Difference between revisions of "Corundum" - New World Encyclopedia
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{{Infobox mineral | {{Infobox mineral | ||
| name = Corundum | | name = Corundum | ||
Revision as of 22:37, 27 February 2007
| Corundum | |
|---|---|
 |
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| General | |
| Category | Mineral |
| Chemical formula | aluminum oxide, Al2O3 |
| Identification | |
| {{{molweight}}} | |
| Color | Brown to grey, less often red, blue, white, yellow. |
| Crystal habit | Steep bipyramidal, tabular, prismatic, rhombohedral crystals, massive or granular |
| Crystal system | Trigonal Hexagonal Scalenohedral bar32/m |
| Twinning | Polysynthetic twinning common |
| Cleavage | None - parting in 3 directions |
| Fracture | Conchoidal to uneven |
| Mohs Scale hardness | 9 |
| Luster | Adamantine to vitreous |
| Refractive index | nω=1.768 - 1.772 nε=1.760 - 1.763, Biref 0.009 |
| Pleochroism | None |
| Streak | White |
| Specific gravity | 3.95-4.1 |
| {{{density}}} | |
| Fusibility | Infusible |
| Solubility | Insoluble |
| Major varieties | |
| Sapphire | Any color except red |
| Ruby | Red |
| Emery | Granular |
Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminum oxide and one of the rock-forming minerals. It is naturally clear, but can have different colors when impurities are present. Transparent specimens are used as gems, called ruby if red, while all other colors are called sapphire. The word corundum comes from the Tamil kurundam.
Occurrence
Corundum occurs as an accessory mineral in mica schist, gneiss, and some marbles in metamorphic terranes. It also occurs in low silica igneous syenite and nepheline syenite intrusives. Other occurrences are as masses adjacent to ultramafic intrusives, associated with lamprophyre dikes and as large crystals in pegmatites. Because of its hardness and resistance to weathering, it commonly occurs as a detrital mineral in stream and beach sands.
Corundum for abrasives is mined in Zimbabwe, Russia, and India. Historically it was mined from deposits associated with dunites in North Carolina and from a nepheline syenite in Craigmont, Ontario. Emery grade corundum is found on the Greek island of Naxos and near Peekskill, New York. Abrasive corundum is synthetically manufactured from bauxite.
Characteristics
The oxygen atoms in corundum are arranged in a hexagonal close-packing, with the smaller aluminum atoms occupying ⅔ of the octahedral gaps. The coordination of the atoms are thus 6:4, compared to 4:2 for quartz, which accounts for its greater hardness despite the Al-O bonds being less covalent. In addition to its hardness, corundum is unusual for its high density of 4.02 g/cm3 which is very high for a transparent mineral composed of the low atomic mass elements aluminum and oxygen.
Applications
Due to corundum's hardness (typically 9.0 Mohs), it is commonly used as an abrasive in machining, from huge machines to sandpaper. Some emery is a mix of corundum and other substances, and the mix is less abrasive, with a lower average Mohs hardness near 8.0.
Synthetic Corundum
Gem-quality synthetic corundum is usually produced by the flame-fusion method (also called the Verneuil process). This allows the production of large quantities of sapphire, rubies, and other corundum gems. It is also possible to grow gem-quality synthetic corundum by flux-growth and hydrothermal synthesis. Because of the simplicity of the methods involved in corundum synthesis, large quantities of these crystals became available on the market causing a significant reduction of price in recent years. Apart from ornamental use, synthetic corundum (i.e., sapphire) is also used to produce mechanical parts (tubes, rods, bearings, and other machined parts) and lasers.
Emery
Emery is a very hard rock type used to make abrasive powder. It consists largely of corundum, mixed with other species such as the iron-bearing spinels hercynite and magnetite, and also rutile (titania). Industrial emery may contain a variety of other minerals and synthetic compounds such as magnesia, mullite, and silica.
It is black or dark gray in color, less dense than translucent-brown corundum with a specific gravity of between 3.5 and 3.8. Because it can be a mix of minerals, no definite Mohs hardness can be assigned: the hardness of corundum is 9 and that of some spinel-group minerals is near 8, but the hardness of others such as magnetite is near 6.
Crushed or naturally eroded emery (known as black sand) is used as an abrasive—for example, on an emery board, as a traction enhancer in asphalt and tarmac mixtures, or as used in mechanical engineering as Emery cloth.
The Greek island of Naxos used to be the main source of this industrially important rock type. It has been mined on the eastern side of Naxos for well over two thousand years until recent times. However, demand for emery has decreased with the development of sintered carbide and oxide materials as abrasives.
See also
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Farndon, John, 2006. The Practical Encyclopedia of Rocks & Minerals: How to Find, Identify, Collect and Maintain the World's best Specimens, with over 1000 Photographs and Artworks. Lorenz Books. ISBN 0754815412 (ISBN-13: 978-0754815419)
- Hurlbut, Cornelius S., and Klein, Cornelis, 1985. Manual of Mineralogy (20th ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-80580-7.
- Pellant, Chris, 2002. Smithsonian Handbooks: Rocks and Minerals. New York, NY: DK Adult. ISBN 0789491060 (ISBN-13: 978-0789491060)
- Shaffer, Paul R., Herbert S. Zim, and Raymond Perlman, 2001. Rocks, Gems and Minerals. Revised and Updated edition. St. Martin's Press, Golden Guide. ISBN 1582381321 (ISBN-13: 978-1582381329).
External links
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