |
| − | + | *''Erigeron chrysopsidis'' Golden daisy/fleabane | |
| − | + | *''Gerbera anandria'' Ghostly daisy | |
| − | + | *''Gerbera aurantiaca'' Hilton daisy | |
| − | + | *''Gerbera jamesonii'' Barberton daisy, Gerbera daisy | |
| − | + | *''Leucanthemum integrifolium'' Entire-leaf daisy | |
| − | + | *''Leucanthemum lacustre'' Portuguese daisy | |
| − | + | *''Leucanthemum maximum'' Shasta daisy | |
| − | + | *''Leucanthemum nipponicum'' Nippon daisy | |
| − | + | *''Leucanthemum x superbum'' Shasta daisy | |
| − | + | * ''Leucanthemum vulgare'' Oxeye daisy | |
| − | + | * ''Microseris lanceolata'' yam daisy | |
| − | Erigeron bellidiastrum | + | * ''Osteospermum jucundum'' South African daisy |
| − | Erigeron chrysopsidis | + | * ''[[Perityle aglossa]]'' Bluff rock daisy |
| − | + | * ''[[Perityle ajoensis]]'' Ajo rock daisy | |
| − | Gerbera anandria | + | * ''[[Perityle congesta]]'' Grand Canyon rock daisy |
| − | Gerbera aurantiaca | + | * ''[[Perityle coronopifolia]]'' – [[Crowfoot rock daisy |
| − | Gerbera jamesonii | + | * ''[[Perityle emoryi]]'' Emory's rock daisy |
| − | + | * ''[[Perityle incana]]'' Guadalupe Island rock daisy | |
| − | Leucanthemum integrifolium | + | * ''[[Perityle intricata]]'' Delicate rock daisy |
| − | Leucanthemum lacustre | + | * ''[[Perityle inyoensis]]'' Inyo rock daisy |
| − | Leucanthemum maximum | + | * ''[[Perityle megalocephala]]'' Nevada rock daisy |
| − | Leucanthemum nipponicum | + | * ''[[Perityle microglossa]]'' Short-rayed rock daisy |
| − | + | * ''[[Perityle quinqueflora]]'' Five-flowered rock daisy | |
| − | Microseris lanceolata | + | * ''[[Perityle saxicola]]'' Roosevelt Dam rock daisy |
| − | + | * ''[[Perityle specuicola]]'' Alcove rock daisy | |
| − | Osteospermum jucundum | + | * ''[[Perityle villosa]]'' Hanaupah rock daisy |
| − | + | *''[[Townsendia alpigena]]'' Wyoming Townsend daisy | |
| − | * ''[[Perityle aglossa]]'' | + | *''[[Townsendia annua]]'' Annual Townsend daisy |
| − | * ''[[Perityle ajoensis]]'' | + | *''[[Townsendia aprica]]'' Last chance Townsend daisy |
| − | * ''[[Perityle congesta]]'' | + | *''[[Townsendia condensata]]'' Cushion Townsend daisy |
| − | * ''[[Perityle coronopifolia]]'' – [[Crowfoot | + | *''[[Townsendia exscapa]]'' Stemless Townsend daisy |
| − | * ''[[Perityle emoryi]]'' | + | *''[[Townsendia florifer]]'' Showy Townsend daisy |
| − | * ''[[Perityle incana]]'' | + | *''[[Townsendia gypsophila]]'' Gypsum-loving Townsend daisy |
| − | * ''[[Perityle intricata]]'' | + | *''[[Townsendia incana]]'' Hoary Townsend daisy |
| − | * ''[[Perityle inyoensis]]'' | + | *''[[Townsendia leptotes]]'' Common Townsend daisy |
| − | * ''[[Perityle megalocephala]]'' | + | *''[[Townsendia nuttalli]]'' Nuttall's Townsend daisy |
| − | * ''[[Perityle microglossa]]'' | + | *''[[Townsendia parryi]]'' Parry's Townsend daisy |
| − | * ''[[Perityle quinqueflora]]'' | + | *''[[Townsendia scapigera]]'' Tufted Townsend daisy |
| − | * ''[[Perityle saxicola]]'' | + | *''[[Townsendia smithii]]'' Black Rock Townsend daisy |
| − | + | *''[[Townsendia spathulata]]'' Sword Townsend daisy | |
| − | * ''[[Perityle specuicola]]'' | + | *''[[Townsendia texensis]]'' Texas Townsend daisy |
| − | * ''[[Perityle villosa]]'' | ||
| − | |||
| − | *''[[Townsendia alpigena]]'' | ||
| − | *''[[Townsendia annua]]'' | ||
| − | *''[[Townsendia aprica]]'' | ||
| − | *''[[Townsendia condensata]]'' | ||
| − | *''[[Townsendia exscapa]]'' | ||
| − | *''[[Townsendia florifer]]'' | ||
| − | *''[[Townsendia gypsophila]]'' | ||
| − | *''[[Townsendia incana]]'' | ||
| − | *''[[Townsendia leptotes]]'' | ||
| − | *''[[Townsendia nuttalli]]'' | ||
| − | *''[[Townsendia parryi]]'' | ||
| − | *''[[Townsendia scapigera]]'' | ||
| − | *''[[Townsendia smithii]]'' | ||
| − | *''[[Townsendia spathulata]]'' | ||
| − | *''[[Townsendia texensis]]'' | ||
==Common daisy== | ==Common daisy== | ||
Revision as of 21:29, 17 November 2008
| Daisy | ||||||||
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.jpg) English or true daisy (Bellis perennis)
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| Scientific classification | ||||||||
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See text |
Daisy is the common name for a large number of dicotyledonous flowering plants within the Asteraceae (or Composite) family, and in particular is associated with the true or English daisy (Bellis perennis) and the oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare, sny. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum). Daisies are characterized by the star-shaped flower head, consisting of a densely packed cluster of numerous, small, individual flowers (florets). Both of these species have a center composed of yellow disc florets surrounded by ray florets with long, white petals. In addition, the entire family sometimes is known as the daisy family.
Overview and description
The daisy family, also known as the aster or sunflower family, is classified variously as Asteraceae or Compositae. The name "Asteraceae" is derived from the type genus Aster and refers to the star-shaped flower head of its members, epitomized well by the English or true daisy, Bellis perennis. "Compositae," an older but still valid name (McNeill et al. 2006), means "composite" and refers to the unique inflorescence (described below).
The daisy family is the the largest family of flowering plants in terms of number of species. According to the Royal Botanical Gardens of Kew, the family comprises more than 1,600 genera and 23,000 species. These are dicotyledonous flowering plants. In addition to the daisy, other well-known members of the family include lettuce, chicory, globe artichoke, safflower, dandelion, chrysanthemum, ragwort, and sunflower.
Plants belonging to the Asteraceae share all the following characteristics (Judd et al. 1999):
- The inflorescence is an involucrate capitulum (flower head)
- Tubular/disc florets are actinomorphic, ligulate/ray florets are zygomorphic
- Anthers are syngenesious, i.e. with the stamens fused together at their edges, forming a tube
- The ovary has basal arrangement of the ovules
- One ovule per ovary
- The calyx (sepals) of the florets are modified to form a pappus, a tuft of hairs, which often appears on the mature fruit
- The fruit is an achene
- In the essential oils Sesquiterpenes are present, but iridoids are lacking.
The most common characteristic of all these plants is an inflorescence or "flower head": a densely packed cluster of numerous, small, individual flowers, usually called "florets" (meaning "small flowers"). Daisies typically have two kinds of florets. The outer perimeter of a flower head, like that of the English daisy and the oxeye daisy, is composed of florets possessing a long strap-like petal, termed a ligule; these are the ray florets. The inner portion of the flower head (or disc) is composed of small flowers with tubular corollas; these are the disc florets.
Partial list of species with the common name daisy
The name daisy is associated with a very large number of flowers within Asteraceae, spanning a wide number of genera. The following is only a partial listing.
- Aster amellus European Michaelmas daisy
- Bellis annua Annual daisy
- Bellis azorica Azores daisy
- Bellis bernardii Corsican daisy
- Bellis Habanera Quilled English daisy
- Bellis perennis Daisy, common daisy, English daisy
- Bellis rotundifolia Spanish daisy
- Bellis sylvestris Southern daisy
- Chaetopappa asteroides Arkansas leastdaisy
- Chaetopappa bellidifolia Whiteray leastdaisy
- Chaetopappa bellioides Manyflower leastdaisy
- Chaetopappa effusa Spreading leastdaisy
- Chaetopappa hersheyi Guadalupe leastdaisy
- Chaetopappa imberbis Awnless leastdaisy
- Chaetopappa parryi Parry's leastdaisy
- Chrysanthemum coronarium Crown daisy
- Erigeron aurantiacus Orange daisy
- Erigeron bellidiastrum Western daisy fleabane
- Erigeron chrysopsidis Golden daisy/fleabane
- Gerbera anandria Ghostly daisy
- Gerbera aurantiaca Hilton daisy
- Gerbera jamesonii Barberton daisy, Gerbera daisy
- Leucanthemum integrifolium Entire-leaf daisy
- Leucanthemum lacustre Portuguese daisy
- Leucanthemum maximum Shasta daisy
- Leucanthemum nipponicum Nippon daisy
- Leucanthemum x superbum Shasta daisy
- Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye daisy
- Microseris lanceolata yam daisy
- Osteospermum jucundum South African daisy
- Perityle aglossa Bluff rock daisy
- Perityle ajoensis Ajo rock daisy
- Perityle congesta Grand Canyon rock daisy
- Perityle coronopifolia – [[Crowfoot rock daisy
- Perityle emoryi Emory's rock daisy
- Perityle incana Guadalupe Island rock daisy
- Perityle intricata Delicate rock daisy
- Perityle inyoensis Inyo rock daisy
- Perityle megalocephala Nevada rock daisy
- Perityle microglossa Short-rayed rock daisy
- Perityle quinqueflora Five-flowered rock daisy
- Perityle saxicola Roosevelt Dam rock daisy
- Perityle specuicola Alcove rock daisy
- Perityle villosa Hanaupah rock daisy
- Townsendia alpigena Wyoming Townsend daisy
- Townsendia annua Annual Townsend daisy
- Townsendia aprica Last chance Townsend daisy
- Townsendia condensata Cushion Townsend daisy
- Townsendia exscapa Stemless Townsend daisy
- Townsendia florifer Showy Townsend daisy
- Townsendia gypsophila Gypsum-loving Townsend daisy
- Townsendia incana Hoary Townsend daisy
- Townsendia leptotes Common Townsend daisy
- Townsendia nuttalli Nuttall's Townsend daisy
- Townsendia parryi Parry's Townsend daisy
- Townsendia scapigera Tufted Townsend daisy
- Townsendia smithii Black Rock Townsend daisy
- Townsendia spathulata Sword Townsend daisy
- Townsendia texensis Texas Townsend daisy
Common daisy
Bellis perennis is a common European species of Daisy, often considered the archetypal species of that name. Many related plants also share the name "Daisy", so to distinguish this species from other daisies it is sometimes qualified as Common Daisy, Lawn Daisy or occasionally English daisy. It is native to western, central and northern Europe. The species is widely naturalized in North America, where it is considered an invasive weed.
It is a herbaceous plant with short creeping rhizomes and small rounded or spoon-shaped evergreen leaves 2–5 cm long, grows close to ground. The flowerheads are 2–3 cm in diameter, with white ray florets (often tipped red) and yellow disc florets; they are produced on leafless stems 2–10 cm (rarely 15 cm) tall. The lawn daisy is a dicot.
Oxeye daisy
The oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare, syn. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum), also known as the marguerite, is a widespread flowering plant native to Europe and the temperate regions of Asia. It is one of a number of plants to be called by the common name daisy. It is also sometimes called moon daisy or dog daisy.
It is a perennial prostrate herb with small flower head (not larger than 5 cm) that consists of about 20 white ray flowers and numerous yellow disc flowers, growing on the end of the stem. The stem is mostly unbranched and sprouts laterally from a creeping rootstock.
The leaves are darkgreen on both sides. The basal and middle leaves are petiolate, obovate to spoon-shaped, and serrate to dentate. The upper leaves are shorter, sessile and borne along the stem.
It produces an abundant number of flat seeds without pappus. It spreads also vegetatively by rooting underground stems.
The oxeye daisy is a typical meadow flower, growing in a variety of plant communities such as dry fields, meadows, but also under scrubs, open-canopy forests and waste places. It thrives in a wide range of conditions and prefers heavy and damp soils. It was introduced in parts of North America, Australia and New Zealand, where it is now a common weed displacing native plant species in some areas. It is difficult to control or eradicate, since a new plant can regenerate from rhizome fragments. However, in North Carolina it is planted on roadsides by the highway department.[1]
Etymology
It is thought that the name "daisy" is a corruption of "day's eye", because the whole head closes at night and opens in the morning. Chaucer called it "eye of the day".
Daisy is also a common girl's name and is a nickname for girls named Margaret, which originally comes from the Latin word for daisy.
Uses
It is not affected by mowing and is therefore often considered a weed on lawns, though many also value the appearance of the flowers. Several cultivars and hybrids have been selected with much larger flower heads up to 5–6 cm diameter and with light pink to purple-red ray florets.
Bellis perennis has astringent properties and has been used in folk medicine.[2]
Green leaves are edible, consume moderately.
It has traditionally been used for making daisy chains as a children's game.[3]
Gallery
- Daisy's eye view.jpg
- Bellis perennis dsc00906.jpg
- Bellis perennis Marburg 01.jpg
- Daisy flower.jpg
- Field of daisies.jpg
- Sa Daisy flower.jpg
Daisy flower extreme close-up
- Daisy900ppx.jpg
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ "Wildflowers Find Favor With Highway Gardeners" article by Felicity Barringer in the New York Times August 29, 2007
- ↑ Howard, Michael. Traditional Folk Remedies (Century, 1987), p129
- ↑ Children's 'right to play'. BBC News. BBC (2002-08-07). Retrieved 2008-11-02.
- Judd, W. S., C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg, and P. F. Stevens. 1999. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0878934049.
- McNeill, J. et al. 2006. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature International Association of Plant Taxonomy (IAPT). Retrieved April 11, 2008.
External links
- Bellis perennis (USDA plant profile)
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