Difference between revisions of "Centaur" - New World Encyclopedia
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[[Image:Centaure Malmaison.jpg|thumb|200 px| Bronze Centaur in Malmaison, France]] | [[Image:Centaure Malmaison.jpg|thumb|200 px| Bronze Centaur in Malmaison, France]] | ||
| − | In [[Greek mythology]], the '''centaurs''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Κένταυροι) are a race of creatures half [[human]] and half [[horse]]. This human and animal combination has lead many writers to treat them as | + | In [[Greek mythology]], the '''centaurs''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Κένταυροι) are a race of creatures half [[human]] and half [[horse]]. In early Attic vase-paintings, they are depicted as the head and torso of a man with his waist joined to the horse's withers, where the horse's neck would be. This human and animal combination has lead many writers to treat them as "liminal" beings, caught between the two natures of feral [[animalism]] and cogent humanity. |
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
| − | The [[Greek Language|Greek]] word ''kentauros'' could be | + | The etymology of the word '''centaur''' from the [[Greek Language|Greek]] word ''kentauros'' could be understood as ''ken - tauros'', which means "piercing bull." It is also possible that this word in fact comes from the [[Mesopotamia]]n word for ''Centaurus'', the [[constellation]] that in Mesopotamian culture depicted an epic battle of Gods. The Greeks later re-named the constellation for its depiction of a man riding a [[horse]], the significance of which has been suggested as a collective but vague memory of horse riders from [[Thessaly]] that at one time invaded Greece.<ref> "Centaur" The Compact Edition of The Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1971 </ref> |
==Origin== | ==Origin== | ||
| + | [[Image:Kentaur Kreta asb 2004 PICT3436.jpg|thumb|left|200 px| Centaur from Crete]] | ||
| + | The most common theory holds that the idea of centaurs came from the first reaction of a non-riding culture, as in the [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]] [[Aegean Sea|Aegean world]], to [[nomad]]s who were mounted on [[horse]]s. This theory suggests that such riders would appear as half-man, half-animal. Bernal Díaz del Castillo reported that the [[Aztec]]s had this misapprehension about [[Spain|Spanish]] cavalrymen.<ref>Stuart Chase, ''Mexico: A Study of Two Americas'', Chapter IV ([http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Hyper2/chase/ch04.html University of Virginia Hypertext]), accessed 24 April 2006.</ref> | ||
| − | + | Horse taming and horseback culture evolved first in the southern [[steppe]] grasslands of Central [[Asia]], perhaps approximately in modern [[Kazakhstan]]. The Lapith tribe of Thessaly, who were the kinsmen of the Centaurs in myth, were described as the inventors of horse-back riding by Greek writers. The Thessalian tribes also claimed their horse breeds were descended from the centaurs. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | The Lapith tribe of Thessaly, who were the kinsmen of the Centaurs in myth, were described as the inventors of horse-back riding by Greek writers. The | + | [[anthropology|Anthropologist]] and writer [[Robert Graves]] speculated that the centaurs of Greek myth were a dimly-remembered, pre-Hellenic fraternal earth cult who had the horse as a [[totem]]. |
| − | Of the various Classical Greek authors who mentioned centaurs, [[Pindar]] was the first who describes undoubtedly a combined monster. Previous authors | + | Of the various Classical Greek authors who mentioned centaurs, [[Pindar]] was the first who describes what is undoubtedly a combined monster. Previous authors such as [[Homer]] only used words such as ''Pheres'' (beasts) that could also mean ordinary savage men riding ordinary horses. However, contemporaneous representations of hybrid centaurs can be found in archaic Greek [[art]]. |
==Myths== | ==Myths== | ||
| + | According to [[Greek Mythology]], the centaurs descended from Centaurus, who mated with the Magnesian mares. Centaurus was the son of either Ixion and Nephele (the cloud made in the image of [[Hera]]) or of [[Apollo]] and [[Stilbe]], daughter of the river god [[Peneus]]. In the latter version of the story his twin brother was [[Lapithus]], ancestor of the Lapiths, thus making the two warring peoples cousins. | ||
| + | [[Image:Sebastiano Ricci 045.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Painting by Sebastiano Ricci, of Centaurs at the marriage of Pirithous, king of the Lapithae]] | ||
| − | + | The most popular myth featuring Centaurs is the story of the wedding of Hippodamia, and Pirithous, king of the [[Lapith|Lapithae]]. Kin to Hippodamia, the centaurs attended the wedding, but became so drunk and riotous at the ceremony that they attempted to ride off with the bride and other women. A large and bloody battle ensued, and despite their size and strength, the centaurs were defeated and driven away.<ref name=hamilton> Hamilton, Edith. 1998. ''Mythology''. Back Bay Books. ISBN 0316341517 </ref> The strife among these cousins is interpreted as similar to the defeat of the [[Titan]]s by the Olympian gods—the contests with the Centaurs typify the struggle between [[civilization]] and [[barbarism]]. | |
| − | The most popular myth featuring Centaurs is the story of the wedding of | ||
| − | Other myths include the story of | + | Other myths include the story of Atalanta, a girl raised in the wild by animals who slayed two centaurs who threatened her, thanks to her excellent [[archery]] skills. The most famous centaur was Chiron, a old, wise and legendarily gifted centaur. He is featured in many stories, being credited with raising Aesculapis the physician and Actaeon the hunter, as well as teaching the greatest of Greek warriors, [[Achilles]]. There are two conflicting stories of his death. The first involves and accidental injury caused by [[Hercules]] that was so painful but not mortal that [[Zeus]] allowed Chiron to die with dignity. The other story involves Chiron's willful sacrificing of his life in order to save [[Prometheus]] from being punished by Zeus.<ref name=hamilton/> |
==Centaurs in Artwork== | ==Centaurs in Artwork== | ||
[[Image:South metope 30 Parthenon BM.jpg|thumb|left|200 px| Lapith fighting a centaur from the Parthenon]] | [[Image:South metope 30 Parthenon BM.jpg|thumb|left|200 px| Lapith fighting a centaur from the Parthenon]] | ||
| − | Vignettes of the battle between Lapiths and Centaurs were sculpted in [[bas-relief]] on the [[frieze]] of the [[Parthenon]], which was dedicated to wise [[Athena]] | + | Vignettes of the battle between Lapiths and Centaurs were sculpted in [[bas-relief]] on the [[frieze]] of the [[Parthenon]], which was dedicated to wise [[Athena]],<ref>''Apollodorus'', ii. 5; Diod. Sic. IV, li</ref> are favorite subjects of Greek art.<ref>Colvin, Sidney. ''Journal of Hellenic Studies,'' I, 1881, and the exhaustive article in [[Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher|Roscher]]'s ''Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie''</ref> |
| − | The mythological episode of the centaur Nessus carrying off Deianira, the bride of [[Heracles]], also provided [[Giambologna]] (1529-1608), a Flemish sculptor whose career was spent in Italy, splendid opportunities to devise compositions with two forms in violent interaction. He made several versions of Nessus carrying off Deianira, represented by examples in the [[Louvre Museum|Louvre]], the | + | The mythological episode of the centaur Nessus carrying off Deianira, the bride of [[Heracles]], also provided [[Giambologna]] (1529-1608), a Flemish sculptor whose career was spent in [[Italy]], splendid opportunities to devise compositions with two forms in violent interaction. He made several versions of Nessus carrying off Deianira, represented by examples in the [[Louvre Museum|Louvre]], the Grünes Gewölbe, Dresden, the Frick Collection, [[New York City]], and the [[Huntington Library]], San Marino, California. His followers, like [[Adriaen de Vries]] and Pietro Tacca, continued to make countless repetitions of the subject. When [[Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse|Carrier-Belleuse]] tackled the same play of forms in the nineteenth century he titled it ''Abduction of Hippodameia''. |
| − | [[Image:Ladycentaurs.JPG|right|250px|thumb|Two female centaurs crowning | + | [[Image:Ladycentaurs.JPG|right|250px|thumb|Two female centaurs crowning Aphrodite, a mosaic]] |
==Centaurs in fiction== | ==Centaurs in fiction== | ||
| − | Centaurs have appeared many times and in many places | + | Centaurs have appeared many times and in many places [[literature]] and popular fiction. The Centaur Inn featured in [[Shakespeare]]'s ''The Comedy of Errors''. Centaurs are featured in [[C. S. Lewis]]' ''The Chronicles of Narnia'', and numerous [[fantasy]] novels by a variety of twentieth century authors. |
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 02:51, 25 March 2007
In Greek mythology, the centaurs (Greek: Κένταυροι) are a race of creatures half human and half horse. In early Attic vase-paintings, they are depicted as the head and torso of a man with his waist joined to the horse's withers, where the horse's neck would be. This human and animal combination has lead many writers to treat them as "liminal" beings, caught between the two natures of feral animalism and cogent humanity.
Etymology
The etymology of the word centaur from the Greek word kentauros could be understood as ken - tauros, which means "piercing bull." It is also possible that this word in fact comes from the Mesopotamian word for Centaurus, the constellation that in Mesopotamian culture depicted an epic battle of Gods. The Greeks later re-named the constellation for its depiction of a man riding a horse, the significance of which has been suggested as a collective but vague memory of horse riders from Thessaly that at one time invaded Greece.[1]
Origin
The most common theory holds that the idea of centaurs came from the first reaction of a non-riding culture, as in the Minoan Aegean world, to nomads who were mounted on horses. This theory suggests that such riders would appear as half-man, half-animal. Bernal Díaz del Castillo reported that the Aztecs had this misapprehension about Spanish cavalrymen.[2]
Horse taming and horseback culture evolved first in the southern steppe grasslands of Central Asia, perhaps approximately in modern Kazakhstan. The Lapith tribe of Thessaly, who were the kinsmen of the Centaurs in myth, were described as the inventors of horse-back riding by Greek writers. The Thessalian tribes also claimed their horse breeds were descended from the centaurs.
Anthropologist and writer Robert Graves speculated that the centaurs of Greek myth were a dimly-remembered, pre-Hellenic fraternal earth cult who had the horse as a totem.
Of the various Classical Greek authors who mentioned centaurs, Pindar was the first who describes what is undoubtedly a combined monster. Previous authors such as Homer only used words such as Pheres (beasts) that could also mean ordinary savage men riding ordinary horses. However, contemporaneous representations of hybrid centaurs can be found in archaic Greek art.
Myths
According to Greek Mythology, the centaurs descended from Centaurus, who mated with the Magnesian mares. Centaurus was the son of either Ixion and Nephele (the cloud made in the image of Hera) or of Apollo and Stilbe, daughter of the river god Peneus. In the latter version of the story his twin brother was Lapithus, ancestor of the Lapiths, thus making the two warring peoples cousins.
The most popular myth featuring Centaurs is the story of the wedding of Hippodamia, and Pirithous, king of the Lapithae. Kin to Hippodamia, the centaurs attended the wedding, but became so drunk and riotous at the ceremony that they attempted to ride off with the bride and other women. A large and bloody battle ensued, and despite their size and strength, the centaurs were defeated and driven away.[3] The strife among these cousins is interpreted as similar to the defeat of the Titans by the Olympian gods—the contests with the Centaurs typify the struggle between civilization and barbarism.
Other myths include the story of Atalanta, a girl raised in the wild by animals who slayed two centaurs who threatened her, thanks to her excellent archery skills. The most famous centaur was Chiron, a old, wise and legendarily gifted centaur. He is featured in many stories, being credited with raising Aesculapis the physician and Actaeon the hunter, as well as teaching the greatest of Greek warriors, Achilles. There are two conflicting stories of his death. The first involves and accidental injury caused by Hercules that was so painful but not mortal that Zeus allowed Chiron to die with dignity. The other story involves Chiron's willful sacrificing of his life in order to save Prometheus from being punished by Zeus.[3]
Centaurs in Artwork
Vignettes of the battle between Lapiths and Centaurs were sculpted in bas-relief on the frieze of the Parthenon, which was dedicated to wise Athena,[4] are favorite subjects of Greek art.[5]
The mythological episode of the centaur Nessus carrying off Deianira, the bride of Heracles, also provided Giambologna (1529-1608), a Flemish sculptor whose career was spent in Italy, splendid opportunities to devise compositions with two forms in violent interaction. He made several versions of Nessus carrying off Deianira, represented by examples in the Louvre, the Grünes Gewölbe, Dresden, the Frick Collection, New York City, and the Huntington Library, San Marino, California. His followers, like Adriaen de Vries and Pietro Tacca, continued to make countless repetitions of the subject. When Carrier-Belleuse tackled the same play of forms in the nineteenth century he titled it Abduction of Hippodameia.
Centaurs in fiction
Centaurs have appeared many times and in many places literature and popular fiction. The Centaur Inn featured in Shakespeare's The Comedy of Errors. Centaurs are featured in C. S. Lewis' The Chronicles of Narnia, and numerous fantasy novels by a variety of twentieth century authors.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ "Centaur" The Compact Edition of The Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1971
- ↑ Stuart Chase, Mexico: A Study of Two Americas, Chapter IV (University of Virginia Hypertext), accessed 24 April 2006.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hamilton, Edith. 1998. Mythology. Back Bay Books. ISBN 0316341517
- ↑ Apollodorus, ii. 5; Diod. Sic. IV, li
- ↑ Colvin, Sidney. Journal of Hellenic Studies, I, 1881, and the exhaustive article in Roscher's Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie
External links
- "Kentauroi Thessalioi" Theoi Project. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
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