Difference between revisions of "Sabellianism" - New World Encyclopedia
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In [[Christianity]], '''Sabellianism''' (also known as '''modalism''', '''modalistic monarchianism''', or '''modal monarchism''') is the [[nontrinitarian]] belief that the Heavenly Father, Resurrected Son and Holy Spirit are different ''modes'' or ''aspects'' of one God (for ''us only''), rather than three distinct persons (in ''Himself''). God was said to have three "faces" or "masks" (Grk. ''prosopa''). The question is: "is God's threeness a matter of our falsely seeing it to be so (Sabellianism/modalism), or a matter of God's own essence revealed as three-in-one (orthodox trinitarianism)?" Modalists note that the only number ascribed to God in the Holy Bible is ''One'' and that there is no inherent threeness ascribed to God explicitly in scripture. The number three is never mentioned in relation to God in scripture, which of course is the number that is central to the word Trinity. The only possible exception to this is the [[Comma Johanneum]], a disputed text passage in [[First John]] known primarily from the [[King James Version]] and some versions of the [[Textus Receptus]] but not included in modern critical texts. It has been attributed to [[Sabellius]], {{Fact|date=October 2007}} who taught a form of this doctrine in [[Rome]] in the third century. | In [[Christianity]], '''Sabellianism''' (also known as '''modalism''', '''modalistic monarchianism''', or '''modal monarchism''') is the [[nontrinitarian]] belief that the Heavenly Father, Resurrected Son and Holy Spirit are different ''modes'' or ''aspects'' of one God (for ''us only''), rather than three distinct persons (in ''Himself''). God was said to have three "faces" or "masks" (Grk. ''prosopa''). The question is: "is God's threeness a matter of our falsely seeing it to be so (Sabellianism/modalism), or a matter of God's own essence revealed as three-in-one (orthodox trinitarianism)?" Modalists note that the only number ascribed to God in the Holy Bible is ''One'' and that there is no inherent threeness ascribed to God explicitly in scripture. The number three is never mentioned in relation to God in scripture, which of course is the number that is central to the word Trinity. The only possible exception to this is the [[Comma Johanneum]], a disputed text passage in [[First John]] known primarily from the [[King James Version]] and some versions of the [[Textus Receptus]] but not included in modern critical texts. It has been attributed to [[Sabellius]], {{Fact|date=October 2007}} who taught a form of this doctrine in [[Rome]] in the third century. | ||
[[Hippolytus of Rome]] knew Sabellius personally and mentioned him in the ''[[Philosophumena]]''. He knew Sabellius disliked [[Trinitarianism|Trinitarian]] theology, yet he called Modal Monarchism the [[Christian heresy|heresy]] of Noetos, not that of Sabellius. Sabellianism was embraced by Christians in [[Cyrenaica]], to whom [[Demetrius of Alexandria|Demetrius]], [[Patriarch of Alexandria]], wrote letters arguing against this belief. | [[Hippolytus of Rome]] knew Sabellius personally and mentioned him in the ''[[Philosophumena]]''. He knew Sabellius disliked [[Trinitarianism|Trinitarian]] theology, yet he called Modal Monarchism the [[Christian heresy|heresy]] of Noetos, not that of Sabellius. Sabellianism was embraced by Christians in [[Cyrenaica]], to whom [[Demetrius of Alexandria|Demetrius]], [[Patriarch of Alexandria]], wrote letters arguing against this belief. | ||
| − | The chief opponent of Sabellianism was [[Tertullian]], who labelled the movement "Patripassianism" | + | The chief opponent of Sabellianism was [[Tertullian]], who labelled the movement "Patripassianism," from the Latin words ''pater'' for "father," and ''passus'' from the verb "to suffer" because it implied that the Father suffered on the Cross. It was coined by Tertullian in his work ''Adversus Praxeas'', Chapter II, "By this Praxeas did a twofold service for the devil at Rome: he drove away prophecy, and he brought in heresy; he put to flight the [[Paraclete]], and he crucified the Father." |
| − | It is important to note that our only sources extant for our understanding of Sabellianism are from their detractors. Scholars today are not in agreement as to what exactly Sabellius or Praxeus taught. The Catholic Encyclopedia "New Advent" cautions: ''It is true that it is easy to suppose Tertullian and Hippolytus to have misrepresented the opinions of their opponents''.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10448a.htm ''Monarchians'', New Advent, Catholic Encyclopedia]</ref> | + | It is important to note that our only sources extant for our understanding of Sabellianism are from their detractors. Scholars today are not in agreement as to what exactly Sabellius or Praxeus taught. The Catholic Encyclopedia "New Advent" cautions: ''It is true that it is easy to suppose Tertullian and Hippolytus to have misrepresented the opinions of their opponents''.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10448a.htm ''Monarchians'', New Advent, Catholic Encyclopedia] - Retrieved October 30, 2007.</ref> |
| − | Tertullian seems to suggest that the majority of believers at that time favoured the Sabellian view of the oneness of God.<ref>[http://christiandefense.com/Tertullian.Prax.htm#3 Tertullian, ''Against Praxeas, III'', c.213]</ref> [[Epiphanius]] (Haeres 62) about 375 | + | Tertullian seems to suggest that the majority of believers at that time favoured the Sabellian view of the oneness of God.<ref>[http://christiandefense.com/Tertullian.Prax.htm#3 Tertullian, ''Against Praxeas, III'', c.213] - Retrieved October 30, 2007.</ref> [[Epiphanius]] (Haeres 62) about 375 C.E. notes that the adherents of Sabellius were still to be found in great numbers, both in Mesopotamia and at Rome.<ref name="BRCE">[http://books.google.com/books?id=XKo3AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA38&lpg=RA1-PA38&dq=epiphanius+haeres&source=web&ots=IC_2T0PoRH&sig=fVpckXrkX-aMBMnnyW8tW6pdpSg#PRA1-PA35,M1 ''Views of Sabellius'', The Biblical Repository and Classical Review, American Biblical Repository] - Retrieved October 30, 2007.</ref> The second general council at Constantinople in 533 C.E. declared the baptism of Sabellius to be invalid, which indicates that Sabellianism was still extant.<ref name ="BRCE"/> |
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Historic Sabellianism taught that [[God the Father]] was the only person of the Godhead, a belief known as [[Monarchianism]]. One author has described Sabellius' teaching thus: ''The true question, therefore, turns on this, viz., what is it which constitutes what we name ‘person’ in the Godhead? Is it original, substantial, essential to divinity itself? Or does it belong to and arise from the exhibitions and developments which the divine Being has made of himself to his creatures? The former Sabellius denied; the latter he fully admitted.'' <ref name="BRCE"/> | Historic Sabellianism taught that [[God the Father]] was the only person of the Godhead, a belief known as [[Monarchianism]]. One author has described Sabellius' teaching thus: ''The true question, therefore, turns on this, viz., what is it which constitutes what we name ‘person’ in the Godhead? Is it original, substantial, essential to divinity itself? Or does it belong to and arise from the exhibitions and developments which the divine Being has made of himself to his creatures? The former Sabellius denied; the latter he fully admitted.'' <ref name="BRCE"/> | ||
| − | Sabellianism has been rejected by the majority of Christian churches in favour of [[Trinitarianism]], which was eventually defined as three distinct, co-equal, co-eternal persons.<ref>[http://home.inreach.com/bstanley/creeds.htm ''Creeds of the Catholic Church'']</ref> | + | Sabellianism has been rejected by the majority of Christian churches in favour of [[Trinitarianism]], which was eventually defined as three distinct, co-equal, co-eternal persons.<ref>[http://home.inreach.com/bstanley/creeds.htm ''Creeds of the Catholic Church''] - Retrieved October 30, 2007.</ref> |
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| − | Both [[Michael Servetus]] and [[Emanuel Swedenborg]] have been interpreted as a proponents of Modalism, however, neither describes God as appearing in three modes. Both describe God as the One Divine Person, Jesus Christ, who has a Divine Soul of Love, Divine Mind of Truth, and Divine Body of Activity. Jesus, through a process of uniting his human form to the Divine, became entirely One with His Divine Soul from the Father to the point of having no distinction of personality.< | + | Both [[Michael Servetus]] and [[Emanuel Swedenborg]] have been interpreted as a proponents of Modalism, however, neither describes God as appearing in three modes. Both describe God as the One Divine Person, Jesus Christ, who has a Divine Soul of Love, Divine Mind of Truth, and Divine Body of Activity. Jesus, through a process of uniting his human form to the Divine, became entirely One with His Divine Soul from the Father to the point of having no distinction of personality.<ref>[http://www.newchurchhistory.org/articles/amtd2006.php Servetus, Swedenborg, and the Nature of Salvation] - Retrieved October 30, 2007.</ref> |
[[Oneness Pentecostalism]] teaches that the Father (a spirit) is united with Jesus (a man) as the Son of God. However, Oneness Pentecostalism differs significantly by rejecting sequential modalism and by the full acceptance of the begotten humanity of the Son, not eternally begotten, who was the man Jesus and was born, crucified, and risen, and not the deity. This directly opposes Patripassianism and the pre-existence of the Son, which Sabellianism does not. Oneness Pentecostalism can be compared to Sabellianism as both are [[Nontrinitarian]], but they do not correctly identify each other. | [[Oneness Pentecostalism]] teaches that the Father (a spirit) is united with Jesus (a man) as the Son of God. However, Oneness Pentecostalism differs significantly by rejecting sequential modalism and by the full acceptance of the begotten humanity of the Son, not eternally begotten, who was the man Jesus and was born, crucified, and risen, and not the deity. This directly opposes Patripassianism and the pre-existence of the Son, which Sabellianism does not. Oneness Pentecostalism can be compared to Sabellianism as both are [[Nontrinitarian]], but they do not correctly identify each other. | ||
==In Music== | ==In Music== | ||
| − | In [[FLAME]]'s album "Rewind" | + | In [[FLAME]]'s album "Rewind," there is a song entitled "Godhead" and the topic of the song is Modalistic Monarchianism (or Sabellianism). The song talks about the history, the so-called "heresy," and the modern day usage of the Modalistic belief system. FLAME uses the topic as a means to explaining the idea of the [[Trinity]]. The song also contains references to [[dynamic monarchianism]].<ref>[http://www.flame314.com/articles_view.asp?articleid=16070&columnid=2321 The Godhead - FLAME314 : Cross Movement Records] - Retrieved October 30, 2007.</ref> |
| − | == | + | == Notes == |
<references/> | <references/> | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | *[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064615/Sabellianism Encyclopaedia Britannica, Sabellianism] | + | *[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064615/Sabellianism Encyclopaedia Britannica, Sabellianism] - Retrieved October 30, 2007. |
[[Category:philosophy and religion]] | [[Category:philosophy and religion]] | ||
[[Category:religion]] | [[Category:religion]] | ||
{{credits|164834711}} | {{credits|164834711}} | ||
Revision as of 23:11, 30 October 2007
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In Christianity, Sabellianism (also known as modalism, modalistic monarchianism, or modal monarchism) is the nontrinitarian belief that the Heavenly Father, Resurrected Son and Holy Spirit are different modes or aspects of one God (for us only), rather than three distinct persons (in Himself). God was said to have three "faces" or "masks" (Grk. prosopa). The question is: "is God's threeness a matter of our falsely seeing it to be so (Sabellianism/modalism), or a matter of God's own essence revealed as three-in-one (orthodox trinitarianism)?" Modalists note that the only number ascribed to God in the Holy Bible is One and that there is no inherent threeness ascribed to God explicitly in scripture. The number three is never mentioned in relation to God in scripture, which of course is the number that is central to the word Trinity. The only possible exception to this is the Comma Johanneum, a disputed text passage in First John known primarily from the King James Version and some versions of the Textus Receptus but not included in modern critical texts. It has been attributed to Sabellius, [citation needed] who taught a form of this doctrine in Rome in the third century.
Hippolytus of Rome knew Sabellius personally and mentioned him in the Philosophumena. He knew Sabellius disliked Trinitarian theology, yet he called Modal Monarchism the heresy of Noetos, not that of Sabellius. Sabellianism was embraced by Christians in Cyrenaica, to whom Demetrius, Patriarch of Alexandria, wrote letters arguing against this belief.
The chief opponent of Sabellianism was Tertullian, who labelled the movement "Patripassianism," from the Latin words pater for "father," and passus from the verb "to suffer" because it implied that the Father suffered on the Cross. It was coined by Tertullian in his work Adversus Praxeas, Chapter II, "By this Praxeas did a twofold service for the devil at Rome: he drove away prophecy, and he brought in heresy; he put to flight the Paraclete, and he crucified the Father."
It is important to note that our only sources extant for our understanding of Sabellianism are from their detractors. Scholars today are not in agreement as to what exactly Sabellius or Praxeus taught. The Catholic Encyclopedia "New Advent" cautions: It is true that it is easy to suppose Tertullian and Hippolytus to have misrepresented the opinions of their opponents.[1]
Tertullian seems to suggest that the majority of believers at that time favoured the Sabellian view of the oneness of God.[2] Epiphanius (Haeres 62) about 375 C.E. notes that the adherents of Sabellius were still to be found in great numbers, both in Mesopotamia and at Rome.[3] The second general council at Constantinople in 533 C.E. declared the baptism of Sabellius to be invalid, which indicates that Sabellianism was still extant.[3]
Historic Sabellianism taught that God the Father was the only person of the Godhead, a belief known as Monarchianism. One author has described Sabellius' teaching thus: The true question, therefore, turns on this, viz., what is it which constitutes what we name ‘person’ in the Godhead? Is it original, substantial, essential to divinity itself? Or does it belong to and arise from the exhibitions and developments which the divine Being has made of himself to his creatures? The former Sabellius denied; the latter he fully admitted. [3]
Sabellianism has been rejected by the majority of Christian churches in favour of Trinitarianism, which was eventually defined as three distinct, co-equal, co-eternal persons.[4]
Both Michael Servetus and Emanuel Swedenborg have been interpreted as a proponents of Modalism, however, neither describes God as appearing in three modes. Both describe God as the One Divine Person, Jesus Christ, who has a Divine Soul of Love, Divine Mind of Truth, and Divine Body of Activity. Jesus, through a process of uniting his human form to the Divine, became entirely One with His Divine Soul from the Father to the point of having no distinction of personality.[5]
Oneness Pentecostalism teaches that the Father (a spirit) is united with Jesus (a man) as the Son of God. However, Oneness Pentecostalism differs significantly by rejecting sequential modalism and by the full acceptance of the begotten humanity of the Son, not eternally begotten, who was the man Jesus and was born, crucified, and risen, and not the deity. This directly opposes Patripassianism and the pre-existence of the Son, which Sabellianism does not. Oneness Pentecostalism can be compared to Sabellianism as both are Nontrinitarian, but they do not correctly identify each other.
In Music
In FLAME's album "Rewind," there is a song entitled "Godhead" and the topic of the song is Modalistic Monarchianism (or Sabellianism). The song talks about the history, the so-called "heresy," and the modern day usage of the Modalistic belief system. FLAME uses the topic as a means to explaining the idea of the Trinity. The song also contains references to dynamic monarchianism.[6]
Notes
- ↑ Monarchians, New Advent, Catholic Encyclopedia - Retrieved October 30, 2007.
- ↑ Tertullian, Against Praxeas, III, c.213 - Retrieved October 30, 2007.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Views of Sabellius, The Biblical Repository and Classical Review, American Biblical Repository - Retrieved October 30, 2007.
- ↑ Creeds of the Catholic Church - Retrieved October 30, 2007.
- ↑ Servetus, Swedenborg, and the Nature of Salvation - Retrieved October 30, 2007.
- ↑ The Godhead - FLAME314 : Cross Movement Records - Retrieved October 30, 2007.
External links
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, Sabellianism - Retrieved October 30, 2007.
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