Difference between revisions of "Cross" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
m (New page: {{Started}} [[Image:Christian cross.svg|thumb|150px|Also known as the Latin cross or crux ordinaria. It is the most common symbol of Christianity, intended to represent the redeeming mart...)
 
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{{Started}}
 
{{Started}}
  
[[Image:Christian cross.svg|thumb|150px|Also known as the Latin cross or crux ordinaria. It is the most common symbol of Christianity, intended to represent the redeeming martyrdom of Jesus when he was crucified on the True Cross in the New Testament.]]
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[[Image:Christian cross.jpg|thumb|150px|Also known as the Latin cross or crux ordinaria. It is the most common symbol of Christianity, intended to represent the redeeming martyrdom of Jesus when he was crucified on the True Cross in the New Testament.]]
 
 
[[Image:Raffi kojian-goshavank-IMG 0454.JPG|thumb|150px|right|A famous [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian]] [[khachkar]] at [[Goshavank]] (Notice the cross).]]
 
  
 
{{otheruses}}
 
{{otheruses}}
 
 
A ''' cross''' is a geometrical figure consisting of two lines or bars perpendicular to each other , dividing one or two of the lines in half. The lines usually run vertically and horizontally; if they run diagonally, the design is technically termed a [[saltire]].
 
A ''' cross''' is a geometrical figure consisting of two lines or bars perpendicular to each other , dividing one or two of the lines in half. The lines usually run vertically and horizontally; if they run diagonally, the design is technically termed a [[saltire]].
  
 
The cross is one of the most ancient human symbols, and is used by many religions, most notably [[Christianity]]. It is frequently a representation of the division of the world into [[classical element|four elements]]{{Fact|date=August 2007}} (or [[cardinal directions|cardinal points]]), or alternately as the union of the concepts of [[divinity]], the vertical line, and the [[world]], the horizontal line (Koch, 1955).  
 
The cross is one of the most ancient human symbols, and is used by many religions, most notably [[Christianity]]. It is frequently a representation of the division of the world into [[classical element|four elements]]{{Fact|date=August 2007}} (or [[cardinal directions|cardinal points]]), or alternately as the union of the concepts of [[divinity]], the vertical line, and the [[world]], the horizontal line (Koch, 1955).  
 +
[[Image:Verbum-caro858.JPG|thumb|200px|right|A famous [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian]] [[khachkar]] at [[Goshavank]] (Notice the cross).]]
  
 
==Etymology==
 
==Etymology==
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Also known as the '''Key of the Nile''', the '''Looped Tau Cross''', and the '''Ansated Cross'''. It was an [[Ancient Egypt]]ian symbol of [[life]]. Sometimes given a Latin name if it appears in specifically Christian contexts, such as the '''''crux ansata''''' ("handled cross").
 
Also known as the '''Key of the Nile''', the '''Looped Tau Cross''', and the '''Ansated Cross'''. It was an [[Ancient Egypt]]ian symbol of [[life]]. Sometimes given a Latin name if it appears in specifically Christian contexts, such as the '''''crux ansata''''' ("handled cross").
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Ankh.svg|140px]]
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[[Image:Ankh.svg|60px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''Canterbury cross'''
 
| | '''Canterbury cross'''
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Used in the [[Anglican]] Churches.  It has four arms of equal length, each widening at the outer end in a hammer shape so that their rims form a near circle. Each arm bears a triangular panel incised with a [[triquetra]]  symbolizing the [[Trinity]].  In the center of the cross is a small square.  The Saxon original dates from c. 850 C.E. and was excavated in 1867 in [[Canterbury]], England.  A stone replica can be found in Canterbury Cathedral and in several other Anglican cathedrals around the world. [http://www.gallerybyzantium.com/canterbury.html] [http://www.seiyaku.com/customs/crosses/canterbury.html]
 
Used in the [[Anglican]] Churches.  It has four arms of equal length, each widening at the outer end in a hammer shape so that their rims form a near circle. Each arm bears a triangular panel incised with a [[triquetra]]  symbolizing the [[Trinity]].  In the center of the cross is a small square.  The Saxon original dates from c. 850 C.E. and was excavated in 1867 in [[Canterbury]], England.  A stone replica can be found in Canterbury Cathedral and in several other Anglican cathedrals around the world. [http://www.gallerybyzantium.com/canterbury.html] [http://www.seiyaku.com/customs/crosses/canterbury.html]
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Cantercross.jpg|140px]]
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[[Image:Cantercross.jpg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Christian cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[Christian cross]]'''
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Also known as the '''Latin cross''' or '''''crux ordinaria'''''. It is the most common symbol of [[Christianity]], intended to represent the redeeming [[martyr]]dom of [[Jesus]] when he was [[crucifixion|crucified]] on the [[True Cross]] in the [[New Testament]].
 
Also known as the '''Latin cross''' or '''''crux ordinaria'''''. It is the most common symbol of [[Christianity]], intended to represent the redeeming [[martyr]]dom of [[Jesus]] when he was [[crucifixion|crucified]] on the [[True Cross]] in the [[New Testament]].
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Christian cross.svg|150px]]
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[[Image:Christian cross.jpg|70px
 +
]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''Coptic Cross'''
 
| | '''Coptic Cross'''
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A small circle from which emanate four arms of equal length, with angled T shapes in the corner, cross-pieces outward, representing the nails used in Jesus' crucifixion.  This cross receives its name from [[Coptic Christianity]], which centered around Alexandria, Egypt.
 
A small circle from which emanate four arms of equal length, with angled T shapes in the corner, cross-pieces outward, representing the nails used in Jesus' crucifixion.  This cross receives its name from [[Coptic Christianity]], which centered around Alexandria, Egypt.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Coptic-Cross.svg|150px]]
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[[Image:Coptic-Cross.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''Original Coptic Cross'''
 
| | '''Original Coptic Cross'''
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The original [[Coptic cross]] used by early Gnostic Christians in Egypt.
 
The original [[Coptic cross]] used by early Gnostic Christians in Egypt.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Original Coptic cross.svg|150px]]
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[[Image:Original Coptic cross.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''Coptic ankh'''
 
| | '''Coptic ankh'''
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The [[Coptic ankh]] is the Ankh related pre Original [[Coptic cross]] of the early [[Gnostic]] Christians in Egypt.
 
The [[Coptic ankh]] is the Ankh related pre Original [[Coptic cross]] of the early [[Gnostic]] Christians in Egypt.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Copticankh.jpg|150px]]
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[[Image:Copticankh.jpg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''Greek cross'''
 
| | '''Greek cross'''
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Also known as the '''''crux immissa quadrata'''''. Has all arms of equal length.
 
Also known as the '''''crux immissa quadrata'''''. Has all arms of equal length.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Greek cross.svg|150px]]
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[[Image:Greek cross.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Eastern cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[Eastern cross]]'''
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Used in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]. The top line is said to represent the headboard, and the bottom, slanted line represents the footrest, wrenched loose by Jesus' writhing in intense agony. The letters IC XC found at the end of the main arm of most Eastern Orthodox Crosses are a [[Christogram]], representing the name of Jesus Christ.
 
Used in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]. The top line is said to represent the headboard, and the bottom, slanted line represents the footrest, wrenched loose by Jesus' writhing in intense agony. The letters IC XC found at the end of the main arm of most Eastern Orthodox Crosses are a [[Christogram]], representing the name of Jesus Christ.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Slavcross.png|150px]]
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[[Image:Slavcross.png|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[High cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[High cross]]'''
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Free-standing [[Celtic cross]]es commonly found in [[Ireland]] and to a lesser extent in [[Great Britain]], very common in churches and graveyards.
 
Free-standing [[Celtic cross]]es commonly found in [[Ireland]] and to a lesser extent in [[Great Britain]], very common in churches and graveyards.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Ccross.svg|150px]]
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[[Image:Ccross.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[St. Brigid's Cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[St. Brigid's Cross]]'''
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This cross is found throughout Ireland. It is told that the cross was made by Brigid, daughter of a Pagan King from reeds to be used as an instrument of conversion. However, Brigid's name is derived from Brigit (also spelled Brigid, Brìghde, Brìde, and Bríde), a Celtic Goddess of fire, poetry, and smithcraft, and today the cross is used to protect houses from fire. This is an example of the integration of religious traditions. The cross itself derives from the Indo-European Swastika, or Solar Wheel
 
This cross is found throughout Ireland. It is told that the cross was made by Brigid, daughter of a Pagan King from reeds to be used as an instrument of conversion. However, Brigid's name is derived from Brigit (also spelled Brigid, Brìghde, Brìde, and Bríde), a Celtic Goddess of fire, poetry, and smithcraft, and today the cross is used to protect houses from fire. This is an example of the integration of religious traditions. The cross itself derives from the Indo-European Swastika, or Solar Wheel
 
|
 
|
[[Image:St Brigid.png|150px]]
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[[Image:St Brigid.png|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Labarum]]'''
 
| | '''[[Labarum]]'''
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[[Constantine I]]'s Labarum is also known as a ''Chrismon'', ''Chi-Rho'' (from the two [[Grek alphabet|Greek letters]] that make it up) or [[Christogram|monogram of the name Jesus Christ]]. Several other forms of Chrismons exist.
 
[[Constantine I]]'s Labarum is also known as a ''Chrismon'', ''Chi-Rho'' (from the two [[Grek alphabet|Greek letters]] that make it up) or [[Christogram|monogram of the name Jesus Christ]]. Several other forms of Chrismons exist.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Labarum.png|150px]]
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[[Image:Labarum.png|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Lebanese Forces Cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[Lebanese Forces Cross]]'''
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#The diagonal cut at the base of the cross symbolizes the strength of the Lebanese Christians’ will, and their determination to keep the cross planted in their region of the world.
 
#The diagonal cut at the base of the cross symbolizes the strength of the Lebanese Christians’ will, and their determination to keep the cross planted in their region of the world.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Lfcross.jpg]]
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[[Image:Lfcross.jpg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Cross of Lorraine|Lorraine Cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[Cross of Lorraine|Lorraine Cross]]'''
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Used in [[heraldry]]. It is similar to a [[patriarchal cross]], but usually has one bar near the bottom and one near the top, rather than having both near the top. Is part of the heraldic arms of Lorraine in eastern France. It was originally held to be a symbol of Joan of Arc, renowned for her perseverance against foreign invaders of France.
 
Used in [[heraldry]]. It is similar to a [[patriarchal cross]], but usually has one bar near the bottom and one near the top, rather than having both near the top. Is part of the heraldic arms of Lorraine in eastern France. It was originally held to be a symbol of Joan of Arc, renowned for her perseverance against foreign invaders of France.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Cross of Lorraine.jpg|150px]]
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[[Image:Cross of Lorraine.jpg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Marian Cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[Marian Cross]]'''
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Etched on the casket of [[Pope John Paul II]], the Marian Cross is a [[Catholic]] adaptation of the traditional Latin cross to emphasize Catholic devotion to [[Virgin Mary|Mary]].
 
Etched on the casket of [[Pope John Paul II]], the Marian Cross is a [[Catholic]] adaptation of the traditional Latin cross to emphasize Catholic devotion to [[Virgin Mary|Mary]].
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Marian Cross.jpg|150px]]
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[[Image:Marian Cross.jpg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Nordic Cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[Nordic Cross]]'''
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Used in [[vexillology|flags]] descended from the [[Nordic Cross Flag|Dannebrog]].
 
Used in [[vexillology|flags]] descended from the [[Nordic Cross Flag|Dannebrog]].
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg|150px]]
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[[Image:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Occitan cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[Occitan cross]]'''
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Based on the counts of [[Toulouse]]'s traditional coat of arms, it soon became the symbol of [[Occitania]] as a whole.
 
Based on the counts of [[Toulouse]]'s traditional coat of arms, it soon became the symbol of [[Occitania]] as a whole.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Cathar cross.svg|150px]]
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[[Image:Cathar cross.svg|70px]]
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| | '''[[Papal Cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[Papal Cross]]'''
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The three cross-bars represent the Roman Catholic Pope's triple role as Bishop of Rome, Patriarch of the West, and successor of St. Peter, Chief of the Apostles.
 
The three cross-bars represent the Roman Catholic Pope's triple role as Bishop of Rome, Patriarch of the West, and successor of St. Peter, Chief of the Apostles.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:PopesCross.svg|150px]]
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[[Image:PopesCross.svg|70px]]
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| | '''[[Patriarchal cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[Patriarchal cross]]'''
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Used by [[Presbyterian]] denominations.
 
Used by [[Presbyterian]] denominations.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:USVA headstone emb-04.svg|100 px]]
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[[Image:USVA headstone emb-04.svg|70 px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Red Cross (symbol)|Red Cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[Red Cross (symbol)|Red Cross]]'''
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Used as a symbol for medical care in most of the world, the [[Red Crescent (symbol)|Red Crescent]] being used in Islamic countries and the [[Magen David Adom]] in [[Israel]].
 
Used as a symbol for medical care in most of the world, the [[Red Crescent (symbol)|Red Crescent]] being used in Islamic countries and the [[Magen David Adom]] in [[Israel]].
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Flag of the Red Cross.svg|150px]]
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[[Image:Flag of the Red Cross.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Cross of Sacrifice]]'''
 
| | '''[[Cross of Sacrifice]]'''
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A Latin cross with a superimposed sword, blade down. It is a symbol used by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] at the site of many war memorials.
 
A Latin cross with a superimposed sword, blade down. It is a symbol used by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] at the site of many war memorials.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:A Commonwealth Cross of Sacrifice or War Cross.jpg|100px]]
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[[Image:A Commonwealth Cross of Sacrifice or War Cross.jpg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Flag of Georgia (country)|Royal Flag of Georgia]]'''
 
| | '''[[Flag of Georgia (country)|Royal Flag of Georgia]]'''
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Used in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] as national flag, first used by Georgian King [[Vakhtang Gorgasali]] in the [[5th century]] and later adopted by Queen [[Tamar of Georgia]] in the [[13th century]]. The flag depicts a Jerusalem cross, adopted during the reign of [[George V of Georgia]] who drove out the [[Mongols]] from Georgia in 1334.
 
Used in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] as national flag, first used by Georgian King [[Vakhtang Gorgasali]] in the [[5th century]] and later adopted by Queen [[Tamar of Georgia]] in the [[13th century]]. The flag depicts a Jerusalem cross, adopted during the reign of [[George V of Georgia]] who drove out the [[Mongols]] from Georgia in 1334.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Flag of Georgia.svg|150px]]
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[[Image:Flag of Georgia.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Grapevine cross|St. Nino's Cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[Grapevine cross|St. Nino's Cross]]'''
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Also known as a "[[Grapevine cross]]" and traditionally ascribed to [[Saint Nino]], the 4th-century female baptizer of the Georgians, it is used as a symbol of the [[Georgian Orthodox Church]].
 
Also known as a "[[Grapevine cross]]" and traditionally ascribed to [[Saint Nino]], the 4th-century female baptizer of the Georgians, it is used as a symbol of the [[Georgian Orthodox Church]].
 
|
 
|
[[Image:SaintNinoCross.jpg|100px]]
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[[Image:SaintNinoCross.jpg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Saint Andrew's Cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[Saint Andrew's Cross]]'''
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Used in [[Scotland]]'s national flag and the naval ensign of the [[Russian Navy]], it is also called the '''[[Saltire]]''', the '''Boundary Cross''' (because it was used by the Romans as a barrier) and the '''''crux decussata'''''. [[Saint Andrew]] is believed to have suffered a martyr's death on such a cross, hence its name. The cross does not have to be at this particular angle to qualify as a saltire; the symbol [[X]] can also be considered a St. Andrew's Cross.
 
Used in [[Scotland]]'s national flag and the naval ensign of the [[Russian Navy]], it is also called the '''[[Saltire]]''', the '''Boundary Cross''' (because it was used by the Romans as a barrier) and the '''''crux decussata'''''. [[Saint Andrew]] is believed to have suffered a martyr's death on such a cross, hence its name. The cross does not have to be at this particular angle to qualify as a saltire; the symbol [[X]] can also be considered a St. Andrew's Cross.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Flag of Scotland.svg|150px]]
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[[Image:Flag of Scotland.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[St George's Cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[St George's Cross]]'''
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Used in [[England]]'s national flag.
 
Used in [[England]]'s national flag.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Flag of England.svg|150px]]
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[[Image:Flag of England.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Cross of St. Peter|Saint Peter's Cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[Cross of St. Peter|Saint Peter's Cross]]'''
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An upside-down Latin cross, based on a tradition that holds that [[Saint Peter]] was martyred by being crucified upside-down. Today it is often associated with anti-Christian or [[Satanism|Satanic]] groups and some [[heavy metal]] artists, such as [[King Diamond]].
 
An upside-down Latin cross, based on a tradition that holds that [[Saint Peter]] was martyred by being crucified upside-down. Today it is often associated with anti-Christian or [[Satanism|Satanic]] groups and some [[heavy metal]] artists, such as [[King Diamond]].
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Peter's Cross.svg|160px]]
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[[Image:Peter's Cross.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Skull and crossbones]]'''
 
| | '''[[Skull and crossbones]]'''
 
|
 
|
 
Not a cross as such, but a saltire made of bones, with an overlaid skull. While traditionally associated with [[pirate]]s, it was actually relatively rarely used by them, each ship having its own design, often involving an [[hourglass]].
 
Not a cross as such, but a saltire made of bones, with an overlaid skull. While traditionally associated with [[pirate]]s, it was actually relatively rarely used by them, each ship having its own design, often involving an [[hourglass]].
| [[Image:Skull and crossbones.svg|150px]]
+
| [[Image:Skull and crossbones.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Sun cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[Sun cross]]'''
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Also known as the '''Sunwheel''', '''solar cross''' or '''Odin's cross''', because [[Odin]]'s symbol in [[Norse mythology]] was a cross in a circle. Used throughout [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] culture to represent the great [[Medicine Wheel]] of life.
 
Also known as the '''Sunwheel''', '''solar cross''' or '''Odin's cross''', because [[Odin]]'s symbol in [[Norse mythology]] was a cross in a circle. Used throughout [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] culture to represent the great [[Medicine Wheel]] of life.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Simple crossed circle.svg|150px]]
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[[Image:Simple crossed circle.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Cross of Tau|Tau Cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[Cross of Tau|Tau Cross]]'''
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Also known as '''[[Saint Anthony]]'s Cross''', the '''Egyptian Cross''' and the '''''crux commissa'''''. It is shaped like the letter [[T]]. [[Francis of Assisi]] used it as his signature.
 
Also known as '''[[Saint Anthony]]'s Cross''', the '''Egyptian Cross''' and the '''''crux commissa'''''. It is shaped like the letter [[T]]. [[Francis of Assisi]] used it as his signature.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Te cross.svg|150px]]
+
[[Image:Te cross.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''Thieves' Cross'''
 
| | '''Thieves' Cross'''
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The '''Mariner's Cross''' is a stylized cross in the shape of an [[anchor]]. The [[Mariner's Cross]] is also referred to as ''[[Pope Clement I|St. Clement's Cross]]'' in reference to the way he was martyred.
 
The '''Mariner's Cross''' is a stylized cross in the shape of an [[anchor]]. The [[Mariner's Cross]] is also referred to as ''[[Pope Clement I|St. Clement's Cross]]'' in reference to the way he was martyred.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Mariner's Cross.svg|150px]]
+
[[Image:Mariner's Cross.svg|60px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| |[[Persian cross]]
 
| |[[Persian cross]]
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Carved into mountainside at the site of the tombs of the Achaemenian Kings
 
Carved into mountainside at the site of the tombs of the Achaemenian Kings
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Naqshe rostam660.jpg|150px]]
+
[[Image:Naqshe rostam660.jpg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| |[[Order of Christ Cross]]
 
| |[[Order of Christ Cross]]
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Since then it has become a symbol of [[Portugal]], used on the sails of the [[carracks]] during the [[History of Portugal (1419-1499)|Discoveries]] [[Era]], and currently by the [[Portuguese Air Force]].
 
Since then it has become a symbol of [[Portugal]], used on the sails of the [[carracks]] during the [[History of Portugal (1419-1499)|Discoveries]] [[Era]], and currently by the [[Portuguese Air Force]].
 
|
 
|
[[Image:OrderOfCristCross.svg|150px]]
+
[[Image:OrderOfCristCross.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
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A cross which does not extend to the edges of the shield is ''humetty'', in heraldic terminology.
 
A cross which does not extend to the edges of the shield is ''humetty'', in heraldic terminology.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Azure-Cross-Or-Heraldry.svg|150px]]
+
[[Image:Azure-Cross-Or-Heraldry.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Cross barbée]]'''
 
| | '''[[Cross barbée]]'''
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Also known as the '''cross barby''' or '''arrow cross''', this symbol consists of two double-ended arrows in a cross configuration.  Best known today for its use by  the [[fascist]] [[Arrow Cross Party]] in the 1930s, the symbol actually dates to ancient times and was used by [[Hungary|Hungarian]] tribes in the [[Middle Ages]].  In [[Christian]] use, the ends of this cross resemble the barbs of fish hooks, or fish spears.  This alludes to the [[Ichthys]] symbol of [[Christ]], and is suggestive of the "fishers of men" theme in the [[Gospel]].
 
Also known as the '''cross barby''' or '''arrow cross''', this symbol consists of two double-ended arrows in a cross configuration.  Best known today for its use by  the [[fascist]] [[Arrow Cross Party]] in the 1930s, the symbol actually dates to ancient times and was used by [[Hungary|Hungarian]] tribes in the [[Middle Ages]].  In [[Christian]] use, the ends of this cross resemble the barbs of fish hooks, or fish spears.  This alludes to the [[Ichthys]] symbol of [[Christ]], and is suggestive of the "fishers of men" theme in the [[Gospel]].
 
|
 
|
[[Image:ArrowCross.svg|140px]]
+
[[Image:ArrowCross.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''Cross bottony'''
 
| | '''Cross bottony'''
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A cross with the ends of the arms [[bottony]] (or botonny), i.e. shaped like an architectural [[trefoil]]. It occurs counterchanged on the [[flag of Maryland]].
 
A cross with the ends of the arms [[bottony]] (or botonny), i.e. shaped like an architectural [[trefoil]]. It occurs counterchanged on the [[flag of Maryland]].
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Cross-Bottony-Heraldry.svg|150px]]
+
[[Image:Cross-Bottony-Heraldry.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Cross cercelée]]'''
 
| | '''[[Cross cercelée]]'''
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A cross which, opening at the ends, turns round both ways, like a [[ram (animal)|ram]]'s horns.
 
A cross which, opening at the ends, turns round both ways, like a [[ram (animal)|ram]]'s horns.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Cross Cercelée.svg|150px]]
+
[[Image:Cross Cercelée.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''Cross crosslet'''
 
| | '''Cross crosslet'''
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A cross with the ends of each arm crossed.
 
A cross with the ends of each arm crossed.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Cross-Crosslet-Heraldry.svg|150px]]
+
[[Image:Cross-Crosslet-Heraldry.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''Crusaders' cross'''
 
| | '''Crusaders' cross'''
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Also known as the '''Jerusalem cross'''. This cross was the symbol of the [[Crusade]]r [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], which existed for almost two hundred years after the First Crusade. The four smaller crosses are said to symbolize either the four books of the Gospel or the four directions in which the Word of Christ spread from Jerusalem. Alternately, all five crosses can symbolize the five wounds of Christ during the Passion. This symbol is also used in the [[Flag of Georgia (country)|flag of Georgia]].
 
Also known as the '''Jerusalem cross'''. This cross was the symbol of the [[Crusade]]r [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], which existed for almost two hundred years after the First Crusade. The four smaller crosses are said to symbolize either the four books of the Gospel or the four directions in which the Word of Christ spread from Jerusalem. Alternately, all five crosses can symbolize the five wounds of Christ during the Passion. This symbol is also used in the [[Flag of Georgia (country)|flag of Georgia]].
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Crusaders.gif|150px]]
+
[[Image:Crusaders.gif|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''Cross flory'''
 
| | '''Cross flory'''
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A cross with the ends of the arms flory (or fleury), having a shape like a [[fleur-de-lys]].
 
A cross with the ends of the arms flory (or fleury), having a shape like a [[fleur-de-lys]].
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Cross-Flory-Heraldry.svg|150px]]
+
[[Image:Cross-Flory-Heraldry.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''Cross fourchee'''
 
| | '''Cross fourchee'''
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A variant of the Crusaders' cross with cross potent. It is also the logo for the Knights and Dames of the Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem.
 
A variant of the Crusaders' cross with cross potent. It is also the logo for the Knights and Dames of the Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Cross-Jerusalem-Potent-Heraldry.svg|150px]]
+
[[Image:Cross-Jerusalem-Potent-Heraldry.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Maltese Cross (symbol)|Maltese cross]]'''
 
| | '''[[Maltese Cross (symbol)|Maltese cross]]'''
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With arms which narrow towards the center, and are indented at the ends. The "eight-pointed cross" (with no curved lines).
 
With arms which narrow towards the center, and are indented at the ends. The "eight-pointed cross" (with no curved lines).
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Maltese-Cross-Heraldry.svg|150px]]
+
[[Image:Maltese-Cross-Heraldry.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Cross moline]]'''
 
| | '''[[Cross moline]]'''
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In a cross moline, the ends of the arms are split and curved back.
 
In a cross moline, the ends of the arms are split and curved back.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Cross-Moline-Heraldry.svg|150px]]
+
[[Image:Cross-Moline-Heraldry.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''Cross patonce'''
 
| | '''Cross patonce'''
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A cross patonce is more or less intermediate between a cross pattée and a cross flory (or fleury).
 
A cross patonce is more or less intermediate between a cross pattée and a cross flory (or fleury).
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Cross-Patonce-Heraldry.svg|150px]]
+
[[Image:Cross-Patonce-Heraldry.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Cross pattée]]'''
 
| | '''[[Cross pattée]]'''
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A cross pattee (pattée, patty) has arms narrowing towards the centre, but with non-indented ends.  See also [[Iron Cross]].
 
A cross pattee (pattée, patty) has arms narrowing towards the centre, but with non-indented ends.  See also [[Iron Cross]].
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg|150px]]
+
[[Image:Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''Cross pommee'''
 
| | '''Cross pommee'''
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A cross pommee (pommée, pommy) has a circular knob at the end of each arm.
 
A cross pommee (pommée, pommy) has a circular knob at the end of each arm.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Cross-Pommee-Heraldry.svg|150px]]
+
[[Image:Cross-Pommee-Heraldry.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''Cross [[potent]]'''
 
| | '''Cross [[potent]]'''
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This cross has a crossbar at the end of each of its arms. "Potent" is an old word for a crutch, and is used in heraldic terminology to describe a T shape.
 
This cross has a crossbar at the end of each of its arms. "Potent" is an old word for a crutch, and is used in heraldic terminology to describe a T shape.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Cross-Potent-Heraldry.svg|150px]]
+
[[Image:Cross-Potent-Heraldry.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''Quadrate'''
 
| | '''Quadrate'''
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A cross with a square at the intersection point.
 
A cross with a square at the intersection point.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Quadrate.gif|150px]]
+
[[Image:Quadrate.gif|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''Cross triple parted and fretted'''
 
| | '''Cross triple parted and fretted'''
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In heraldry, a "cross triple parted and fretted" (or "treble parted and fretted") is interlaced.  Here, a version which is "Or on an Azure field" (gold on blue) is shown.
 
In heraldry, a "cross triple parted and fretted" (or "treble parted and fretted") is interlaced.  Here, a version which is "Or on an Azure field" (gold on blue) is shown.
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Cross-Triple-Parted-Fretted-Or.svg|150px]]
+
[[Image:Cross-Triple-Parted-Fretted-Or.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''Cross voided'''
 
| | '''Cross voided'''
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A "cross voided throughout," also known as the '''Gammadia''', can be seen as a Greek cross with its centre lines removed, or as composed of four angles (L shapes) separated by a thin space.  So the name "gammadia" refers to its being made up of four shapes similar to a capital Greek letter [[gamma]]; the word ''gammadion'' can also refer to a [[swastika]].
 
A "cross voided throughout," also known as the '''Gammadia''', can be seen as a Greek cross with its centre lines removed, or as composed of four angles (L shapes) separated by a thin space.  So the name "gammadia" refers to its being made up of four shapes similar to a capital Greek letter [[gamma]]; the word ''gammadion'' can also refer to a [[swastika]].
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Cross-Voided.svg]]
+
[[Image:Cross-Voided.svg|70px]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| | '''[[Cross of St James]]'''
 
| | '''[[Cross of St James]]'''
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The '''Cross of St. James''',, similar to a Cross Flory Fitch, is formed by a [[Cross#In heraldry|Cross Flory]], where the lower part is fashioned as a sword blade (fitched)—making this a cross of a warrior. It is most frequently depicted in red. (The version depicted here is the one used by the [[order of Santiago]].)
 
The '''Cross of St. James''',, similar to a Cross Flory Fitch, is formed by a [[Cross#In heraldry|Cross Flory]], where the lower part is fashioned as a sword blade (fitched)—making this a cross of a warrior. It is most frequently depicted in red. (The version depicted here is the one used by the [[order of Santiago]].)
 
|
 
|
[[Image:Cross Santiago.svg|150 px]]
+
[[Image:Cross Santiago.svg|70px]]
 
|}
 
|}
  
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== References ==
 
== References ==
* Koch, Rudolf (1955). ''The Book of Signs''. Dover, NY. ISBN 0-486-20162-7.
+
* Koch, Rudolf (1955). ''The Book of Signs''. Dover, NY. ISBN 0-486-20162-7
* Webber, F. R. (1927, rev 1938). ''Church Symbolism: an explanation of the more important symbols of the Old and New Testament, the primitive, the mediaeval and the modern church''. Cleveland, OH. {{OCLC|236708}}.
+
* Webber, F. R. ''Church Symbolism: an explanation of the more important symbols of the Old and New Testament, the primitive, the medieval and the modern church''. Cleveland, OH, 1927, rev. 1938. [http://worldcat.org/oclc/236708]. ''worldcat.org''. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
  
 
== External links ==
 
== External links ==

Revision as of 00:58, 21 August 2007


File:Christian cross.jpg
Also known as the Latin cross or crux ordinaria. It is the most common symbol of Christianity, intended to represent the redeeming martyrdom of Jesus when he was crucified on the True Cross in the New Testament.
For other uses, see Cross (disambiguation).

A cross is a geometrical figure consisting of two lines or bars perpendicular to each other , dividing one or two of the lines in half. The lines usually run vertically and horizontally; if they run diagonally, the design is technically termed a saltire.

The cross is one of the most ancient human symbols, and is used by many religions, most notably Christianity. It is frequently a representation of the division of the world into four elements[citation needed] (or cardinal points), or alternately as the union of the concepts of divinity, the vertical line, and the world, the horizontal line (Koch, 1955).

File:Verbum-caro858.JPG
A famous Armenian khachkar at Goshavank (Notice the cross).

Etymology

The word cross was introduced to English in the 10th century as the term for the instrument of the torturous execution of Christ (gr. stauros', xy'lon), gradually replacing rood, ultimately from Latin crux, via Old Irish cros. Originally, both 'rood' and 'crux' referred simply to any "pole," the later shape associated with the term being based on church tradition, rather than etymology. The word can nowadays refer to the geometrical shape unrelated to its Christian significance from the 15th century.

History

It is not known when the first cross image was made; after circles, crosses are one of the first symbols drawn by children of all cultures. There are many cross-shaped incisions in European cult caves, dating back to the earliest stages of human cultural development in the stoneage. Like other symbols from this period, their use continued in the Celtic cultures in Europe. For example, celtic coins minted many centuries before the Christian era may have an entire side showing this type of cross, sometimes with the five cardinal points marked by concave depressions in the same style as in stoneage carvings. Other coins may be showing the cross held by a rider on a horse and springing forth a fern leaf, sometimes identified as a Tree of Life symbol.

As markings

Written crosses are used for many different purposes, particularly in mathematics.

  • The Roman numeral for ten is X.
  • In the Latin alphabet, the letter X and the minuscule form of t are crosses.
  • The Chinese character for ten is 十; (see Chinese numerals).
  • The dagger or obelus (†)
  • The addition (or plus) sign (+) and the multiplication (or times) sign (×).
  • If n≥1 is an integer, the numbers coprime to n, taken modulo n, form a group with multiplication as operation; it is written as (Z/nZ)× or Zn*.

A cross is often used as a check mark because it can be clearer, easier to create with an ordinary pen or pencil, and less obscuring of the text or image that is already present than a large dot. It also allows marking a position more accurately than a large dot.

A large cross through a text often means that it is wrong or should be considered deleted.

As emblems and symbols

Cross Name Description Picture
Ankh

Also known as the Key of the Nile, the Looped Tau Cross, and the Ansated Cross. It was an Ancient Egyptian symbol of life. Sometimes given a Latin name if it appears in specifically Christian contexts, such as the crux ansata ("handled cross").

Ankh.svg

Canterbury cross

Used in the Anglican Churches. It has four arms of equal length, each widening at the outer end in a hammer shape so that their rims form a near circle. Each arm bears a triangular panel incised with a triquetra symbolizing the Trinity. In the center of the cross is a small square. The Saxon original dates from c. 850 C.E. and was excavated in 1867 in Canterbury, England. A stone replica can be found in Canterbury Cathedral and in several other Anglican cathedrals around the world. [1] [2]

Cantercross.jpg

Christian cross

Also known as the Latin cross or crux ordinaria. It is the most common symbol of Christianity, intended to represent the redeeming martyrdom of Jesus when he was crucified on the True Cross in the New Testament.

70px

Coptic Cross

A small circle from which emanate four arms of equal length, with angled T shapes in the corner, cross-pieces outward, representing the nails used in Jesus' crucifixion. This cross receives its name from Coptic Christianity, which centered around Alexandria, Egypt.

Coptic-Cross.svg

Original Coptic Cross

The original Coptic cross used by early Gnostic Christians in Egypt.

Original Coptic cross.svg

Coptic ankh

The Coptic ankh is the Ankh related pre Original Coptic cross of the early Gnostic Christians in Egypt.

Copticankh.jpg

Greek cross

Also known as the crux immissa quadrata. Has all arms of equal length.

Greek cross.svg

Eastern cross

Used in the Eastern Orthodox Church. The top line is said to represent the headboard, and the bottom, slanted line represents the footrest, wrenched loose by Jesus' writhing in intense agony. The letters IC XC found at the end of the main arm of most Eastern Orthodox Crosses are a Christogram, representing the name of Jesus Christ.

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High cross

Free-standing Celtic crosses commonly found in Ireland and to a lesser extent in Great Britain, very common in churches and graveyards.

Ccross.svg

St. Brigid's Cross

This cross is found throughout Ireland. It is told that the cross was made by Brigid, daughter of a Pagan King from reeds to be used as an instrument of conversion. However, Brigid's name is derived from Brigit (also spelled Brigid, Brìghde, Brìde, and Bríde), a Celtic Goddess of fire, poetry, and smithcraft, and today the cross is used to protect houses from fire. This is an example of the integration of religious traditions. The cross itself derives from the Indo-European Swastika, or Solar Wheel

St Brigid.png

Labarum

Constantine I's Labarum is also known as a Chrismon, Chi-Rho (from the two Greek letters that make it up) or monogram of the name Jesus Christ. Several other forms of Chrismons exist.

Labarum.png

Lebanese Forces Cross

Inspired from the eastern crosses, it symbolizes three things:

  1. The cross of the savior Jesus Christ in red, the sign of martyrdom and glory.
  2. The bearing cross of the Lebanese Christians, the sign of their suffering throughout history.
  3. The diagonal cut at the base of the cross symbolizes the strength of the Lebanese Christians’ will, and their determination to keep the cross planted in their region of the world.

Lfcross.jpg

Lorraine Cross

Used in heraldry. It is similar to a patriarchal cross, but usually has one bar near the bottom and one near the top, rather than having both near the top. Is part of the heraldic arms of Lorraine in eastern France. It was originally held to be a symbol of Joan of Arc, renowned for her perseverance against foreign invaders of France.

70px

Marian Cross

Etched on the casket of Pope John Paul II, the Marian Cross is a Catholic adaptation of the traditional Latin cross to emphasize Catholic devotion to Mary.

Marian Cross.jpg

Nordic Cross

Used in flags descended from the Dannebrog.

Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg

Occitan cross

Based on the counts of Toulouse's traditional coat of arms, it soon became the symbol of Occitania as a whole.

Cathar cross.svg

Papal Cross

The three cross-bars represent the Roman Catholic Pope's triple role as Bishop of Rome, Patriarch of the West, and successor of St. Peter, Chief of the Apostles.

PopesCross.svg

Patriarchal cross

Similar to a traditional Christian cross, but with an additional, smaller crossbar above the main one meant to represent all the Orthodox Christian Archbishops and Patriarchs. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, this cross is sometimes seen with an additional, slanted bar near the foot of the cross (see Byzantine Cross). This cross is similar to the Lorraine Cross and the Caravaca Cross.

Patriarchal cross.svg

Presbyterian Cross

Used by Presbyterian denominations.

USVA headstone emb-04.svg

Red Cross

Used as a symbol for medical care in most of the world, the Red Crescent being used in Islamic countries and the Magen David Adom in Israel.

Flag of the Red Cross.svg

Cross of Sacrifice

A Latin cross with a superimposed sword, blade down. It is a symbol used by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission at the site of many war memorials.

A Commonwealth Cross of Sacrifice or War Cross.jpg

Royal Flag of Georgia

Used in Georgia as national flag, first used by Georgian King Vakhtang Gorgasali in the 5th century and later adopted by Queen Tamar of Georgia in the 13th century. The flag depicts a Jerusalem cross, adopted during the reign of George V of Georgia who drove out the Mongols from Georgia in 1334.

Flag of Georgia.svg

St. Nino's Cross

Also known as a "Grapevine cross" and traditionally ascribed to Saint Nino, the 4th-century female baptizer of the Georgians, it is used as a symbol of the Georgian Orthodox Church.

SaintNinoCross.jpg

Saint Andrew's Cross

Used in Scotland's national flag and the naval ensign of the Russian Navy, it is also called the Saltire, the Boundary Cross (because it was used by the Romans as a barrier) and the crux decussata. Saint Andrew is believed to have suffered a martyr's death on such a cross, hence its name. The cross does not have to be at this particular angle to qualify as a saltire; the symbol X can also be considered a St. Andrew's Cross.

Flag of Scotland.svg

St George's Cross

Used in England's national flag.

Flag of England.svg

Saint Peter's Cross

An upside-down Latin cross, based on a tradition that holds that Saint Peter was martyred by being crucified upside-down. Today it is often associated with anti-Christian or Satanic groups and some heavy metal artists, such as King Diamond.

Peter's Cross.svg

Skull and crossbones

Not a cross as such, but a saltire made of bones, with an overlaid skull. While traditionally associated with pirates, it was actually relatively rarely used by them, each ship having its own design, often involving an hourglass.

Skull and crossbones.svg
Sun cross

Also known as the Sunwheel, solar cross or Odin's cross, because Odin's symbol in Norse mythology was a cross in a circle. Used throughout Native American culture to represent the great Medicine Wheel of life.

Simple crossed circle.svg

Tau Cross

Also known as Saint Anthony's Cross, the Egyptian Cross and the crux commissa. It is shaped like the letter T. Francis of Assisi used it as his signature.

Te cross.svg

Thieves' Cross

Also known as the Furka Cross. The fork, shaped like the letter Y. [3]

Mariner's Cross

The Mariner's Cross is a stylized cross in the shape of an anchor. The Mariner's Cross is also referred to as St. Clement's Cross in reference to the way he was martyred.

Mariner's Cross.svg

Persian cross

Carved into mountainside at the site of the tombs of the Achaemenian Kings

70px

Order of Christ Cross

Cross originally used by the Portuguese Order of Christ. Since then it has become a symbol of Portugal, used on the sails of the carracks during the Discoveries Era, and currently by the Portuguese Air Force.

OrderOfCristCross.svg

In heraldry

These crosses are ones used exclusively or primarily in heraldry, and do not necessarily have any special meanings commonly associated with them. Crosses that are used in heraldry but also commonly in other contexts are not listed here.

Cross name Description Picture
The cross as heraldic "ordinary"

A simple heraldic cross (the default if there are no additional specifying words) has arms of roughly equal length, artistically proportioned to the particular shape of the shield, which extend to the edges of the shield. Illustrated is the blazon "Azure, a cross Or" (i.e. a gold cross on a blue shield).

A cross which does not extend to the edges of the shield is humetty, in heraldic terminology.

Azure-Cross-Or-Heraldry.svg

Cross barbée

Also known as the cross barby or arrow cross, this symbol consists of two double-ended arrows in a cross configuration. Best known today for its use by the fascist Arrow Cross Party in the 1930s, the symbol actually dates to ancient times and was used by Hungarian tribes in the Middle Ages. In Christian use, the ends of this cross resemble the barbs of fish hooks, or fish spears. This alludes to the Ichthys symbol of Christ, and is suggestive of the "fishers of men" theme in the Gospel.

ArrowCross.svg

Cross bottony

A cross with the ends of the arms bottony (or botonny), i.e. shaped like an architectural trefoil. It occurs counterchanged on the flag of Maryland.

Cross-Bottony-Heraldry.svg

Cross cercelée

A cross which, opening at the ends, turns round both ways, like a ram's horns.

70px

Cross crosslet

A cross with the ends of each arm crossed.

Cross-Crosslet-Heraldry.svg

Crusaders' cross

Also known as the Jerusalem cross. This cross was the symbol of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, which existed for almost two hundred years after the First Crusade. The four smaller crosses are said to symbolize either the four books of the Gospel or the four directions in which the Word of Christ spread from Jerusalem. Alternately, all five crosses can symbolize the five wounds of Christ during the Passion. This symbol is also used in the flag of Georgia.

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Cross flory

A cross with the ends of the arms flory (or fleury), having a shape like a fleur-de-lys.

Cross-Flory-Heraldry.svg

Cross fourchee

One form of the heraldic cross fourchee (fourchée, fourchy) or cross fourche (meaning "forked").

Cross-Fourchee-Heraldry.svg

Jerusalem cross

A variant of the Crusaders' cross with cross potent. It is also the logo for the Knights and Dames of the Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem.

Cross-Jerusalem-Potent-Heraldry.svg

Maltese cross

With arms which narrow towards the center, and are indented at the ends. The "eight-pointed cross" (with no curved lines).

Maltese-Cross-Heraldry.svg

Cross moline

In a cross moline, the ends of the arms are split and curved back.

Cross-Moline-Heraldry.svg

Cross patonce

A cross patonce is more or less intermediate between a cross pattée and a cross flory (or fleury).

Cross-Patonce-Heraldry.svg

Cross pattée

A cross pattee (pattée, patty) has arms narrowing towards the centre, but with non-indented ends. See also Iron Cross.

Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg

Cross pommee

A cross pommee (pommée, pommy) has a circular knob at the end of each arm.

Cross-Pommee-Heraldry.svg

Cross potent

This cross has a crossbar at the end of each of its arms. "Potent" is an old word for a crutch, and is used in heraldic terminology to describe a T shape.

Cross-Potent-Heraldry.svg

Quadrate

A cross with a square at the intersection point.

Quadrate.gif

Cross triple parted and fretted

In heraldry, a "cross triple parted and fretted" (or "treble parted and fretted") is interlaced. Here, a version which is "Or on an Azure field" (gold on blue) is shown.

Cross-Triple-Parted-Fretted-Or.svg

Cross voided

A "cross voided throughout," also known as the Gammadia, can be seen as a Greek cross with its centre lines removed, or as composed of four angles (L shapes) separated by a thin space. So the name "gammadia" refers to its being made up of four shapes similar to a capital Greek letter gamma; the word gammadion can also refer to a swastika.

Cross-Voided.svg

Cross of St James

The Cross of St. James,, similar to a Cross Flory Fitch, is formed by a Cross Flory, where the lower part is fashioned as a sword blade (fitched)—making this a cross of a warrior. It is most frequently depicted in red. (The version depicted here is the one used by the order of Santiago.)

Cross Santiago.svg

There are numerous other variations on the cross in heraldry. See heraldry for background information.

See also: Anchored Cross, Fylfot

The semi-classic book A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry by James Parker (1894) is online, and contains much information about variants of crosses used in heraldry.

In flags

Several flags have crosses, including all the nations of Scandinavia, whose crosses are known as Scandinavian crosses, and many nations in the Southern Hemisphere, which incorporate the Southern Cross. The Flag of Switzerland since the 17th century has displayed an equilateral cross in a square (the only square flag of a sovereign state apart from the Flag of the Vatican City); the Red Cross emblem was based on the Swiss flag. The flag of Georgia displays a red Jerusalem cross, and can also be described as a St George cross accompanied by four crosslets.

Other noteworthy crosses

The Crux, or Southern Cross, is a cross-shaped constellation in the Southern Hemisphere.

The tallest cross, at 152.4 metres high, is part of Francisco Franco's monumental "Valley of the Fallen," the Monumento Nacional de Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caidos in Spain.

The tallest cross in the United States, at 198 feet (60.3 m) tall, is allegedly located in Effingham, Illinois, at the junction of Interstates 57 and 70.

See also

  • ×
  • Christian Cross
  • Christianity
  • Cross and Crown
  • Crossbuck
  • Cross burning
  • Crucifixion

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Koch, Rudolf (1955). The Book of Signs. Dover, NY. ISBN 0-486-20162-7
  • Webber, F. R. Church Symbolism: an explanation of the more important symbols of the Old and New Testament, the primitive, the medieval and the modern church. Cleveland, OH, 1927, rev. 1938. [4]. worldcat.org. Retrieved August 20, 2007.

External links

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