Difference between revisions of "Psychologists" - New World Encyclopedia
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== G == | == G == | ||
− | * [[ | + | * Sir [[Francis Galton]] (British [[Psychometics|Psychometrician]]) |
− | * [[ | + | * [[Arnold Gessell]] (American pioneer in [[Child development]]) |
− | * [[J. J. Gibson]] | + | * [[J. J. Gibson]]* (American [[Perception|Perceptual]] psychologist) |
− | * [[ | + | * [[Stanislav Grof]]* (Czech [[Transpersonal_psychology|Transpersonal psychologist]]*) |
− | * [[ | + | * [[J. P. Guilford]]* (American [[Intelligence]] theorist) |
− | * [[ | ||
− | * [[J. P. Guilford]] | ||
== H == | == H == | ||
− | * [[G. Stanley Hall]] | + | * [[G. Stanley Hall]] (American pioneer of [[Educational psychology]]) |
− | * [[Harry Harlow]] | + | * [[Harry Harlow]]* (American researcher of [[Emotion]]) |
− | * [[Friedrich Hayek]] | + | * [[Friedrich von Hayek]] (Nobel Prize winning [[Economics|Economist]]) |
− | * [[Donald O. Hebb]] | + | * [[Donald O. Hebb]]* (Canadian [[Neuropsychology|Neuropsychologist]]) |
− | * [[Fritz Heider]] | + | * [[Fritz Heider]]* (German [[Gestalt_psychology|Gestalt Psychologist]]) |
− | * [[Richard Herrnstein]] | + | * [[Richard Herrnstein]]* (American [[Comparative_psychology|Comparative Psychologist]]) |
− | * [[ | + | * [[Leta Hollingworth]]* ([[American [[Educational_psychology|Educational Psychologist]] and pioneer of psychology of women) |
− | * [[ | + | * [[David Hume]] (Scottish [[Philosophy|Philosopher]]) |
− | * [[ | + | * [[Clark L. Hull]] (American [[Behaviorism|Behaviorist]]) |
− | * [[David Hume]] | ||
− | * [[Clark L. Hull]] | ||
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== I == | == I == |
Revision as of 16:27, 1 February 2006
Psychology |
History |
Psychologists |
Divisions |
---|
Abnormal |
Applied |
Biological |
Clinical |
Cognitive |
Comparative |
Developmental |
Differential |
Industrial |
Parapsychology |
Personality |
Positive |
Religion |
Social |
Approaches |
Behaviorism |
Depth |
Experimental |
Gestalt |
Humanistic |
Information processing |
A psychologist is a scientist who studies psychology, the systematic investigation of human behavior and mental processes. Unlike psychiatrists, psychologists are not medical doctors and hence, generally, cannot obtain a licence to prescribe medications. While many psychologists study and treat the mentally ill, a larger number study healthy people of all ages in their efforts to discover the factors that affect how human beings think, feel, and act in different situations. Ultimately, the purpose of psychologists is to understand human nature, and thus to help people overcome difficulties and fulfill their potential as true human beings.
Types of psychologist
Psychologists are usually categorized under a number of different fields, the most well-recognized being clinical psychologists, who provide mental health care, and research psychologists, who investigate and analyze various aspects of human behavior. Psychologists also work in many other applied fields.
Clinical psychologists
Clinical psychologists and Counseling psychologists diagnose and evaluate mental and emotional disorders, and use tools such as psychotherapy and hypnosis to treat affected patients. They conduct interviews and psychological tests, and may conduct complex treatment programs, sometimes in conjunction with physicians or other specialists. A clinical psychologist is a mental health professional who has a professional doctoral degree (usually a Ph.D. or a Psy.D.) in Clinical or Counseling Psychology and has met local licensing criteria. Those criteria typically include a period of post-doctoral practice under the supervision of a licensed psychologist, a licensing exam, and continuing education requirements. Such licensed psychologists and can legally provide psychotherapy and use this term to refer to aspects of the mental health treatments they perform.
Research psychologists
Research psychologists or Experimental psychologists study behavioral processes by conducting scientific research on human beings and animals. They work in universities and private research centers, as well as for government organizations. Common areas of research include emotion, intelligence, learning, memory, motivation, personality, psychopathology, and factors affecting psychological development. Research psychologists generally have academic doctoral degrees (Ph.D.). The requrirements are different from the professional degrees of medical doctors and clinical psychologists in that they include significant academic research experience and original contributions to scientific research in the form of a dissertation.
Major contributors to psychology
This list includes famous psychologists and contributors to psychology; some of them may not have thought of themselves primarily as psychologists but are included here because of their important contributions to the discipline.
Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
- Alfred Adler (Austrian founder of Individual psychology)
- Gordon Allport (American personality theorist)
- Michael Argyle (British social psychologist)
- Solomon Asch (American Gestalt psychologist)
- Roberto Assagioli (Italian Transpersonal psychologist)
B
- James Mark Baldwin (American Experimental psychologist)
- Albert Bandura (Canadian Social learning theorist)
- Sir Frederic Bartlett (British Experimental psychologist)
- Aaron T. Beck (American psychiatrist, founder of cognitive therapy)
- Ernest Becker (Canadian Cultural anthropologist)
- Bruno Bettelheim (American Child psychologist)
- Alfred Binet (French Differential psychologist, inventor of IQ test)
- Benjamin Bloom (American Educational psychologist)
- John Bowlby (British Developmental psychologist)
- Donald Broadbent (British Experimental psychologist)
- Urie Bronfenbrenner (American Developmental psychologist)
- Jerome S. Bruner (American Cognitive psychologist|
- Sir Cyril Burt (British Differential psychologist)
C
- Mary Calkins (early American psychologist of the Self)
- James McKeen Cattell (First American professor of psychology)
- Raymond B. Cattell (British Personality theorist)
- Jean-Martin Charcot (French Neurologist)
- Kenneth Craik (British Cognitive psychologist)
D
- John Dewey (American educator)
E
- Albert Ellis (American psychotherapist)
- Erik H. Erikson (Developmental psychologist)
- Hans Eysenck (Personality theorist)
F
- Leon Festinger (American Social psychologist)
- Viktor Frankl (Austrian Psychotherapist)
- Anna Freud (daughter of Sigmund Freud, pioneer of child Psychoanalysis)
- Sigmund Freud (founder of Psychoanalysis)
- Erich Fromm (German-American Psychoanalyst)
G
- Sir Francis Galton (British Psychometrician)
- Arnold Gessell (American pioneer in Child development)
- J. J. Gibson (American Perceptual psychologist)
- Stanislav Grof (Czech Transpersonal psychologist)
- J. P. Guilford (American Intelligence theorist)
H
- G. Stanley Hall (American pioneer of Educational psychology)
- Harry Harlow (American researcher of Emotion)
- Friedrich von Hayek (Nobel Prize winning Economist)
- Donald O. Hebb (Canadian Neuropsychologist)
- Fritz Heider (German Gestalt Psychologist)
- Richard Herrnstein (American Comparative Psychologist)
- Leta Hollingworth ([[American Educational Psychologist and pioneer of psychology of women)
- David Hume (Scottish Philosopher)
- Clark L. Hull (American Behaviorist)
I
J
- William James
- Kay Redfield Jamison
- Arthur Janov (invented Primal therapy)
- Julian Jaynes
- Marcia K. Johnson
- Phlip Johnson-Laird
- Ernest Jones
- Mary Cover Jones
- Carl Gustav Jung
K
- Daniel Kahneman (Nobel laureate)
- George Kelly
- Otto F. Kernberg (psychiatrist)
- Alfred Kinsey
- Melanie Klein
- Friedhart Klix
- Kurt Koffka (co-founder of Gestalt psychology)
- Wolfgang Köhler (co-founder of Gestalt psychology)
- Lawrence Kohlberg
- Heinz Kohut
- Emil Kraepelin
- Gundula Krause
- Elizabeth Kübler-Ross
L
- Jacques Lacan
- Ellen Langer
- Michael Langone
- Karl Lashley
- Kurt Lewin
- Elizabeth Loftus
- Konrad Lorenz
M
- Margaret Mahler
- Abraham Maslow
- William Masters and Virginia Johnson (Physicians, not psychologists)
- Rollo May
- David McClelland
- James McClelland
- William McDougall
- George Herbert Mead
- Jacques Mehler
- Ronald Melzack
- Wolfgang Metzger (main representative of Gestalt psychology in Germany)
- Stanley Milgram
- Alice Miller
- George A. Miller
- Neal E. Miller
- Brenda Milner
- Arnold Mindell (founder of Process Oriented Psychology)
- Stephen A. Mitchell
- Raymond Moody
- C. Lloyd Morgan (noted for his canon)
- O. H. Mowrer
- Hugo Munsterberg
- John F. Murray (sport psychologist)
N
- Ulric Neisser
- Alexander Sutherland Neill
- Erich Neumann
- Donald Norman
- Kent Norman
O
- James "Jim" Olds
- Thomas Ogden
P
- Ivan Pavlov
- Fritz Perls
- Jean Piaget
- Steven Pinker
- Jonathan Potter
- James W. Prescott
- Zenon Pylyshyn
Q
R
- Vilayanur S. Ramachandran
- Otto Rank
- Wilhelm Reich
- Ulf-Dietrich Reips
- Samuel Renshaw
- Carl Rogers
- Hermann Rorschach
- Eleanor Rosch
- Julian Rotter
- David Rumelhart
S
- Virginia Satir (A social worker, not a psychologist)
- Daniel Schacter
- Stanley Schachter
- Roy Schafer
- Walter Dill Scott
- Margaret Singer
- Martin Seligman
- Morita Shoma
- Burrhus F. Skinner
- Herbert Simon (Nobel laureate)
- Paul Slovic
- Charles Spearman
- Stanley Smith Stevens
- Robert Sternberg
- Harry Stack Sullivan
- José Szapocznik
T
- Edward L. Thorndike
- L. L. Thurstone
- Edward Titchener
- Endel Tulving
- Edward C. Tolman
- Anne Treisman
- Amos Tversky
U
- Dimitri Uznadze
V
- Liev S. Vygotski
W
- Hans-Juergen Walter (founder of Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy)
- Margaret Floy Washburn (First female PhD in psychology)
- John B. Watson
- Paul Watzlawick
- David Wechsler
- Max Wertheimer (co-founder of Gestalt psychology)
- Donald Woods Winnicott
- Robert S. Woodworth
- Wilhelm Wundt (father of Experimental psychology)
X
Y
- Irvin Yalom (A psychiatrist, not a psychologist)
- Robert Yerkes
Z
- Robert J. Zajonc
- Oliver L. Zangwill
- Philip Zimbardo
- Manas K Mandal
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