Sabellianism
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In Christianity, Sabellianism is the belief that the Heavenly Father, Resurrected Son and Holy Spirit three modes or aspects of the one God, as perceived by the believer, rather than three distinct persons in God Himself. This theology, later declared heretical, developed out of the earlier teaching know as Modalistic Monarchianism, with which it is sometimes identified. Its proponent, Sabellius lived in the early third century CE and was probably a Roman presbyter.
Sabellianism differed from classical trinitarians by insisting that the three persons of the Godhead did not constitute permanent distinctions but functioned instead as modes of God's being and activity. More particularly, the God the Father was active in the principle of creation, God the Son in the act of redemption, and God the Holy Spirit in in process of sanctification.
Sabellianianism's most outspoken critic was Hippolytus of Rome, who accused Pope Zephyrinus for not taking a stand against the "heresy" and later became an antipope rather than submit the Zephyrinius' successor Callixtus I, whom he held in particular contempt.
Although Callixtus eventually rejected the teaching, it became popular among the African churches in the mid-third century, which it was opposed by Dionysius of Alexandria. During the Arian controversy, supporters of Arian theology often accused those who insisted that Christ and the Father were of the "same substance" of Sabellianism. Sabellianism was still alive in the late fourth century at Neocaesarea, where it was attacked by Basil the Great.
During the Reformation, the Spanish theology Michael Servetus, was accused of Sabellianism, as was the great eighteenth century philosopher and mystic Emanuel Swedenborg.
Meaning and origins
God was said to have three "faces" or "masks" (Grk. prosopa). The question is: "is God's threeness a matter of our falsely seeing it to be so (Sabellianism/modalism), or a matter of God's own essence revealed as three-in-one ( trinitarianism)?" Modalists note that the only number ascribed to God in the Holy Bible is One and that there is no inherent threeness ascribed to God explicitly in scripture. The number three is never mentioned in relation to God in scripture, which of course is the number that is central to the word "Trinity". The only possible exception to this is the Comma Johanneum, a disputed text passage in First John known primarily from the King James Version and some versions of the Textus Receptus but not included in modern critical texts. Modalism has been mainly associated with Sabellius, who taught a form of it in Rome in the third century.
Hippolytus of Rome knew Sabellius personally and mentioned him in the Philosophumena. He knew Sabellius disliked Trinitarian theology, yet he called Modal Monarchism the heresy of Noetos, not that of Sabellius. Sabellianism was embraced by Christians in Cyrenaica, to whom Demetrius, Patriarch of Alexandria, wrote letters arguing against this belief.
Opposition
The chief opponent of Sabellianism was Tertullian, who labelled the movement "Patripassianism", from the Latin words pater for "father", and passus from the verb "to suffer" because it implied that the Father suffered on the Cross. It was coined by Tertullian in his work Adversus Praxeas, Chapter I, "By this Praxeas did a twofold service for the devil at Rome: he drove away prophecy, and he brought in heresy; he put to flight the Paraclete, and he crucified the Father."
It is important to note that our only sources extant for our understanding of Sabellianism are from their detractors. Scholars today are not in agreement as to what exactly Sabellius or Praxeus taught. It is easy to suppose Tertullian and Hippolytus misrepresented the opinions of their opponents.[1]
Tertullian seems to suggest that the majority of believers at that time favoured the Sabellian view of the oneness of God.[2] Epiphanius (Haeres 62) about 375 C.E. notes that the adherents of Sabellius were still to be found in great numbers, both in Mesopotamia and at Rome.[3] The second general council at Constantinople in 533 C.E. declared the baptism of Sabellius to be invalid, which indicates that Sabellianism was still extant.[3]
Historic Sabellianism taught that God the Father was the only person of the Godhead, a belief known as Monarchianism. One author has described Sabellius' teaching thus: The true question, therefore, turns on this, viz., what is it which constitutes what we name ‘person’ in the Godhead? Is it original, substantial, essential to divinity itself? Or does it belong to and arise from the exhibitions and developments which the divine Being has made of himself to his creatures? The former Sabellius denied; the latter he fully admitted. [3]
Sabellianism has been rejected by the majority of Christian churches in favour of Trinitarianism (through THE ATHANASIAN CREED), which was eventually defined as three distinct, co-equal, co-eternal persons.[4]
Later teachings
Both Michael Servetus and Emanuel Swedenborg have been interpreted as being proponents of Modalism, however, neither describes God as appearing in three modes. Both describe God as the One Divine Person, Jesus Christ, who has a Divine Soul of Love, Divine Mind of Truth, and Divine Body of Activity. Jesus, through a process of uniting his human form to the Divine, became entirely One with His Divine Soul from the Father to the point of having no distinction of personality.[5][1]
Oneness Pentecostalism teaches that the Father (a spirit) is united with Jesus (a man) as the Son of God. However, Oneness Pentecostalism differs significantly by rejecting sequential modalism[citation needed] and by the full acceptance of the begotten humanity of the Son, not eternally begotten, who was the man Jesus and was born, crucified, and risen, and not the deity. This directly opposes Patripassianism and the pre-existence of the Son, which Sabellianism does not. Oneness Pentecostalism can be compared to Sabellianism as both are Nontrinitarian, but they do not correctly identify each other.
However it cannot be certain whether Sabellius taught a despensational Modalism or taught what is known today as Oneness since all we have of his teaching comes through the writing of his enemies. All of his original works were burned. For example the outrageous doctrines that were purportedly believed by the Templars have recently been shown to be falsifications. Cathari were falsely accused of kissing cat anuses[citation needed] (Cathari actually means "pure"). The following excerpts demonstrate some of the known doctrinal characteristics that ancient Sabellians may be seen to compare with the doctrines in the modern Oneness movement:
Sabellianism was doctrine adhered to by a sect of the Montanists. Cyprian wrote of them "How, when God the Father is not known—nay, is even blasphemed—can they who among the heretics are said to be baptized in the name of Christ only, be judged to have obtained the remission of sins?" (Cyprian, c. 250, W, 5.383,484) In 225C.E. Hippolytus spoke of them saying "Some of them assent to the heresy of the Noetians, affirming the Father Himself is the Son." Victorinus had this to say of them "Some had doubts about the baptism of those who appeared to recognize the same Father with the Son with us, yet who received the new prophets." Saballianism was also referred to by the following Church fathers: Dionysius (c.200-265 C.E.) wrote "Those baptized in the name of three persons...though baptized by heretics..shall not be rebaptized. But those converted from other heresies shall be perfected by the baptism of the Holy Church." (St. Dionysius, Letters and Treatises,p.54). "Sabellius...blasphemes in saying that the Son Himself is the Father and vice versa." (Dionysius of Rome, c.264,W, 6.365) "Jesus commands them to baptize into the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit—not into a unipersonal God." (Tertullian, C. 213,W,3.623) Sabellianism teaching of Modalism and singular name baptism was also accompanied by glossolalia and prophecy among the abovementioned sect of Montanists. In 225 C.E. Tertullian speaks of "those who would deserve the excellent gifts of the spirit—and who...by means of the Holy Spirit would obtain the gift of language, wisdom, and knowledge."
It is reported that Sabellians experienced glossolalia and baptized in the "shorter formula" because of their denial of the Trinity. (J.H. Blunt, p.332,Heik,p 150, kelsey, pp. 40,41).
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ Monarchians, New Advent, Catholic Encyclopedia
- ↑ Tertullian, Against Praxeas, III, c.213
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Views of Sabellius, The Biblical Repository and Classical Review, American Biblical Repository
- ↑ Creeds of the Catholic Church
- ↑ Servetus, Swedenborg and the Nature of God by Andrew M.T. Dibb, Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America Inc, 2005
Notes
External links
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, Sabellianism - Retrieved October 30, 2007.
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