Difference between revisions of "Lisbon" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{Ready}}
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{{Images OK}}{{Submitted}}{{Approved}}{{copyedited}}
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{{Infobox Settlement
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{{Geobox|Capital
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|native_name = ''Lisboa''
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<!-- *** Heading *** —>
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|official_name = Lisbon
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| name                    = Lisbon
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|image_skyline = Pavilhão de Portugal - Parque das Nações.JPG
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| native_name             = Lisboa
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<!-- *** Names **** —>
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| etymology                = ''lisboa'', [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] derivative of the Phoenician ''Allis Ubbo'' for ''safe harbour''; Latin ''Ulyssippo'' after [[Odysseus|Ulysses]]; and/or Roman ''Olissipona'', for the name of the [[Tagus River|Tagus]]
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| official_name           = Concelho de Lisboa
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| motto                    =
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| nickname                = A Cidade das Sete Colinas (The City of Seven Hills), Rainha do Mar (Queen of the Sea)
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<!-- *** Image *** —>
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|image  = Pavilhão de Portugal - Parque das Nações.JPG
 
|image_caption = St. Rafael and St. Gabriel twin towers at [[Parque das Nações]].
 
|image_caption = St. Rafael and St. Gabriel twin towers at [[Parque das Nações]].
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|image_flag = Pt-lsb1.png
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<!-- *** Symbols *** —>
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|image_seal = LSB.png
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| flag                    = Pt-lsb1.png
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|image_map = LocalLisboa.svg
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| symbol                  = LSB.png
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|map_caption = Location of Lisbon in Portugal
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<!-- *** Country *** —>
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|subdivision_type =  
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| country                  = {{flag|Portugal}}
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|subdivision_type =  
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| state_type              = Region
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|subdivision_name =
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| state                    = [[Lisboa Region|Lisboa]]
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|subdivision_name1 =
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| region_type              = Subregion
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|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
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| region                  = [[Grande Lisboa|Greater Lisbon]]
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|leader_name = [[António Costa]] (elected) [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|PS]]
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| district                = [[Lisbon (district)|Lisbon]]
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|area_magnitude =  
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| municipality            = <nowiki>Lisbon</nowiki>
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|area_total_km2 = 84.8
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<!-- *** Family *** —>
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|area_land_km2 =  
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| part_type                = [[#Civil parishes|Civil Parishes]]
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|area_water_km2 =  
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| part_count              = 53
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|population_as_of =  
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| part                    = ([[#Civil parishes|see text]])
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|population_total = 564,657
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| landmark                = 
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|population_density_km2 = 6368
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| river                    = Tagus River
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|population_metro = 2,641,006
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<!-- *** Locations *** —>
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|timezone = [[GMT]]
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| location                = Lisbon
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|utc_offset = +0
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| elevation                = 2
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|timezone_DST =
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| prominence              =
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|utc_offset_DST =
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| lat_d                    = 38
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|latd= |latm=  
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| lat_m                    = 42
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|longd= |longm=  
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| lat_s                    = 49.72
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|elevation_m =
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| lat_NS                  = N
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|website = http://www.cm-lisboa.pt
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| long_d                  = 9
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|footnotes =
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| long_m                  = 8
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| long_s                  = 21.79
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| long_EW                  = W
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| highest                  = 227 m
 +
| highest_location        = Serra de Monsanto
 +
| highest_region          = [[Benfica (Lisbon)|Benfica]]
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| highest_state            = Lisbon
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| highest_elevation        = 199
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| highest_lat_d            = 38
 +
| highest_lat_m            = 43
 +
| highest_lat_s            = 42.97
 +
| highest_lat_NS          = N
 +
| highest_long_d          = 9
 +
| highest_long_m          = 11
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| highest_long_s          = 4.80
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| highest_long_EW          = W
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| lowest                  = Sea level
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| lowest_location          = Atlantic Ocean
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| lowest_region            =
 +
| lowest_state            =
 +
| lowest_elevation        = 0
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| lowest_lat_d            =  
 +
| lowest_lat_m            =
 +
| lowest_lat_s            =
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| lowest_lat_NS            =
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| lowest_long_d            =
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| lowest_long_m            =
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| lowest_long_s            =
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| lowest_long_EW          =
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<!-- *** Dimensions *** —>
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| length                  =
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| length_orientation      = West-East
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| width                    =
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| width_orientation        = North-South
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| area                    = 84.8
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| area_land                =
 +
| area_water              =
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| area_urban              = 958
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| area_metro              = 2957
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<!-- *** Population *** —>
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| population              = 547631
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| population_date          = 2011
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| population_urban        = 2042326
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| population_metro        = 2821699
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| population_density      = 6458
 +
| population_density_urban = 2132
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| population_density_metro = 954
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<!-- *** History & management *** —>
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| established_type        = Settlement
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| established              = fl. 719
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| established1_type        = [[City]]
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| established1            = c. 1256
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| government_type          = [[LAU]]
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| government              = [[Concelho]]/[[Câmara Municipal]]
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| government_location      = Praça do Município
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| government_region        = Lisbon
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| government_state        = [[Grande Lisboa]]
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| government_elevation    = 33
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| government_lat_d        = 38
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| government_lat_m        = 42
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| government_lat_s        = 29
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| government_lat_NS        = N
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| government_long_d        = 9
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| government_long_m        = 8
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| government_long_s        = 18
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| government_long_EW      = W
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| mayor_type              = [[President of the Municipal Chamber|President]]
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| mayor                    = [[António Costa]]
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| mayor_party              = [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|PS]]
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| leader_type              = [[Assembleia Municipal|Municipal Chair]]
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| leader                  = Maria Simonetta Bianchi Aires de Carvalho Luz Afonso
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| leader_party            = [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|PS]]
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<!-- *** Codes ***  —>
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| timezone                = [[Western European Time|WET]]
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| utc_offset              = 0
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| timezone_DST            = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]]
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| utc_offset_DST          = +1
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| iso_code                = PT
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| postal_code              = 1149-014 Lisboa
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| postal_code_type        = Postal Zone
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| area_code                = (+351) 21 XXX-XXXX
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| area_code_type          = Area Code & Prefix
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| code                    =
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<!-- *** UNESCO etc. *** —>
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| whs_name                =
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| whs_year                =
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| whs_number              =
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| whs_region              =
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| whs_criteria            =
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| iucn_category            =
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<!-- *** Free fields *** —>
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| free_type                = [[Demonym]]
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| free                    = Lisboeta and Alfacinha
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| free1_type              = [[Patron Saint]]
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| free1                    = [[Vincent of Saragossa|São Vicente]]
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| free2_type              = Municipal Address
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| free2                    = Praça do Município, 1<br>1149-014 Lisboa
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| free3_type              = Municipal Holidays
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| free3                    =
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<!-- *** Maps *** —>
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| map                      = LocalLisboa.svg
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| map_size                = 235
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| map_caption              = Location of the [[municipality]] of Lisbon in Portugal
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| map_background          =  
 +
| map_locator              =
 +
<!-- *** Websites *** —>
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| commons                  = Lisbon
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| statistics              =  
 +
| website                 = http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/
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<!-- *** Footnotes *** —>
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| footnotes               =
 
}}
 
}}
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'''Lisbon''' ({{lang-pt|Lisboa}}, {{IPA2|liʒˈboɐ}}) is the [[Capital (political)|capital]] and largest city of [[Portugal]]. It is also the seat of the [[Lisbon (district)|district of Lisbon]] and capital of the [[Lisbon region]]. Its [[municipalities of Portugal|municipality]], which matches the city proper excluding the larger continuous conurbation, has a municipal population of 564,477<ref>[http://62.48.187.117/atlas/Cap2/Cap2d_2.html UMA POPULAÇÃO QUE SE URBANIZA, Uma avaliação recente - Cidades, 2004] Nuno Pires Soares, Instituto Geográfico Português (Geographic Institute of Portugal)</ref> in {{convert|84.8|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, while the [[Lisbon Metropolitan Area]] in total has around 2.8 million inhabitants, and 3.34 million people live in the broader agglomeration of Lisbon Metropolitan Region (includes cities ranging from [[Leiria]] to [[Setúbal]]).<ref name="tgv">Fernando Nunes da Silva (2005), [http://www.rave.pt/pdf/Mobilidade%20e%20Desenvolvimento%20Regional.pdf Alta Velocidade em Portugal, Desenvolvimento Regional], CENSUR, IST</ref> Due to its [[economic output]], [[standard of living]], and [[market (economics)|market]] size, the [[Grande Lisboa]] (Greater Lisbon) subregion is considered the second most important [[finance|financial]] and [[economy|economic]] center of the [[Iberian Peninsula]].<ref>[http://www.oecd.org/document/2/0,3343,en_2649_201185_37801602_1_1_1_1,00.html Competitive Cities in the Global Economy]</ref> The [[Lisbon region]] is the wealthiest region in [[Portugal]] and it is well above the [[European Union]]'s [[GDP per capita]] average – it produces 45% of the Portuguese [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]. It is also the political center of the country, as seat of [[Government of Portugal|government]] and residence of the [[President of Portugal|Head of State]].
 
  
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Lisbon was under [[Roman Republic|Roman]] rule from 205 B.C.E., when it was already a 1000 year old town. [[Julius Caesar]] made it a municipium called ''Felicitas Julia'', adding to the name ''Olissipo''. Ruled by a series of [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] tribes from the 5th century, it was captured by [[Moors]] in the 8th century. In 1147, the [[Crusaders]] under [[Afonso Henriques]] [[Siege of Lisbon|reconquered the city]] for the [[Christians]] and since then it has been a major political, economic and cultural center of Portugal. Unlike most capital cities, Lisbon's status as the capital of Portugal has never been granted or confirmed officially – by [[statute]] or in written form. Its position as the capital has formed through [[constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention]], making its position as ''[[de facto]]'' capital a part of the [[Constitution of Portugal]].
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'''Lisbon''' ({{lang-pt|Lisboa}}, {{IPA2|liʒˈboɐ}}) is the [[Capital (political)|capital]] and largest city of [[Portugal]], and the westernmost capital in mainland [[Europe]].  
  
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Lisbon hosts two [[agencies of the European Union]], namely, the [[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA) and the [[European Maritime Safety Agency]] (EMSA). The [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP), is also headquartered in Lisbon.  
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Over the course of its existence, Lisbon has both flourished and suffered. The city's history and possibly its name as well, dates to the [[Phoenician Civilization]]. It achieved status as part of the [[Roman Empire]], and more than 400 years under [[Muslim]] rule. Lisbon, which translates as safe harbor in ancient Phonecian, is most famous for its maritime successes during the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese Age of Discovery]]. The city's [[World Heritage Site]], the Monastery of the Hieronymites and the Belém Tower, were built in honor of navigator [[Vasco da Gama]]'s epic voyage to [[India]].  
  
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The present [[List of mayors of Lisbon|mayor of Lisbon]] is [[António Luís dos Santos da Costa|António Costa]], elected by the [[Partido Socialista|Socialist Party]].
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On November 1, 1755, an [[earthquake]], followed by [[tsunami]] and fires caused the near complete destruction of Lisbon. The city rebuilt itself in visionary style. Over the next two centuries, Lisbon went through periods of foreign control, and repressive governments, and became the wealthiest region in [[Portugal]], and the second most important [[finance|financial]] and [[economy|economic]] center of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] after [[Madrid]].
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{{toc}}
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The municipal holiday is June 13, [[Anthony of Padua|St. Anthony]]'s Day.
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In the late 1930s and early 1940s Lisbon served as a point of departure for the Americas to those seeking respite from the twentieth century [[fascism|fascist]] governments of [[Europe]]. As Portugal's seat of government and residence of the [[President of Portugal]], Lisbon is the political center of the country, as well as its cultural capital.  
  
 
==Geography==
 
==Geography==
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===Location===
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Lisbon's name may have derived from ''Allis Ubbo,'' meaning "safe harbor" in Phoenician, or  from the pre-Roman name of the River Tagus, ''Lisso'' or ''Lucio''.
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[[Image:Lisbon SPOT 1015.jpg|thumb|200px|Lisbon seen from Spot Satellite]]
 
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Etymology of name – if available.
 
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Lisbon is the westernmost capital in mainland Europe. It is located in the west of the country, on the [[Atlantic Ocean]] coast at the point where the river [[Tagus River|Tagus]] flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
 
  
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The city occupies an area of {{convert|84.8|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. The city boundaries, unlike those of most major cities, are narrowly defined around the historical city perimeter. This gave rise to the existence of several administratively defined cities around Lisbon, such as [[Amadora]], [[Queluz]], [[Cacém]], [[Odivelas]], [[Loures]], [[Sacavém]], [[Almada]], [[Barreiro]], [[Seixal]] and [[Oeiras]], which are in fact part of the metropolitan perimeter of Lisbon.
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Lisbon is located on the north bank of the [[Tagus River]], the longest river on the [[Iberian Peninsula]], about eight miles (13km) from where the river enters the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The 25th of April Bridge spans the Tagus to the west of the city. East of that bridge, the Tagus broadens into a seven-mile (11km) wide bay called the Mar de Palha.
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[[Image:Lisbon SPOT 1015.jpg|thumb|215px|left|Lisbon seen from Spot Satellite]]
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[[Image:Palacio Ajuda Lisboa 6.JPG|thumb|215px|left|Palácio Nacional da Ajuda.]]
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Built up the slopes of a range of low rolling hills, the city occupies an area of {{convert|84.8|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. The western side of the city is mainly occupied by the [[Monsanto Forest Park]], one of the largest urban parks in [[Europe]] with an area close to four square miles (10 square kilometers).
  
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The western side of the city is mainly occupied by the [[Monsanto Forest Park]], one of the largest urban parks in Europe with an area close to 10 square [[kilometres]] (almost 4&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi).
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Lisbon has a warm [[climate]] that is strongly influenced by the [[Gulf Stream]], giving it one of the mildest climates in Europe. [[Winter]]s are wet and windy, with the average maximum daytime [[temperature]] in January of 57.2°F (14°C). On sunny [[summer]] days, the temperature reaches an average maximum of around 82.4°F (28°C) in August. Annual [[rain]]fall is 28 inches (700 mm), spread over 100 rainy days, mostly from October to April.  
  
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Elevation
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The oldest district of the city is [[Alfama]], close to the Tagus, which has made it relatively unscathed through the various [[earthquake]]s. The [[Castle of São Jorge]] and the [[Lisbon Cathedral]] are located in this area.
  
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The city (Johannesburg) enjoys a dry, sunny climate, with the exception of occasional late afternoon downpours in the summer months of October to April. [[Temperature]]s are usually fairly mild due to the city's high altitude, with the average maximum daytime temperature in January of 79°F (26°C), dropping to an average maximum of around 61°F (16°C) in June. [[Winter]] is the sunniest time of the year, with cool days and cold nights. The temperature occasionally drops to below freezing at night, causing [[frost]]. [[Snow]] is rare. Mean annual precipitation is 28 inches (716mm).
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The [[Baixa]] (Downtown) or city center, which is organized in a grid system and a network of squares built after the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]], was nominated for [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] status in July 2004.<ref>''UNESCO World Heritage Centre,'' [http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1980/ Tentative Lists - Pombaline 'Baixa' or Downtown of Lisbon.] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref> The Chiado has cafes, galleries, bookshops, and eighteenth century religious architecture.  
  
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Lisbon has a [[Mediterranean climate]] that is strongly influenced by the [[Gulf Stream]], giving it one of the mildest climates in Europe. The city is sunny throughout the year, with an annual average of 2900-3300 hours of sunshine.
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The Bairro Alto (literally ''upper quarter'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) is a central residential, shopping and entertainment district. The Baroque-Neoclassical [[Estrela Basilica]] is the main attraction of the Estrela district. The [[Parliament]] and the [[Prazeres Cemetery]] are nearby.  
  
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Summers are warm and dry with average daytime temperatures of 26–29°C, falling to 16–18°C at night. Winters are cool and rainy with temperatures around 8–60°C, while spring and fall are generally mild, or even warm during daytime.
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Along the Tagus River, is the historic neighborhood of Belém, the location of one of the city's most prominent monuments, the [[Jerónimos Monastery, Lisbon|Jerónimos Monastery]]. In 1983 the monastery and the nearby Torre de Belém (Belem Tower) were classified as a World Heritage Site, listed as "Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon."<ref>''UNESCO World Heritage Centre,'' [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/263 Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon.] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref>
  
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Annual rainfall is 6110mm, spread over 100 rainy days, mostly from October to April. {{Lisbon weatherbox}}
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Like most large cities, Lisbon is surrounded by numerous [[satellite cities]]. [[Cascais]] and [[Estoril]] are the most [[interesting]] neighboring towns for night life. [[Palace]]s, attractive landscapes and historical sites can be found in [[Sintra]] and [[Mafra]].
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Rivers and canals
 
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Size – land area, size comparison
 
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Environmental issues
 
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Districts
 
  
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[[Image:Lisbon 3 of 3.jpg|725px|thumb|Partial view of old Lisbon, viewed from Cacilhas]]
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
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{{main|History of Lisbon}}
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[[Image:Castelo Sao Jorge Lisboa 2.JPG|thumb|right|225px|[[Castle of São Jorge|Castle of Saint George]]]]
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===Neolithic era to the Roman Empire===
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[[Image:Sé - Cathedral of Lisbon.JPG|thumb|right|225px|[[Lisbon Cathedral]], built after 1147 over the remnants of a [[mosque]]]]
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[[Image:Castelo Sao Jorge Lisboa 2.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Castle of São Jorge|Castle of Saint George]]]]
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[[Image:Parque das Nações 5.JPG|thumb|right|225px|A view of the Nations' Park]]
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During the [[Neolithic]] the region was inhabited by [[Iberians|Iberian]]-related peoples, who also lived in other regions of [[Atlantic Europe]] at the time. They built religious monuments called [[megalith]]s. [[Dolmen]]s and [[menhir]]s still survive in the countryside around the city.  
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[[Image:Lisbon 09973 Lisboa Padrão dos Descobrimentos 2006 Luca Galuzzi.jpg|thumb|225px|Monument to the Discoverers]]
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[[Image:Tower of Belem.jpg|thumb|right|225px|[[Belém Tower]], a symbol of the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese Age of Discovery]].]]
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[[Image:Cloisters at Mosteiro Dos Jerónimos2.jpg|thumb|right|225px|[[Jerónimos Monastery]].]]
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[[Image:1755 Lisbon earthquake.jpg|thumb|right|225px|This 1755 copper engraving shows the ruins of Lisbon in flames and a [[tsunami]] overwhelming the ships in the harbor.]]
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[[Image:Terreirodopaço.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Statue of [[José I of Portugal|King José I]] in the Commerce Square ''([[Praça do Comércio]])'', erected in 1775 as part of the rebuilding of Lisbon after the [[Lisbon earthquake of 1755|earthquake of 1755]].]]
  
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The [[Indo-European people|Indo-European]] [[Celt]]s invaded after the [[first millennium BC]] and intermarried with the [[Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula|Pre-Indo-European]] population, giving a rise to Celtic-speaking local tribes such as the Cempsi.
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[[Iberians|Iberian]]-related peoples lived in the Lisbon region during the [[Neolithic]] period, around 4500 B.C.E. The [[Indo-European people|Indo-European]] [[Celt]]s invaded after the [[first millennium B.C.E.]] and intermarried with the [[Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula|Pre-Indo-European]] population.
  
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[[archaeology|Archaeological]] findings suggest that some [[Phoenicia]]n influence existed in the place since 1200 B.C.E., leading some historians to the theory that a Phoenician trading post might have occupied the centre of the present city, on the southern slope of the Castle hill. The magnificent harbour provided by the [[estuary]] of the river [[Tagus]] made it an ideal spot for a settlement to provide foodstuffs to Phoenician ships travelling to the [[tin]] islands (modern [[Isles of Scilly]]) and [[Cornwall]].  
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Phoenician remains from the eighth century B.C.E. were found beneath the [[Mediaeval]] [[Sé de Lisboa]] (Lisbon See), or main [[Cathedral]]. The magnificent harbor made it an ideal spot for a settlement to provide foodstuffs to Phoenician ships traveling to the ''tin islands'' (modern [[Isles of Scilly]]) and [[Cornwall]].  
  
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The new city might have been named '''Allis Ubbo''' or "safe harbor" in Phoenician, according to one of several theories for the origin of its name.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} Another theory is that it took its name from the pre-Roman name of the River Tagus, ''Lisso'' or ''Lucio''.  
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The Greeks knew Lisbon as ''Olissipo'' and "Olissipona," a name they thought was derived from [[Odysseus|Ulysses]], who, according to an [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] myth, founded the city after he left [[Troy]], and departed to the Atlantic to escape the Greek coalition. Later on, the Greek name was corrupted in [[vulgar Latin]] to ''Olissipona''.  
  
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Besides sailing to the North, the Phoenicians might also have taken advantage of a settlement at the mouth of Iberia's largest river to trade with the inland tribes for valuable metals. Other important local products were [[salt]], salted fish, and the [[Lusitano|Lusitanian horses]] that were renowned in antiquity.  
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===Roman control===
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The area was under [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] control from 205 B.C.E. to about 409 C.E. [[Julius Caesar]] (100 B.C.E.-44 B.C.E.), made the settlement a ''municipium,'' and named it Felicitas Julia. During the time of [[Augustus]] (63 B.C.E.–14 C.E.), the Romans built a great [[theater]], the [[Cassian Baths]], temples, a large [[necropolis]], a large forum, and multi-storied apartment buildings in the area between the modern Castle hill and Downtown.  
  
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Recently, Phoenician remains from the eighth century B.C.E. were found beneath the [[Mediaeval]] [[Sé de Lisboa]] (Lisbon See), or main [[Cathedral]] of the modern city. Most modern historians,<ref>[[:pt:José Mattoso|Mattoso, José]] (dir.), ''História de Portugal. Primeiro Volume: Antes de Portugal'', Lisboa, Círculo de Leitores, 1992 - in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].</ref> however, consider the idea of a Phoenician foundation of Lisbon as unreal, and instead believe that Lisbon was an ancient autochthonous settlement (what the Romans called an ''[[oppidum]]'') that at most, maintained commercial relations with the Phoenicians, to account for the presence of Phoenician pottery and other material objects.
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Economically, Olissipo was known for its [[garum]], a highly prized [[fish]] sauce exported in [[Amphora]]e to [[Rome]] and other cities. [[Wine]], [[salt]] and its famously fast [[horse]]s were also exported. Trade boomed with the Roman provinces of [[Britannia]] and the [[Rhine]], and with tribes living up the river Tagus.  
  
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The Greeks knew Lisbon as '''Olissipo''' and "Olissipona", a name they thought was derived from [[Odysseus|Ulysses]], though this was a [[folk etymology]]. According to an [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] myth, the hero founded the city after he left [[Troy]], and departed to the Atlantic to escape the Greek coalition.  
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A broad road connected Olissipo to Western Hispania's two other large cities, [[Bracara Augusta]] (today's Portuguese [[Braga]]), and [[Emerita Augusta]], the capital of [[Lusitania]] (now [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]] in [[Spain]]).
  
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If all of Odysseus' travels were in the Atlantic as [[Th. Cailleux|Cailleux]]<ref>Pays Atlantiques décrits par Homère, [[Th. Cailleux]], 1879, Paris.</ref> argued, then this could mean that Odysseus founded the city coming from the north, before trying to round Cape Malea, (which Cailleux located at [[Cabo de São Vicente]]), in a southeasterly direction, to reach his homeland of [[Homer's Ithaca|Ithaca]], supposedly present [[Cadiz]]. However, the presence of Phoenicians (even if occasional) is thought to predate any Greek presence in the area.
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===Christian center===
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Olissipo was a center for the dissemination of [[Christianity]]. Its first attested [[Patriarch of Lisbon|Bishop]] was [[St. Potamius]] (c. 356), and [[martyr]]s during Emperor [[Diocletian's]] persecutionss (303–311) included [[Maxima of Rome|Maxima]], [[Verissimus]], and [[Julia]].
  
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Later on, the Greek name was corrupted in [[vulgar Latin]] to '''Olissipona'''. Some of the [[Lusitanian mythology|native gods]] worshiped in Lisbon were Aracus, Carneus, Bandiarbariaicus and Coniumbricenses.
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[[Sarmatian]] [[Alans]] and the [[Germanic people|Germanic]] [[Vandals]], invaded Olissipo and controlled the region from 409 to 429. The Germanic [[Suebi]], who established a kingdom in [[Gallaecia]] (modern [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and northern Portugal) from 409 to 585, also controlled Lisbon for long periods of time. In 585 the Suebi kingdom was included in the Germanic [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] kingdom of Toledo, that comprised all of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. Lisbon was then called ''Ulishbona''.
  
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===Roman Empire to the Moorish conquest===
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===Moorish invasion===
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[[Image:Sé - Cathedral of Lisbon.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Lisbon Cathedral]], built after 1147 over the remnants of the [[mosque]] of the Islamic period]]
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The Muslims of [[North Africa]] (Moors) took Lisbon around 711 when they overran the Iberian Peninsula. The [[Moors]], who stayed for 433 years, called the city '''al-ʾIšbūnah''' and built numerous [[mosque]]s, houses, and a new city wall, named the ''Cerca Moura''. [[Arabic language|Arabic]] was the official language. [[Islam]] was the official religion, although [[Christian]]s could keep their [[religion]] but were required to pay the [[jizyah]] tax.
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During the [[Punic wars]], after the defeat of [[Hannibal Barca|Hannibal]] (whose troops included members of the [[Conii]]{{Fact|date=April 2007}}) the Romans decided to deprive Carthage of its most valuable possession, [[Hispania]] (the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula). After the defeat of the Carthaginians by [[Scipio Africanus]] in Eastern Hispania, the pacification of the West was led by [[Consul]] [[Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus]].  
 
  
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He obtained the alliance of Olissipo which sent men to fight alongside the Legions against the Celtic tribes of the Northwest. In return, Olissipo was integrated in the Empire under the name of Felicitas Julia, a [[Municipium Cives Romanorum]]. It was granted self-rule over a territory going as far away as 50 kilometres (30 miles), exempted from taxes, and its citizens given the privileges of Roman citizenship.  
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===The Reconquista===
 +
In 1147, as part of the [[Reconquista]], a period of 800 years during which Christian kingdoms succeeded in retaking the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims, [[crusader]] knights led by [[Afonso I of Portugal]] (1109–1185), besieged and reconquered Lisbon. [[Arabic language|Arabic]] lost its place in everyday life, and any remaining [[Muslim]] population were gradually converted to [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], or expelled, and the [[mosque]]s were turned into [[Church (building)|churches]]. Lisbon then had a population of 154,000.
  
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It was in the newly created province of [[Lusitania]], whose capital was [[Emerita Augusta]]. The attacks by the [[Lusitanians]] during the frequent rebellions over the next couple of centuries weakened the city, and a wall was built.
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===Capital city===
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Lisbon became the ''de facto'' capital city of Portugal in 1255 due to its central location. The first Portuguese [[university]] was founded in Lisbon in 1290 by [[Dinis I of Portugal]] (1279–1325). During the last centuries of the [[Middle Ages]], the city expanded substantially and became an important trading post with both northern [[Europe]] and [[Mediterranean basin|Mediterranean]] cities.
  
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During the time of [[Augustus]] the Romans built a great [[Theatre]]; the Cassian Baths underneath the current ''Rua da Prata''; Temples to [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]], [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], [[Cybele]], [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]] and [[Idae Phrygiae]] (an uncommon cult from [[Asia Minor]]), besides temples to the Emperor; a large [[necropolis]] under [[Praça da Figueira]]; a large Forum and other buildings such as [[insula]]e (multi-storied apartment buildings) in the area between the modern Castle hill and Downtown.  
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[[Vasco da Gama]] (1460 or 1469–1524) led a Portuguese fleet of four ships to [[India]] from Lisbon in 1498, one of numerous Portuguese expeditions of the [[Age of Discovery]] departing from Lisbon during the 15th to 17th centuries.  
  
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[[Image:Parque das Nações 5.JPG|thumb|200px|A view of the Nations' Park]]
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The city became the European hub of commerce with [[Africa]], [[India]], the [[Far East]] and, later, [[Colonial Brazil|Brazil]], exploiting riches such as [[spice]]s, [[Slave trade|slaves]], [[sugar]], [[textile]]s and other goods. The first Portuguese census in 1527 counted 65,000 inhabitants in Lisbon, a considerable number of whom became rich.  
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[[Image:Torres das Amoreiras.jpg|thumb|200px|The towers of Amoreiras]]
 
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[[Image:Lisbon 09973 Lisboa Padrão dos Descobrimentos 2006 Luca Galuzzi.jpg|thumb|200px|Monument to the Discoverers]]
 
  
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Many of these ruins were first unearthed during the middle Eighteenth century, when the recent discovery of [[Pompeii]] made Roman Archeology fashionable among Europe's upper classes.
+
Under the rule of [[King Manuel I]] (1495–1521) Portugal developed Manueline [[architecture]], that celebrated the voyages of discovery, Manuel, and [[God]]. The city was endowed with larger and more luxurious buildings. The [[Belém Tower]] and the [[Jerónimos Monastery]] were built during this period.
  
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Economically, Olissipo was known for its [[garum]], a sort of fish sauce highly prized by the elites of the Empire and exported in [[Amphora]]e to [[Rome]] and other cities. [[Wine]], [[salt]] and its famously fast [[horse]]s were also exported.  
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===Earthquake===
 +
The Great Lisbon Earthquake struck on November 1, 1755, at around 9:40 in the morning.<ref>André Belo, [http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue4/html/belo_main.html Between History and Periodicity: Printed and Hand-Written News in 18th-Century Portugal,] Brown University. Retrieved February 10, 2009.</ref> The [[earthquake]] was followed by a [[tsunami]] and [[fire]]s, which caused near-total destruction of Lisbon and adjoining areas. [[Geology|Geologists]] estimated the earthquake approached magnitude 9 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]]. Estimates place the death toll in Lisbon, after the earthquake, tsunami, and fires that blazed for days, at around 60,000 people.<ref>Alvaro S. Pereira, March 2006, [http://www.york.ac.uk/res/cherry/docs/Alvaro3.pdf The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake,] ''University of York, Department of Economics''. Retrieved February 10, 2009.</ref> More than 12,000 buildings were destroyed, making it one of the most destructive earthquakes in history.  
  
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The city came to be very prosperous through suppression of [[piracy]] and technological advances, which allowed a boom in the trade with the newly Roman Provinces of [[Britannia]] (particularly [[Cornwall]]) and the [[Rhine]], and through the introduction of Roman culture to the tribes living by the river Tagus in the interior of [[Hispania]].  
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The city was rebuilt according to the plans of Prime Minister [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo]], the [[Marquis of Pombal|1st Marquess of Pombal]] (1699–1782); hence the designation of the lower town as ''Baixa Pombalina'' ([[Pombaline Downtown]]). Pombal demolished the earthquake ruins and rebuilt the downtown following modern urban rules.
  
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The city was ruled by an [[Oligarchy|oligarchical]] council dominated by two families, the Julii and the Cassiae. Petitions are recorded addressed to the [[Governor]] of the province in Emerita and to the Empreror [[Tiberius]], such as one requesting help dealing with "sea monsters" allegedly responsible for shipwrecks.  
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===Invasion, revolution===
 +
Lisbon alternated between French and British control during the Peninsular War, a contest between [[France]] and the allied powers of [[Spain]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[Portugal]] for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the early 1800s. Troops of [[Napoléon Bonaparte]] (1769–1821) invaded Portugal in 1807, sending Prince-Regent [[John VI of Portugal|João]] and his family in flight to [[Rio de Janeiro]] in [[Brazil]]. Rio replaced Lisbon as the capital of the Portuguese empire from 1808 to 1821.  
  
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The Roman [[Sertorius]] led a large rebellion against the Dictator [[Sulla]] early in the Roman Period.  
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Ten years of revolutionary outbursts in Lisbon followed as liberal constitutionalists and absolutists fought over succession to the throne.  
  
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Among the majority of [[Latin]] speakers lived a large minority of [[Greeks|Greek]] traders and slaves.  
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In 1879, a new main street, the ''[[Avenida da Liberdade (Lisbon)|Avenida da Liberdade]]'' was opened. The six-lane carriageway had wide blue mosaic sidewalks with [[palm]]s, [[fountain]]s, ponds stocked with [[goldfish]] and [[swan]]s, and outdoor cafés beneath the trees. By 1885, Lisbon covered 20,378 acres (8,250 hectares), and had a population of 300,000.  
  
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The city was connected by a broad road to Western Hispania's two other large cities, [[Bracara Augusta]] in the province of [[Tarraconensis]] (today's Portuguese [[Braga]]), and [[Emerita Augusta]], the capital of [[Lusitania]] (now [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]] in [[Spain]]).
+
Lisbon was the stage of the assassination of [[Carlos I of Portugal]], on February 1, 1908, and was the center of a coup on October 5, 1910, which installed the Portuguese Republic.  
  
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Olissipo, like most great cities in the Western Empire, was a centre for the dissemination of [[Christianity]]. Its first attested [[Patriarch of Lisbon|Bishop]] was [[St. Potamius]] (c. 356), and there were several [[martyr]]s killed by the [[Paganism|pagans]] during the great persecutions; [[Maxima of Rome|Maxima]], [[Verissimus]] and [[Julia]] are the most significant names.
+
[[António de Oliveira Salazar]] (1889-1970) took control of the near-bankrupt country in 1932, and established an authoritarian corporate state until his retirement in 1968.  
  
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At the end of the Roman domain, Olissipo was one of the first Christian cities. It suffered invasions from the [[Sarmatian]] [[Alans]] and the [[Germanic people|Germanic]] [[Vandals]], who controlled the region from 409 to 429. The Germanic [[Suebi]], who established a kingdom in [[Gallaecia]] (modern [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and northern Portugal), with capital in ''Bracara Augusta'' ([[Braga]]), from 409 to 585, also controlled the region of Lisbon for long periods of time.  
+
During [[World War II]] Lisbon was one of the very few neutral, open European Atlantic ports, a major gateway for refugees to the [[U.S.]], and a spy nest.
  
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In 585 the Suebi kingdom was included in the Germanic [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] kingdom of Toledo, that comprised all of the Iberian Peninsula. Lisbon was then called ''Ulishbona''.
+
In 1974, Lisbon was the central destination point of the [[Carnation Revolution]] a left-leaning military coup that began on April 25, 1974.
  
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===Moorish rule===
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In 1988, a fire near the historical center of [[Chiado]] greatly disrupted normal life in the area for about 10 years. In 1994, Lisbon was declared the [[European Capital of Culture]].
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[[Image:Assembleia Republica Portugal 2.JPG|thumb|200px|National Parlament]]
 
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[[Image:Lisboa-Oceanario.jpg|thumb|200px|The Oceanarium]]
 
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In approximately 711 Lisbon was taken by the [[Moors]] (it was called '''al-ʾIšbūnah''' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] '''الأشبونة'''), under whose rule the city flourished.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} The Moors, who were [[Muslim]]s from North Africa and the Middle East, built many [[mosque]]s and houses as well as a new city wall, currently named the ''Cerca Moura''. The city kept a diverse population including [[Christian]]s, [[Berbers]], [[Arab]]s, [[Jew]]s and [[Saqaliba]]s.
 
  
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[[Arabic language|Arabic]] was forced on the Christians as the official language. [[Mozarabic]] was the mother language spoken by the Christian population. [[Islam]] was the official religion practiced by the Arabs and [[Muladi]] ([[muwallad]]), the Christians could keep their religion but under [[Dhimmi]] status and were required to pay the [[jizyah]].
+
The 1998 World’s Fair, held in Lisbon, sparked a waterfront renovation, giving Lisbon a new look. The expo was timed to commemorate the 500th anniversary of [[Vasco da Gama]]'s sea voyage to [[India]].  
  
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The Moorish influence is still present in [[Alfama]], the old part of Lisbon that survived the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]]. Many placenames are derived from Arabic; the [[Alfama]], the oldest existing district of Lisbon, for example, is derived from the Arabic "al-hamma".
+
In March 2000, the Lisbon Agenda, an agreement on measures to revitalize the [[European Union]] economy, was signed in Lisbon.
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For a brief time during the  [[Taifa]] period Lisbon was the center town in the Regulo Eslavo of the [[Taifa]] of [[Badajoz]] and then as an independent Taifa ruled by Abd al-Aziz ibn Sabur and Abd al-Malik ibn Sabur sons of [[Sabur al-Jatib]] (Sabur the Slav), a [[Slav]] that had been at the service of [[al-Hakam II]] before ruling the Taifa of Badajoz.
 
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In 1147, as part of the [[Reconquista]], [[crusader]] knights led by [[Afonso I of Portugal]], [[Siege of Lisbon|sieged and reconquered Lisbon]]. Lisbon was now back in Christian hands. Its inhabitants were around one hundred fifty-four thousand.
 
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The reconquest of Portugal and re-establishment of Christianity is one of the most significant events in Lisbon's history; although it is known through the chronicle ''Expugnatione Lyxbonensi'', attributed to [[Osburnus]], that there was a bishop in the town that was killed by the [[crusaders]]  and that the population was praying to the Virgin Mary when afflicted with plague, which indicates that the [[Mozarab]] population followed the [[Mozarabic rite]]. [[Arabic language|Arabic]] lost its place in everyday life. Any remaining [[Muslim]] population were gradually converted to [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], or expelled, and the [[mosque]]s were turned into [[Church (building)|churches]]. (Though in Portuguese historiography this was often mentioned as "turning the mosques ''back'' into churches", in fact many of the structures concerned were built as mosques to begin with.)
 
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===From the Middle Ages to the Portuguese Empire===
 
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[[Image:Tower of Belem.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Belém Tower]], a symbol of the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese Age of Discovery]].]]
 
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[[Image:Cloisters at Mosteiro Dos Jerónimos2.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Jerónimos Monastery]].]]
 
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It received its first [[Foral]] in 1179. Periodic raiding expeditions were sent from [[Al-Andalus]] to ravage the Iberian Christian kingdoms, bringing back booty and slaves. In raid against Lisbon in 1189, the [[Almohad]] caliph [[Yaqub al-Mansur]] took 3,000 female and child captives.<ref>[http://libro.uca.edu/rc/rc1.htm Ransoming Captives in Crusader Spain: The Order of Merced on the Christian-Islamic Frontier]</ref> Lisbon became the capital city of Portugal in 1255 due to its central location in the new Portuguese territory. The first Portuguese [[university]] was founded in Lisbon in 1290 by [[Dinis I of Portugal]] as ''[[Studium Generale|Estudo Geral]]'' (General Study). The university was transferred several times to [[Coimbra]], where it was installed definitively in the 16th century (today's [[University of Coimbra]]).
 
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During the last centuries of the Middle Ages, the city expanded substantially and became an important trading post with both northern Europe and Mediterranean cities.
 
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Most of the Portuguese expeditions of the [[age of discovery]] left from Lisbon during the 15th to 17th centuries, including [[Vasco da Gama]]'s departure to [[India]] in 1497. The 16th century marks the golden age for Lisbon. The city became the European hub of commerce with Africa, India, the Far East and, later, [[Colonial Brazil|Brazil]], exploring riches like spices, slaves, sugar, textiles and other goods. This was the time of the exuberant [[Manueline]] style, which has left its mark in two 16th century Lisbon monuments, the [[Belém Tower]] and the [[Jerónimos Monastery]], both of which were declared [[World Heritage Sites]] by [[UNESCO]].
 
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A description of Lisbon in the sixteenth century was written by [[Damião de Góis]] and published in 1554.<ref>''Urbis Olisiponis descriptio'' (Évora, 1554); ''Lisbon in the Renaissance'', trans Jeffrey S. Ruth (New York, 1996).</ref>
 
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Portugal lost its independence to Spain in 1580 after a succession crisis, and the [[Portuguese Restoration War|1640 revolt]] that restored the Portuguese independence took place in Lisbon (see [[Philip III of Portugal]]). In the early 18th century, gold from Brazil allowed [[John V of Portugal|King John V]] to sponsor the building of several [[Baroque]] churches and theatres in the city.
 
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===1755 Lisbon earthquake===
 
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{{main|1755 Lisbon earthquake}}
 
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[[Image:1755 Lisbon earthquake.jpg|thumb|200px|This 1755 copper engraving shows the ruins of Lisbon in flames and a [[tsunami]] overwhelming the ships in the harbor]]
 
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[[Image:Terreirodopaço.jpg|thumb|200px|Statue of [[José I of Portugal|King José I]] in the Commerce Square (''[[Praça do Comércio]]''), erected in 1775 as part of the rebuilding of Lisbon after the [[Lisbon earthquake of 1755|earthquake of 1755]].]]
 
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[[Image:Rua Augusta Lisboa.JPG|thumb|200px|Downtown Lisbon]]
 
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[[Image:Praca da Figueira Lisboa 2.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Praça da Figueira|Figueira Square]].]]
 
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Prior to the 18th century, Lisbon had experienced several important earthquakes – eight in the 14th century, five in the 16th century (including the 1531 earthquake that destroyed 1,500 houses, and the 1597 earthquake when three streets vanished), and three in the 17th century. On 1 November 1755 the city was destroyed by [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|another earthquake]], which killed an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 Lisbon residents<ref>[http://www.york.ac.uk/res/cherry/docs/Alvaro3.pdf Pereira, A.S. "The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake," Discussion Paper 06/03, Centre for Historical Economics and Related Research at York, York University, 2006 (pdf), p. 8.]</ref> and destroyed eighty-five percent of the city.<ref>[http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html Historical Depictions of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake]</ref> With a population estimated at between 200,000 and 275,000 residents,<ref>[http://www.york.ac.uk/res/cherry/docs/Alvaro3.pdf Pereira, "The Opportunity of a Disaster," p. 8, estimates a population of 200,000.]</ref><ref>[http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html Historical Depictions of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake, citing an unreferenced estimate of 275,000.]</ref> Lisbon was, in 1755, one of the largest cities in Europe. Among several important structures of the city, the [[Ribeira Palace|Royal Ribeira Palace]] and the [[Hospital Real de Todos os Santos|Royal Hospital of All Saints]] were lost. The event shocked the whole of Europe. [[Voltaire]] wrote a long poem, "Poême sur le désastre de Lisbonne", shortly after the quake, and mentioned it in his 1759 [[novel]] ''[[Candide]]'' (indeed, many argue that this critique of [[optimism]] was inspired by that earthquake). [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.]] also mentions it in his 1857 [[poem]], ''The Deacon's Masterpiece, or The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay.'' In the town of [[Cascais]], some 30 km west of Lisbon, the waves wrecked several boats and when the water withdrew, large stretches of sea bottom were left uncovered. In coastal areas such as [[Peniche]], situated about 80 km north of Lisbon, many people were killed by the tsunami. In [[Setúbal]], 30 km south of Lisbon, the water reached the first floor of buildings. The destruction was also great in the [[Algarve]], southern Portugal, where the tsunami dismantled some coastal fortresses and, in the lower levels, razed houses. In some places the waves crested at more than 30 m. Almost all the coastal towns and villages of Algarve were heavily damaged, except [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]], which was protected by sandy banks. In [[Lagos, Portugal|Lagos]], the waves reached the top of the city walls. For many Portuguese coastal regions, the destructive effects of the tsunami were more disastrous than those of the earthquake proper. In southwestern [[Spain]], the tsunami caused damage to [[Cadiz]] and [[Huelva]], and the waves penetrated the [[Guadalquivir River]], reaching [[Seville]]. In [[Gibraltar]], the sea rose suddenly by about two meters. In [[Ceuta]] the tsunami was strong, but in the [[Mediterranean Sea]], it decreased rapidly. On the other hand, it caused great damage and casualties to the western coast of [[Morocco]], from [[Tangier]], where the waves reached the walled fortifications of the town, to [[Agadir]], where the waters passed over the walls, killing many. The tsunami also reached [[Cornwall]], in the [[United Kingdom]], at a height of three metres. Along the coast of Cornwall, the sea rose rapidly in vast waves, and then embedded equally rapidly. A two metre tsunami also hit [[Galway]] in [[Ireland]], and did some considerable damage to the [[Spanish Arch]] section of the city wall.
 
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After the 1755 earthquake, the city was rebuilt largely according to the plans of Prime Minister [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo]], the [[Marquis of Pombal|1st Marquess of Pombal]]; hence the designation of the lower town as ''Baixa Pombalina'' ([[Pombaline Downtown]]). Instead of rebuilding the medieval town, Pombal decided to demolish the remains of the earthquake and rebuild the downtown in accordance with modern urban rules.
 
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=== 19th and 20th centuries ===
 
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In the first years of the 19th century, Portugal was invaded by the troops of [[Napoléon Bonaparte]] and Queen [[Maria I of Portugal|Maria I]] and Prince-Regent [[John VI of Portugal|João]] (future John VI) temporarily fled to [[Brazil]]. Considerable property was pillaged by the invaders.
 
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The city felt the full force of the Portuguese liberal upheavals, beginning its tradition of cafés and theatres. In 1879 the ''[[Avenida da Liberdade (Lisbon)|Avenida da Liberdade]]'' was opened, replacing a previous public garden.
 
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Lisbon was the centre of the republican coup of October 5, 1910 which instated the Portuguese Republic. Previously, it was also the stage of the [[regicide]] of [[Carlos I of Portugal]] (1908).
 
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The city refounded its university in 1911 after centuries of inactivity in Lisbon, incorporating reformed former colleges and other non-university higher education schools of the city (such as the ''Escola Politécnica'' – now ''Faculdade de Ciências''). Today there are 3 public universities in the city ([[University of Lisbon]], [[Technical University of Lisbon]] and [[New University of Lisbon]]), a public university institute  (ISCTE – [[Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa]]) and a polytechnic institute (IPL – [[Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa]]). See [[list of universities in Portugal]].
 
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During [[World War II]] Lisbon was one of the very few neutral, open European Atlantic ports, a major gateway for refugees to the U.S. and a spy nest.
 
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In 1974, Lisbon was the central destination point of the [[Carnation Revolution]] maneuvers, the end of the Portuguese Corporative Regime ([[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]).
 
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In 1988, a fire near the historical centre of [[Chiado]] greatly disrupted normal life in the area for about 10 years.
 
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In 1994, Lisbon was the [[European Capital of Culture]].
 
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[[Expo '98]] was held in Lisbon. The timing was intended to commemorate the 500th anniversary of [[Vasco da Gama]]'s sea voyage to [[India]]. It was considered by the [[Bureau of International Expositions]]{{Fact|date=November 2007}} the best world expo ever.
 
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=== Contemporary events ===
 
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[[Image:Lisbonne Expo98 01.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Vasco da Gama Tower]]'' at ''[[Parque das Nações]]'' (Nations' Park), where the Expo 98 took place and now a venue for important shows and festivals]]
 
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The [[Lisbon Agenda]] was a [[European Union]] agreement on measures to revitalize the EU economy, signed in Lisbon in March 2000.
 
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Every March the city hosts the world-famous [[Lisbon Half Marathon]], one of the most attended events of its kind in the world.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}
 
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It regularly hosts countless other international events including various [[NATO]], [[European Union]] and other summits.
 
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In 2004, Portugal hosted the UEFA Euro 2004 football tournament, in which the Portuguese national team lost to Greece in the final.
 
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[[Rock in Rio]], known for being the biggest pop-rock festival in the world with an attendance that can reach 100 000 people, was held in Lisbon three times (2004, 2006 and 2008) and will continue in the city for some years, hosting concerts of many high profile singers and bands, such as [[Anastacia]], [[Metallica]], [[Shakira]], [[Guns N' Roses]], [[Roger Waters]], [[Britney Spears]], [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], [[Amy Winehouse]] and many more.
 
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In January 2006 and 2007, Lisbon was the starting city of the [[Paris Dakar Rally|Dakar Rally]].
 
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On the 7 July 2007, Lisbon held the ceremony of the "New 7 Wonders Of The World"<ref>http://www.new7wonders.com/index.php?id=315&L=0</ref> election, in Luz stadium, with live transmition for millions of people all over the world.
 
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On the 18 and 19 October 2007 Lisbon held the [[2007 EU Summit]], where agreement was reached regarding the Union governance model. The [[Treaty of Lisbon]] was signed on the 13 December 2007.
 
  
 
== Government ==
 
== Government ==
 +
[[Image:Assembleia Republica Portugal 2.JPG|thumb|right|250px|National Parlament]]
 
[[Portugal]] is a parliamentary representative democratic republic, in which the president, who is chief of state and is directly elected to a five-year term, appoints the prime minister, who is head of government, and council of ministers, according to assembly election results. There is also a council of state, which is a presidential advisory body composed of six senior civilian officers. The unicameral assembly of the republic (Assembleia da Republica) has 230 members who are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms.  
 
[[Portugal]] is a parliamentary representative democratic republic, in which the president, who is chief of state and is directly elected to a five-year term, appoints the prime minister, who is head of government, and council of ministers, according to assembly election results. There is also a council of state, which is a presidential advisory body composed of six senior civilian officers. The unicameral assembly of the republic (Assembleia da Republica) has 230 members who are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms.  
  
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==Economy==
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Portugal consists of 308 municipalities (Portuguese singular/plural: ''Concelho/concelhos''), which are subdivided into more than 4000 [[freguesia|parishes]] ''(freguesia/freguesias)''. Municipalities in continental Portugal are gathered in 18 Districts.
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Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based economy since joining the European Community in 1986. Over the past two decades, successive governments have privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy, including the financial and telecommunications sectors. The country qualified for the European Monetary Union (EMU) in 1998 and began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU member economies. Economic growth had been above the EU average for much of the 1990s, but fell back in 2001-08. GDP per capita stands at roughly two-thirds of the EU-27 average. A poor educational system, in particular, has been an obstacle to greater productivity and growth.
 
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Per capita GDP was estimated at $22,000 in 2008.
 
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Financial and business services sector
 
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Tourism
 
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Manufacturing
 
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Transport: Road, rail, air, sea
 
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The city is a hub for Germany’s and Europe’s high-speed passenger rail network. Autobahns radiate from Cologne's ring road. Cologne's international [[airport]] is [[Cologne Bonn Airport]], also called Konrad Adenauer Airport. The Rhine harbor is one of the larger inland ports in Germany. Public transport within the city includes buses, a [[subway]] system, and the [[Rheinseilbahn]] [[aerial tramway]] crossing the [[Rhine]]. Cologne has pavement-edge cycle lanes linked by cycle priority crossings.
 
  
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Transportation in Lisbon is more charming than in most cities. Much is owed to its geography; much of Lisbon has been [[List of cities claimed to be built on seven hills|built on its seven hills]]. No visit to Lisbon is complete without riding the 1930s [[tram]]s. The greatest attractions, though, are the [[funicular]]s, of which there are three. These are Elevador da Glória, Elevador da Bica, and Elevador da Lavra. Perhaps the most picturesque is the Elevador da Bica, which passes through a charming residential neighborhood just below Bairro Alto.<ref>[http://www.carris.pt/index.php?area=servicos&subarea=servicos_ascensores_bica] Information from Carris, Lisbon transportation company.</ref><ref>[http://www.personal.u-net.com/~luso/listrams.htm] Details of Lisbon's trams, from Luso Pages</ref>
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Lisbon is the seat of the [[Lisbon (district)|district of Lisbon]] and capital of the [[Lisbon region]]. There are 53 ''freguesias'' ([[civil parishes]]) in Lisbon.
  
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Lisbon is divided into historical "bairros" with no clearly defined boundaries, such as ''Amoreiras,'' ''Bairro Alto,'' ''Bica,'' ''Alfama,'' ''Mouraria,'' ''Avenidas Novas,'' ''Intendente,'' ''Chelas,'' and ''Lapa''.
  
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[[Image:Lisboa - Gare do Oriente.jpg|thumb|200px|Inside Orient Station]]
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==Economy==
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The [[Lisbon region]] is the wealthiest region in [[Portugal]] and it is well above the [[European Union]]'s [[GDP per capita]] average – it produces 45% of the Portuguese [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]. Lisbon's economy is based primarily on the [[tertiary sector]]. Most of the headquarters of multinationals operating in Portugal are concentrated in the [[Grande Lisboa]] subregion, specially in the [[Oeiras]] municipality. [[Lisbon Metropolitan Area]] is heavily industrialized, especially the south bank of the Tagus river (Rio Tejo).
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[[Image:Lisbonne Expo98 01.jpg|thumb|right|225px|''[[Vasco da Gama Tower]]'' at ''[[Parque das Nações]]'' (Nations' Park), where Expo 98 took place]]
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[[Image:Electricos Lisboa 3.JPG|thumb|225px|A tram in Lisbon]]
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[[Image:Lisboa - Gare do Oriente.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Inside Orient Station]]
 +
Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based economy since joining the European Community in 1986. Over the two decades to 2009, successive governments have privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy, including the financial and [[telecommunications]] sectors. Gross domestic product per capita, estimated at $22,000 in 2008, stands at roughly two-thirds of the [[European Union]] average. A poor [[education]]al system, in particular, has been an obstacle to greater productivity and growth.<ref>''CIA World Factbook,'' 2009.</ref>
  
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The country's chief seaport and featuring one of the largest and most sophisticated regional markets within the Iberian Peninsula, Lisbon and its heavily populated surroundings, are also developing as an important financial center and a dynamic technological hub.  
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The Lisbon region is the wealthiest region in [[Portugal]], is the second most important [[finance|financial]] and [[economy|economic]] center of the [[Iberian Peninsula]],<ref>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and NetLibrary, Inc, 2006, [http://www.oecd.org/document/2/0,3343,en_2649_201185_37801602_1_1_1_1,00.html ''Competitive Cities in the Global Economy.''] Retrieved February 10, 2009.</ref> and it is well above the [[European Union]]'s [[GDP per capita]] average – it produces 45 percent of the Portuguese [[Gross domestic product|GDP]].  
  
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Lisbon has the largest and most developed [[mass media]] sector of Portugal, and is home to several related companies ranging from leading [[television]] networks and [[radio station]]s to [[newspaper of record|major newspapers]].  
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Lisbon's economy is based primarily on the service sector, which employs 75 percent of the labor force. Most of the headquarters of multinational companies operating in Portugal are concentrated in the [[Grande Lisboa]] subregion, specially in the [[Oeiras]] municipality.  
  
 
The [[Euronext Lisbon]] [[stock exchange]], part of the pan-European [[Euronext]] system together with the stock exchanges of [[Amsterdam]], [[Brussels]] and [[Paris]], is tied with the [[New York Stock Exchange]] since 2007, forming the multinational [[NYSE Euronext]] group of stock exchanges.
 
The [[Euronext Lisbon]] [[stock exchange]], part of the pan-European [[Euronext]] system together with the stock exchanges of [[Amsterdam]], [[Brussels]] and [[Paris]], is tied with the [[New York Stock Exchange]] since 2007, forming the multinational [[NYSE Euronext]] group of stock exchanges.
  
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A temperate climate, beaches, castles, and historic districts attract tourists every year. [[Tourism]] revenues have helped offset negative national trade balances.
  
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{{wide image|Lisboa-lisbon- panorama.jpg|1300px|Panoramic view of Lisbon from the top of [[Cristo-Rei]], with [[25 April Bridge]].}}
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[[Lisbon Metropolitan Area]] is heavily industrialized, especially the south bank of the Tagus river (Rio Tejo).
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{{wide image|Vasco da Gama bridge panorama.jpg|1300px|View of [[Vasco da Gama Bridge]] from atop [[Vasco da Gama Tower]]. Finished in 1998, is the longest bridge in Europe.}}
 
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Lisbon's public transport network is extremely far-reaching and reliable and has its [[Lisbon Metro|Metro]] as its main artery, connecting the city centre with the upper and eastern districts, and now reaching the suburbs. Ambitious expansion projects will increase the network by almost one third, connecting the airport, and the northern and western districts. Bus, funicular and tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa ([[Carris]]), for over a century.
 
  
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A traditional form of public transport in Lisbon is the [[tram]]. Originally introduced in the 19th century, the trams were originally imported from the [[United States|U.S.]] and called ''americanos''. The original trams can still be seen in the Museu da Carris (the Public Transport Museum) ([http://www.carris.pt Carris]). Other than on the modern Line 15, the Lisbon tramway system still employs small (four wheel) vehicles of a design dating from the early part of the twentieth century. These distinctive yellow trams are one of the tourist icons of modern Lisbon, and their size is well suited to the steep hills and narrow streets of the central city.
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Lisbon has the largest and most developed [[mass media]] sector of Portugal, and is home to several related companies ranging from leading [[television]] networks and [[radio station]]s to major [[newspaper]]s.  
  
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There are other commuter bus services from the city: Vimeca (<ref>http://www.vimeca.pt</ref>), Rodoviaria de Lisboa (<ref>http://www.rodoviariadelisboa.pt</ref>), Transportes Sul do Tejo (<ref>http://www.tsuldotejo.pt</ref>), Boa Viagem (<ref>http://www.boa-viagem.pt</ref>), Barraqueiro (<ref>http://www.barraqueirotransportes.pt</ref>) are the main ones, operating from different terminals in the city.
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Rail and road links connect Lisbon to the rest of Portugal and elsewhere in Europe. There are four commuter train lines departing from Lisbon. The main railway stations are [[Santa Apolónia]], [[Rossio Train Station|Rossio]], [[Gare do Oriente]], and [[Cais do Sodré]]. Lisbon is connected to its suburbs and the rest of Portugal by an extensive motorway network. There are three circular motorways around the city; the 2ª Circular, the CRIL and the CREL. The [[Lisbon Metro]] is the city's main public transport artery, connecting the city center with the upper and eastern districts, and now reaching the suburbs. Ambitious expansion projects will increase the network by almost one third, connecting the airport, and the northern and western districts. A traditional form of public transport in Lisbon is the [[tram]]. Other than on the modern Line 15, the Lisbon tramway system still uses small (four wheel), yellow, 1930s vehicles well suited to the steep hills and narrow streets of the central city. The city's three [[funicular]]s, or inclined cable railways, are great tourist attractions.  
  
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There are four commuter train lines departing from Lisbon: the [[Cascais]], [[Sintra]] and [[Azambuja]] lines (operated by [[Comboios de Portugal]] (CP)), as well as a fourth line to [[Setúbal]] (operated by [[Fertagus]]) crossing the [[Tagus]] river over the [[25 de Abril Bridge]]. A separate CP line to Setúbal ends at the southern bank of the Tagus and requires ferry transfer to reach Lisbon. The major railway stations are [[Santa Apolónia]], [[Rossio Train Station|Rossio]], [[Gare do Oriente]] and [[Cais do Sodré]].
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Two [[bridge]]s cross the [[Tagus River]], including the 1.5 mile (2.4km) 25th of April Bridge, one of the longest suspension bridges in western Europe, and the Vasco Da Gama Bridge, inaugurated on May 1998 is, at 10.7 miles (17.2km), the longest bridge in Europe, as well as a ferry service.
  
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The city does not offer a [[light rail]] service (tram line 15, although running with new and faster trams does not fall onto this category), but there are plans to build some lines with this service around the city (but not into the city itself).
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The Port of Lisbon is a large European Port highly ranked for the handling of containerized cargo and solid bulk agricultural foodstuffs. Alcântara has a container terminal and dock for cruise ships.
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The city is connected to the far side of the Tagus by two important bridges:
 
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* The [[25 de Abril Bridge]], inaugurated (as Ponte [[António de Oliveira Salazar|Salazar]]) on August 6, 1966, and later renamed after the date of the [[Carnation Revolution]], was the longest [[suspension bridge]] in Europe and although made by the same engineers as the [[Golden Gate Bridge]] in [[San Francisco]], it is not, as thought by some, a replica (the Golden Gate Bridge does not have X braces).
 
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* The [[Vasco da Gama Bridge]], inaugurated on May 1998 is, at {{convert|17.2|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}, the longest bridge in Europe.
 
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Another way of crossing the river is by taking the ferry. The main company is Transtejo (<ref>http://www.transtejo.pt</ref>), which operates from different points in the city to [[Cacilhas]], [[Seixal]], [[Montijo]], [[Porto Brandão]] and [[Trafaria]] and the other company is Soflusa (<ref>http://www.transtejo.pt</ref>), operating one only line to [[Barreiro]].
 
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Lisbon is connected to its suburbs and the rest of Portugal by an extensive motorway network. There are three circular motorways around the city; the 2ª Circular, the CRIL and the CREL.
 
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The [[Portela Airport]] is located within the city limits. [[TAP]] and [[Portugalia]] have their hubs here and the flights available are mostly to Europe, Africa and America.
 
  
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The [[Portela Airport]] is located within the city limits. [[TAP]] and [[Portugalia]] have their hubs here and the flights available are mostly to [[Europe]], [[Africa]] and America.
  
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{{wide image|Lisboa-lisbon- panorama.jpg|1300px|Panoramic view of Lisbon from the top of [[Cristo-Rei]], with [[25 April Bridge]].}}
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{{wide image|Vasco da Gama bridge panorama.jpg|1300px|View of [[Vasco da Gama Bridge]] from atop [[Vasco da Gama Tower]]. Finished in 1998, is the longest bridge in Europe.}}
  
 
== Demographics ==
 
== Demographics ==
 
[[Image:UNL Faculty Human Social Sciences.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A building of the New University of Lisbon.]]
 
[[Image:UNL Faculty Human Social Sciences.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A building of the New University of Lisbon.]]
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Population, population rank
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Lisbon city had a population of 564,477 in 2004<ref>''Statistics Portugal,'' [http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_main Statistical Information.] Retrieved February 10, 2009. </ref> in {{convert|84.8|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, the [[Lisbon Metropolitan Area]] had around 2.64 million inhabitants, and 3.34 million people lived in the Lisbon Metropolitan Region, which includes the cities of [[Leiria]] and [[Setúbal]]).<ref name="tgv">Fernando Nunes da Silva, 2007, [http://clix.semanal.expresso.pt/imagens/ed1784/fotos/pdfs/IPDF-u0321.pdf Classificação Expresso das melhores cidades portuguesas para viverem 2007.] Retrieved February 10, 2009. </ref>
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Race/ethnicity - historical background of ethnic groups
 
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Language
 
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Religion
 
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Colleges and universities
 
  
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Native Portuguese are ethnically a combination of pre-Roman Celts with contributions from Romans, Germanic (Visigoths, Suebi), Jews, and Moors. Citizens of black [[Africa]]n descent who immigrated to the mainland during decolonization number fewer than 100,000. Since 1990 [[Eastern Europe]]ans have entered Portugal.
  
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The city has several private and public [[secondary schools]], [[primary school]]s as well as [[kindergarten]]s. In [[Greater Lisbon]] area there are also international schools such as [[Saint Julian's School]], the [[Carlucci American International School of Lisbon]], [[Saint Dominic's International School]], Deutsche Schule Lissabon, and Lycée Français Charles Lepierre.
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[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is the main official [[language]]. Portugal has no state [[religion]]. About 84 percent of the population belonged to the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in 2001, although only about 19 percent attended Mass. Other [[Christian]]s make up 2.2 percent, other 0.3 percent, unknown 9 percent, none 3.9 percent.
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There are three major public [[university|universities]] in Lisbon: the [[University of Lisbon]], founded in 1911, the [[Technical University of Lisbon]], founded in 1930, and the [[New University of Lisbon]], founded in 1973). There is also one state-run [[university institute]], the [[ISCTE]], and a [[polytechnic]] institute, the [[Polytechnical Institute of Lisbon]].
  
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There are three major [[public universities]] in Lisbon: the [[University of Lisbon]] (Lisbon's oldest university in operation, founded in 1911, also called the Classic University of Lisbon), the [[Technical University of Lisbon]] (founded in 1930) and the [[New University of Lisbon]] (founded in 1973), providing degrees in all academic disciplines. There is also one state-run [[university institute]] – the [[ISCTE]], and a [[polytechnic]] institute – the [[Polytechnical Institute of Lisbon]].
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Private universities include the [[Portuguese Catholic University]], the [[Lusíada University]], the [[Universidade Lusófona]], and the [[Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa]], among others.
  
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Major private institutions of higher education include the [[Portuguese Catholic University]], as well as the [[Lusíada University]], the [[Universidade Lusófona]], and the [[Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa]], among others.
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==Culture==
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[[Image:Castelo Sao Jorge e Tago 425-231.jpg|thumb|right|250px|View from São Jorge Castle.]]
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[[Image:Luz-Stadion während des EM-Finales.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Luz'' Stadium]]
  
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The total number of enrolled students in higher education in Lisbon was, for the 2007-2008 school year, of 125,867 students, of whom 81,507 in the Lisbon's public institutions<ref>http://www.estatisticas.gpeari.mctes.pt/archive/doc/insc07_08__difusao_.xls</ref>.
+
Lisbon is the location of a [[World Heritage Site]] which includes two of Lisbon's most famous structures, the Monastery of the Hieronymites and the Belém Tower. The Monastery of the Hieronymites is considered one of the most successful achievements of the Manueline style. It was built, starting in 1502, on the site of a hermitage that was founded by [[Henry the Navigator]] at about 1450. The other heritage structure, the Belém Tower, was constructed between 1515 and 1521, also in the the Manueline style, to commemorate [[Vasco da Gama]]'s expedition. The defensive, yet elegant construction has become one of the symbols of the city, a memorial to the Portuguese power during the [[Age of the Great Discoveries]]. The joint site is listed by [[UNESCO]] as the [[Jerónimos Monastery|Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon]].
  
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The population of the city proper was 564,477 and the metropolitan area ([[Lisbon Metropolitan Area]]) was 2,800,000 according to the Instituto Nacional de Estatística<ref>http://www.ine.pt/</ref> (National Institute of Statistics). The Lisbon Metropolitan Area coincides with two [[NUTS II]] units, ''[[Grande Lisboa]]'' (Greater Lisbon), in the northern bank of the [[Tagus]], and ''[[Península de Setúbal]]'' (Setúbal Peninsula), to the south, which are the two subregions of ''[[Região Lisboa]]'' (Lisbon Region). The population density of the city itself is {{convert|6658|PD/sqkm|precision=0}}.
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[[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Manueline]], [[Baroque]], [[Traditional Portuguese]], [[Modernism|Modern]] and [[Post-Modern]] constructions can be found all over the city. The city is also crossed by great boulevards, including the [[Avenida da Liberdade]], and Avenida da República.
  
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Like most big cities, Lisbon is surrounded by many [[satellite cities]]. It is estimated that more than one million people enter Lisbon every day from the outskirts. [[Cascais]] and [[Estoril]] are among the most [[interesting]] neighbouring towns for night life. Beautiful palaces, landscapes and historical sites can be found in [[Sintra]] and [[Mafra]]. Other major municipalities around Lisbon include [[Amadora]], [[Oeiras]], [[Odivelas]], [[Loures]], [[Vila Franca de Xira]] and, in the south bank of the [[Tagus river]] [[estuary]], [[Almada]], [[Barreiro]] and [[Seixal]].
+
[[Museum]]s include the [[National Museum of Ancient Art]], the [[Museum of Portuguese-style Tile Mosaics]], the [[Calouste Gulbenkian Museum]], containing varied collections of ancient and modern [[art]], the [[Lisbon Oceanarium]], the National Museum of Costume and Fashion, the [[Berardo Collection Museum]] (modern art), and the [[National Coach Museum]], containing the largest collection of royal coaches in the world).
  
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Lisbon is ranked number 1 in the Portuguese most livable cities survey of [[standard of living|living conditions]] published yearly by [[Expresso]].<ref>[http://semanal.expresso.clix.pt/imagens/ed1784/fotos/pdfs/IPDF-u0321.pdf ''Classificação Expresso das melhores cidades portuguesas para viver em 2007''], [[Expresso]]</ref>
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[[Theater]]s include the [[Teatro Nacional de São Carlos]], the [[Centro Cultural de Belém]], the [[Teatro Nacional D. Maria II]] and the [[Gulbenkian Foundation]]. A monument to Christ the King stands on the left side of the [[river]].
  
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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The municipal holiday is June 13, [[Anthony of Padua|St. Anthony]]'s Day. There are five days of street celebrations in memory of Lisbon-born saint Anthony, a wealthy Portuguese bohemian who was [[Canonization|canonized]] following a life preaching to the poor.  
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|+Demographic evolution of Lisbon (1801–2004)
 
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|-
 
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!1801
 
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!1849
 
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!1900
 
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!1930
 
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!1960
 
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!1981
 
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!1991
 
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!2001
 
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!2004
 
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|-
 
−
| 203.999
 
−
| 174.900
 
−
| 350.919
 
−
| 591.939
 
−
| 801.155
 
−
| 807.937
 
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| 663.394
 
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| 564.657
 
−
| 529.485
 
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|}
 
  
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== Culture and sights ==
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Lisbon hosts the annual Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival, the Lisbon International Documentary Film Festival, the Contemporary Art Fair, the International Organ Festival of Lisbon, the Lisbon Village Festival, the Street Magic World Festival, among others.
  
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The city of Lisbon is rich in architecture; [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Manueline]], [[Baroque]], [[Traditional Portuguese]], [[Modernism|Modern]] and [[Post-Modern]] constructions can be found all over the city. The city is also crossed by great boulevards and monuments along these main thoroughfares, particularly in the upper districts; notable among these are the [[Avenida da Liberdade]] (Liberty Avenue), Avenida Fontes Pereira de Melo, Avenida Almirante Reis and Avenida da República (Republic Avenue).
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[[Football (soccer)|Football]] is the most popular sport in Lisbon. Major football clubs include [[S.L. Benfica]], with its home 65,000 seat stadium the [[UEFA Stadia List|UEFA 5-Star Stadium]] [[Estádio da Luz]] . [[Sporting Clube de Portugal]] is the other major football team from the city, also having a UEFA 5-Star stadium, 52,000 seat [[Estádio José de Alvalade]] stadium. [[Belenenses]] is the third most important football team in the city, having [[Estádio do Restelo]] as its home stadium in the [[Santa Maria de Belém|Belém]] neighbourhood of Lisbon.  
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The most famous museums in Lisbon are the [[Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga]] (National Museum of Ancient Art), the [[Museu do Azulejo]] (Museum of Portuguese-style [[Tile]] Mosaics), the [[Museu Calouste Gulbenkian]] (Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, containing varied collections of ancient and modern art), the [[Lisbon Oceanarium]] (''Oceanário de Lisboa'', the second largest in Europe), the [[Museu Nacional do Traje e da Moda]] (National Museum of Costume and Fashion), the [[Berardo Collection Museum]] (Modern Art) at the [[Belém Cultural Center]], the [[Museu Nacional dos Coches]] (National Coach Museum, containing the largest collection of royal coaches in the world), the [[Museu da Farmácia]] (Pharmacy Museum) and the [[Lisbon Orient Museum]].
 
  
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Lisbon's opera house, the [[Teatro Nacional de São Carlos]], hosts a relatively active cultural agenda, mainly in autumn and winter. Other important theatres and musical houses are the [[Centro Cultural de Belém]], the [[Teatro Nacional D. Maria II]] and the [[Gulbenkian Foundation]].
+
Other sports, such as [[indoor football]], [[team handball|handball]], [[basketball]] and [[roller hockey]] are also popular. Every March the city hosts the [[Lisbon Half Marathon]], which attracts 30,000 participants and thousands of spectators.<ref>''Running Portugal,'' [http://www.lisbon-half-marathon.com/en/eng001.htm Lisbon Half Marathon.] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref>
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{{wide image|Lisbon 3 of 3.jpg|800px|Partial view of old Lisbon, viewed from Cacilhas}}
 
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The monument to Christ the King [http://www.m-almada.pt/website/main.php?id=91 (Cristo Rei)] stands on the left side of the river, in [[Almada]]. With open arms, overlooking the whole city, it resembles the Corcovado monument in [[Rio de Janeiro]], and was built after [[World War II]], as thanks for Portugal's being spared the horrors and destruction of the war.
 
  
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Every June there are 5 days of popular street celebrations in memory of a saint born in Lisbon &ndash; [[Anthony of Lisbon]] (or Santo António). Saint Anthony, also known as Saint Anthony of Padua, was a wealthy Portuguese bohemian who was [[Canonisation|canonised]] and made [[Doctor of the Church]] after a life preaching to the poor, simpler people. Although Lisbon’s patron saint is [[Vincent of Saragossa|Saint Vincent]], whose remains are in the [[Lisbon Cathedral]], there are no festivities associated with him.
+
==Looking to the future==
 +
[[Image:Lisboa-Oceanario.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Oceanarium]]
  
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[http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/?id_categoria=77&id_item=15078 Parque Eduardo VII] is the second largest park of the city after [http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/pmonsanto/ Parque Florestal de Monsanto], prolonging the main avenue ([[Avenida da Liberdade]]). Originally named Parque da Liberdade, was after renamed [[Park Edward VII of England]] who visited Lisbon in 1903, it includes a large variety of plants in a winter garden (Estufa Fria).
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More than one-fourth of [[Portugal]]'s inhabitants reside in the Lisbon metropolitan area, which occupies only about three percent of the nation's total area. A population surge during the 1970s included the return of Portuguese citizens who had been living in its [[Africa]]n colonies. By the mid-1990s, Africans, mainly from [[Cape Verde]], were the most populous immigrant group in Lisbon. Today the foreign population, including immigrants from [[Brazil]], [[Angola]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], and various [[Europe]]an countries, accounts for about one-tenth of the city's residents. While this large influx of immigrants has put a strain on the city’s resources, it has also transformed it into a cosmopolitan metropolis.
  
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Lisbon is home every year to the [[Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lisbonfilmfest.org/ | title=Official web-site.| work=Lisbon Gay and Lesbian Film Festival | accessdate=2006-11-06}}</ref> the Lisboarte,<ref>http://www.lisboarte.com </ref> the DocLisboa – Lisbon International Documentary Film Festival,<ref>http://www.doclisboa.org/ </ref> the Arte Lisboa – Contemporary Art Fair,<ref>http://www.artelisboa.fil.pt/ </ref> the Festival of the Oceans,<ref>http://www.festivaldosoceanos.com/ </ref> the International Organ Festival of Lisbon,<ref>http://www.jmp.pt </ref> the MOTELx – Lisbon International Horror Film Festival,<ref>http://www.motelx.org </ref> the Lisbon Village Festival,<ref>http://lisbon.villagefestival.net/ </ref> the Festival Internacional de Máscaras e Comediantes, the Lisboa Mágica – Street Magic World Festival, the Lisbon Book Fair,<ref>http://www.feiradolivrodelisboa.pt </ref> the Peixe em Lisboa – Lisbon Fish and Flavours,<ref>http://www.peixemlisboa.com </ref> the Lisbon International Handicraft Exhibition,<ref>http://www.artesanato.fil.pt/ </ref> the Lisbon Photo Marathon, the IndieLisboa – International Independent Film Festival,<ref>http://www.indielisboa.com </ref> the Alkantara Festival,<ref>http://www.alkantara.pt </ref> the Temps d´Images Festival<ref>http://www.tempsdimages-portugal.com/ </ref> and the Jazz in August festival.<ref>http://www.musica.gulbenkian.pt/ </ref>
+
The city has a higher percentage of doctors and other health professionals than the rest of Portugal, and its [[education]]al system is strong.  
  
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Lisbon is also home to the Lisbon Architecture Triennial,<ref>http://trienal.blogs.sapo.pt </ref> the Moda Lisboa (Fashion Lisbon),<ref>http://www.modalisboa.pt/ </ref> ExperimentaDesign – Biennial of Design<ref>http://www.experimentadesign.pt/ </ref> and LuzBoa – Biennial of Light.<ref>http://www.luzboa.com </ref>
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Lisbon began to undergo modernization following Portugal's 1986 entry into the [[European Community (Union)|European Community]]. The 1998 World’s Fair spurred further modernization of the infrastructure, stimulated economic growth, and increased [[tourism]]. While Portugal's economy fell behind other European nations in the early twenty-first century, Lisbon's economy remained more stable than that of other of the nation's cities. It continues to attract both tourists and foreign and real estate investment.
  
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[[Image:Castelo Sao Jorge e Tago 425-231.jpg|thumb|300px|View from São Jorge Castle]]
+
==Notes ==
 +
<references/>
  
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===Alfama district===
+
==References ==
 +
* ''CIA World Factbook''. 2009. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html Portugal.] Retrieved February 6, 2009.
 +
* Ferreira, Emília, and Jorge Cabello. 2004. ''Art and History Lisbon''. Florence, Italy: Bonechi. ISBN 788880293941.
 +
* Jack, Malcolm. 2007. ''Lisbon, City of the Sea: A History''. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781845114039.
 +
* ''Lisbon''. 2007. Wallpaper city guide. London: Phaidon. ISBN  9780714847245.
 +
* Maxwell, Kenneth. 1995. ''The Making of Portuguese Democracy.'' Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521460774.
 +
* Pinto, António Costa. 1998. ''Modern Portugal.'' Palo Alto, CA: Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship. ISBN 9780930664176.
 +
* Wheeler, Douglas L. 1993. ''Historical Dictionary of Portugal.'' (European historical dictionaries, no. 1.) Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810826960.
  
−
The oldest district of the city is [[Alfama]], close to the Tagus, which has made it relatively unscathed through the various earthquakes. The [[Castle of São Jorge]] and the [[Lisbon Cathedral]] are located in this area. Other attractions include:
+
== External links ==
−
* [[Monastery of São Vicente de Fora]]
+
All links retrieved October 29, 2022.
−
* [[Church of Santo António]]
 
−
* [[Santa Luzia Belvedere]]
 
−
* [[Largo das Portas ao Sol]]
 
−
 
 
−
===Baixa===
 
−
The heart of the city is the ''[[Baixa]]'' (Downtown) or city centre; this area of the city is being considered for [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site status. The ''Baixa'' is organised in a grid system and a network of squares built after the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]], which levelled a great portion of the medieval city.
 
−
Other monuments in this area include:
 
−
* [[Praça do Comércio]] (Commerce Square) and [[Rossio|Rossio Square]] the oldest and historically most important squares in Lisbon
 
−
* [[Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha]] which has a beautiful manueline façade
 
−
* [[Church of São Domingos]]
 
−
* [[Restauradores Square]] 
 
−
* [[Elevador de Santa Justa]], an [[elevator]] (lift) in [[Gothic revival]] style, built around 1900 to connect the Baixa and Chiado.
 
−
 
 
−
[[Image:Lisbon 10064 Lisboa Praça Luís de Camões 2006 Luca Galuzzi.jpg|thumb|200px|Camões Square]]
 
−
[[Image:Palacio Ajuda Lisboa 6.JPG|thumb|200px|Palácio Nacional da Ajuda]]
 
−
[[Image:Garedooriente123.jpg|thumb|200px|Orient Station]]
 
−
[[Image:Electricos Lisboa 3.JPG|thumb|200px|A tram in Lisbon]]
 
−
 
 
−
===Chiado===
 
−
The trendiest area in the city, Chiado is home to cafes, galleries, bookshops and relevant examples of 18th century religious architecture. Attractions include:
 
−
* [[Basilica dos Mártires]]
 
−
* [[Church of Nossa Senhora do Loreto]]
 
−
* [[Church of Corpo Santo]]
 
−
* [[Brasileira Cafe]]
 
−
* [[Carmo Convent (Lisbon)|Carmo Convent]]
 
−
* [[Museu do Chiado]], which houses most important works of Portuguese contemporary art
 
−
* The richly-decorated [[Igreja de São Roque (Lisbon)|Church of São Roque]] is located nearby.
 
−
 
 
−
===Bairro Alto===
 
−
{{Main|Bairro Alto}}
 
−
'''Bairro Alto''' (literally ''upper quarter'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) is an area of central Lisbon. It functions as a residential, shopping and entertainment district. Today, the Bairro Alto is the heart of Lisbon's youth and of the Portuguese capital's nightlife. Lisbon's [[Punk subculture|Punk]], [[Gay (term)|Gay]], [[Metal]], [[Goth subculture|Goth]], [[Hip hop music|Hip Hop]] and [[Reggae]] scenes, all have the Bairro as their home, due to the number of clubs and bars dedicated to each of them. The [[fado]], Portugal's national song, still survives in the new Lisbon's nightlife. The crowd is a mix of local and tourist, straight and gay, and almost anything else imagined.
 
−
 
 
−
===Estrela===
 
−
The Baroque-Neoclassical [[Estrela Basilica]] is the main attraction of this district. The [[Parliament]] and the [[Prazeres Cemetery]] are nearby.
 
−
 
 
−
===Belém===
 
−
{{Main|Santa Maria de Belém|l1=Belém}}
 
−
Along the ''Rio Tejo'' (Tagus River), is the historic neighborhood of Belém. Its prime attraction is the grand [[Jerónimos Monastery, Lisbon|Jerónimos Monastery]]. Construction started in 1501, and took 70 years to complete. During its construction, the monastery cost an equivalent of {{convert|70|kg|lb|precision=0|abbr=yes}} of gold each year. Most of the construction costs were financed through the spice trade. It is a prime example of what is called Manueline architecture, with inspiration brought back from the explorations, as well as being influenced by the Gothic and Renaissance periods. Other attractions within the area are:
 
−
* [[Padrão dos Descobrimentos]] (Monument of the Discoveries), built in mid-20th century, during Estado Novo dictatorial regime
 
−
* [[Belem Cultural Centre]], example of Portuguese contemporary architecture, finished in 1994
 
−
* [[Belem Tower]], an ex-libris of the city, built in the 16th century
 
−
* [[Belem Palace]], 18th century palace, which is now the official residence of the President of the Republic
 
−
* [[Coach Museum]], displaying most relevant and spectuacular carriages from 17th to 19th century.
 
−
 
 
−
===Gare do Oriente===
 
−
{{Main|Gare do Oriente}}
 
−
Gare do Oriente (Orient Station) is one of the main transportation hubs of Lisbon, for trains, metro, buses and taxis. Its glass and steel columns are reminiscent of palms, making the whole structure fascinating to look at (especially in sunlight or when illuminated at night). It was designed by the architect [[Santiago Calatrava]] from Valencia (Spain). Cross through the shopping mall just across the street and you are in Parque das Nações (Park of the Nations), site of the 1998 World Expo.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
== Sports ==
 
−
[[Image:Luz-Stadion während des EM-Finales.jpg|thumb|200px|''Luz'' Stadium]]
 
−
The Lisbon [[sports clubs]] [[Sport Lisboa e Benfica]] (commonly "Benfica") and [[Sporting Clube de Portugal]] (commonly "Sporting"), have many sports teams in the highest Portuguese divisions and European competitions. [[Belenenses]], another important club with a great tradition in Portuguese sport, is also from the Portuguese capital.
 
−
 
 
−
[[Football (soccer)|Football]] is the most popular sport in Lisbon. Major football clubs include [[S.L. Benfica]], with its home 65,000 seat stadium the [[UEFA Stadia List|UEFA 5-Star Stadium]] [[Estádio da Luz]] (named after the area in which the stadium is situated (Luz) and not, as is popularly believed, 'Stadium of Light'). Benfica has won the [[UEFA Champions League]] twice and has appeared in the final seven times. [[Sporting Clube de Portugal]] is the other major football team from the city, also having a UEFA 5-Star stadium, 52,000 seat [[Estádio José de Alvalade]] stadium. It has won the [[UEFA Cup Winners Cup]] once and was the [[UEFA Cup]] finalist in the 2004-05 season. Former players from this team include [[Luís Figo]] and [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]. [[Belenenses]] is the third most important football team in the city, having [[Estádio do Restelo]] as its home stadium in the [[Santa Maria de Belém|Belém]] neighbourhood of Lisbon. Belenenses holds the distinction of being the first club, other than perennial winners Sporting, Benfica and [[FC Porto|Porto]], to win the Portuguese League, taking the trophy in the 1945-46 season.
 
−
 
 
−
Other sports, such as [[indoor football]], [[team handball|handball]], [[basketball]] and [[roller hockey]] are also popular.
 
−
 
 
−
There are many other sport facilities in Lisbon, ranging from [[Athletics (track and field)|athletics]] to [[sailing]] to [[golf]] to [[mountain-biking]].
 
−
 
 
−
== Parishes ==
 
−
[[Image:Lisboa - Fregueisas.png|thumb|200px|Map of the Freguesias]][[Image:EstacaoRossioLisboa.JPG|thumb|200px|Rossio Train Station]]
 
−
 
 
−
[[Image:Docas de Lisboa.JPG|thumb|200px|Alcântara Docks]]
 
−
[[Image:ArcoDoTriunfoLisboa1.JPG|thumb|200px|Rua Augusta Arch]]
 
−
[[Image:Parque das Nações - Lisboa (Portugal)3.jpg|thumb|200px|A volcano fountain in the [[Nations' Park]]]]
 
−
 
 
−
There are 53 ''[[freguesias]]'' ([[civil parishes]]) in Lisbon:
 
−
{{Div col|3}}
 
−
* [[Ajuda]] (formerly Nossa Senhora da Ajuda)
 
−
* [[Alcântara (Lisbon)|Alcântara]]
 
−
* [[Alto do Pina]]
 
−
* [[Alvalade (Lisbon)|Alvalade]]
 
−
* [[Ameixoeira (Lisbon)|Ameixoeira]] (formerly Funchal)
 
−
* Anjos
 
−
* Beato
 
−
* [[Benfica (Lisbon)|Benfica]]
 
−
* Campo Grande
 
−
* Campolide
 
−
* Carnide
 
−
* Castelo
 
−
* Charneca
 
−
* Coração de Jesus (formerly Camões)
 
−
* Encarnação
 
−
* Graça
 
−
* Lapa
 
−
* [[Lumiar]]
 
−
* Madalena
 
−
* [[Mártires]]
 
−
* Marvila
 
−
* Mercês
 
−
* Nossa Senhora de Fátima
 
−
* Pena
 
−
* Penha de França
 
−
* Prazeres
 
−
* Sacramento
 
−
* Santa Catarina
 
−
* Santa Engrácia (formerly Monte Pedral)
 
−
* Santa Isabel
 
−
* [[Santa Justa (Lisbon)|Santa Justa]]
 
−
* [[Santa Maria de Belém]]
 
−
* Olivais (formerly Santa Maria dos Olivais)
 
−
* Santiago
 
−
* Santo Condestável
 
−
* Santo Estêvão
 
−
* [[Santos-o-Velho]]
 
−
* São Cristóvão e São Lourenço (formerly São Lourenço)
 
−
* [[São Domingos de Benfica]]
 
−
* São Francisco Xavier
 
−
* São João
 
−
* São João de Brito
 
−
* São João de Deus
 
−
* São Jorge de Arroios
 
−
* São José
 
−
* São Mamede
 
−
* São Miguel
 
−
* [[São Nicolau (Lisbon)|São Nicolau]]
 
−
* São Paulo (formerly Marquês de Pombal)
 
−
* São Sebastião da Pedreira
 
−
* São Vicente de Fora (formerly Escolas Gerais)
 
−
* Sé
 
−
* Socorro
 
−
{{Div col end}}
 
−
 
 
−
Furthermore, and more commonly referred to by its inhabitants, Lisbon is divided into historical "bairros" with no clearly defined boundaries, such as ''Amoreiras'', ''Bairro Alto'', ''Bica'', ''Alfama'', ''Mouraria'', ''Avenidas Novas'', ''Intendente'', ''Chelas'' and ''Lapa''.
 
−
 
 
−
== Prominent people born in Lisbon ==
 
−
[[Image:Lisboa-Pessoa-A Brasileira-1.jpg|thumb|200px|Bronze statue of poet [[Fernando Pessoa]] in the ''[[Café A Brasileira]]'', in the [[Chiado]] neighbourhood]]
 
−
* [[Saint Anthony of Lisbon]] (1195-1231)
 
−
* [[Pope John XXI]], born Pedro Julião (1215-1277)
 
−
* [[Francisco de Almeida]], (1450-1510) Portuguese admiral, the first Viceroy of Portuguese India.
 
−
* [[Antonio Vieira]] (1608-1697), [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]]
 
−
* [[Catherine of Braganza]] (1638-1705), [[queen consort]] of King [[Charles II of England]]
 
−
* [[Richard William Church]] (1815-1890)
 
−
* [[Fernando Pessoa]] (1888-1935), [[poet]] / [[writer]]
 
−
* [[Amália Rodrigues]] (1920-1999), [[fado]] / [[singer]]
 
−
* [[Mário Cesariny]] (1923-2006), [[poet]]
 
−
* [[Alexandre O'Neill]] (1924-1986), [[poet]] / [[writer]]
 
−
* [[Mário Soares]] (born 1924), [[politician]], former President and Prime-Minister
 
−
* [[Paula Rego]] (born 1935), [[Painting|painter]], [[illustrator]] and [[printmaker]]
 
−
* [[Jorge Sampaio]] (born 1939), [[politician]], former Mayor of Lisbon and President
 
−
* [[António Guterres]] (born 1949), [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]], former Prime-Minister
 
−
* [[José Manuel Durão Barroso]] (born 1956), [[President of the European Commission]], former Prime-Minister
 
−
 
 
−
== Gallery ==
 
−
<gallery>
 
−
Image:Torre de Belem 1.JPG|[[Belém Tower]]
 
−
Image:TelhadosLisboa1.JPG|[[Baixa]] and [[Lisbon Castle]]
 
−
Image:Parque_Eduardo_Setimo.JPG|[[Eduardo VII Park]]
 
−
Image:Ponte 25 de Abril 20050728.jpg|[[25 April Bridge|25<sup>th</sup> April Bridge]]
 
−
Image:TeatroNacionalDMariaII.JPG|[[Teatro Nacional D. Maria II]]
 
−
Image:MonumentoRestauradoresLisboa.JPG|[[Restauradores Square]]
 
−
Image:Convento_do_Carmo_ruins_in_Lisbon.jpg|[[Carmo Convent (Lisbon)|Carmo Convent]]
 
−
Image:Lisbon_calcada.jpg|[[Portuguese pavement]]
 
−
Image:Aqueduto das Águas Livres (1).jpg|[[Águas Livres Aqueduct]]
 
−
Image:Rossio Lisboa 2007.jpg|[[Rossio|Rossio Square]]
 
−
Image:Torre_Vasco_da_Gama_01.JPG|[[Parque das Nações]]
 
−
Image:Gare_Oriente_Lisboa.JPG|[[Gare do Oriente]]
 
−
Image:Lisboa_-_Marquês_de_Pombal.jpg|Aerial view
 
−
Image:Jeronimos Monastery South.jpg|[[Jerónimos Monastery]]
 
−
Image:Lisbon35.jpg|[[Alfama]]
 
−
Image:AvLiberdadeLisbon-CCBYSA.jpg|[[Avenida da Liberdade (Lisbon)|Avenida da Liberdade]]
 
−
Image:Lisbon05.jpg|[[Baixa Pombalina|Augusta Street]]
 
−
Image:Electricos Lisboa 3.JPG|Lisbon Tram
 
−
Image:LisbonChiado2-CCBYSA.jpg|[[Chiado|Chiado Square]]
 
−
Image:Conceiçao Velha - Portal Manuelino.JPG|[[Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha|Conceição Church]]
 
−
Image:Largo do Camões.jpg|Camões Square
 
−
Image:22062008lisbondiscoverymark.jpg|Discoveries Mark
 
−
Image:Lisbon_(Lisboa)_historic_elevator_Santa_Justa_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg
 
−
</gallery>
 
−
 
 
−
== References ==
 
−
{{reflist|2}}
 
−
 
 
−
==Further reading==
 
−
* Maxwell, Kenneth. 1995. ''The making of Portuguese democracy.'' Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521460774
 
−
* Pinto, António Costa. 1998. ''Modern Portugal.'' Palo Alto, Calif: Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship. ISBN 9780930664176
 
−
* Wheeler, Douglas L. 1993. ''Historical dictionary of Portugal.'' (European historical dictionaries, no. 1.) Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810826960
 
  
−
== External links ==
+
* [http://portaldasnacoes.pt/index.php?lang=en Portal das Nações] Official site of Parque das Nações in Lisbon.
−
{{sisterlinks|Lisbon}}
 
−
{{portal|Portugal}}
 
−
* World Fact Book 2009 [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html Portugal] Retrieved February 6, 2009.
 
−
* [http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa] – Official page of the city
 
−
* {{Wikitravel}}
 
−
* [http://www.visitportugal.com/NR/exeres/1CC63B33-2267-4167-AB9F-F35C726A4705,frameless.htm Visit Portugal: Lisbon Past and Present] – Official page by the Government of Portugal
 
−
* [http://www.atl-turismolisboa.pt/home.asp?lng=uk Associação de Turismo de Lisboa] – Official site of the Lisbon Tourism Association
 
−
* [http://www.otlis.com.pt OTLIS] – Official site of the Lisbon Region Transport Operators Consortium
 
−
* [http://portaldasnacoes.pt/index.php?lang=en Portal das Nações] Official site of Parque das Nações in Lisbon
 
−
* [http://www.portallisboa.net Lisboa Portal]
 
  
 
[[Category:Geography]]
 
[[Category:Geography]]
 
[[Category:Cities]]
 
[[Category:Cities]]
−
 
+
[[Category:Europe]]
−
{{credits|Lisbon|267377124|}}
+
{{credits|Lisbon|267377124|1755_Lisbon_earthquake|268643806|}}

Latest revision as of 07:44, 9 March 2023

Lisbon (Lisboa)
Capital
St. Rafael and St. Gabriel twin towers at Parque das Nações.
St. Rafael and St. Gabriel twin towers at Parque das Nações.
Flag
Symbol
Official name: Concelho de Lisboa
Name origin: lisboa, Portuguese derivative of the Phoenician Allis Ubbo for safe harbour; Latin Ulyssippo after Ulysses; and/or Roman Olissipona, for the name of the Tagus
Nickname: A Cidade das Sete Colinas (The City of Seven Hills), Rainha do Mar (Queen of the Sea)
Country Flag of Portugal Portugal
Region Lisboa
Subregion Greater Lisbon
District Lisbon
Municipality Lisbon
River Tagus River
Location Lisbon
 - elevation 2 meters (7 feet)
 - coordinates 38°42′49.72″N 9°8′21.79″W / 38.7138111, -9.1393861
Highest point 227 m
 - location Serra de Monsanto, Benfica, Lisbon
 - elevation 199 meters (653 feet)
 - coordinates 38°43′42.97″N 9°11′4.80″W / 38.7286028, -9.1846667
Lowest point Sea level
 - location Atlantic Ocean
 - elevation 0 meters (0 feet)
Area 84.8 km² (33 miles²)
 - urban 958 km² (370 miles²)
 - metro 2,957 km² (1,142 miles²)
Population 547,631 (2011)
 - urban 2,042,326
 - metro 2,821,699
Density 6,458 / km2 (16,726 / sq mi)
Settlement fl. 719
 - City c. 1256
LAU Concelho/Câmara Municipal
 - location Praça do Município, Lisbon, Grande Lisboa
 - elevation 33 meters (108 feet)
 - coordinates 38°42′29″N 9°8′18″W / 38.70806, -9.13833
President António Costa (PS)
Municipal Chair Maria Simonetta Bianchi Aires de Carvalho Luz Afonso (PS})
Timezone WET (UTC0)
 - summer (DST) WEST (UTC+1)
Postal Zone 1149-014 Lisboa
Area Code & Prefix (+351) 21 XXX-XXXX
Demonym Lisboeta and Alfacinha
Patron Saint São Vicente
Municipal Address Praça do Município, 1
1149-014 Lisboa
Location of the municipality of Lisbon in Portugal
Location of the municipality of Lisbon in Portugal
Wikimedia Commons: Lisbon
Website: http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/

Lisbon (Portuguese: Lisboa, IPA: [liʒˈboɐ]) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, and the westernmost capital in mainland Europe.

Over the course of its existence, Lisbon has both flourished and suffered. The city's history and possibly its name as well, dates to the Phoenician Civilization. It achieved status as part of the Roman Empire, and more than 400 years under Muslim rule. Lisbon, which translates as safe harbor in ancient Phonecian, is most famous for its maritime successes during the Portuguese Age of Discovery. The city's World Heritage Site, the Monastery of the Hieronymites and the Belém Tower, were built in honor of navigator Vasco da Gama's epic voyage to India.

On November 1, 1755, an earthquake, followed by tsunami and fires caused the near complete destruction of Lisbon. The city rebuilt itself in visionary style. Over the next two centuries, Lisbon went through periods of foreign control, and repressive governments, and became the wealthiest region in Portugal, and the second most important financial and economic center of the Iberian Peninsula after Madrid.

In the late 1930s and early 1940s Lisbon served as a point of departure for the Americas to those seeking respite from the twentieth century fascist governments of Europe. As Portugal's seat of government and residence of the President of Portugal, Lisbon is the political center of the country, as well as its cultural capital.

Geography

Lisbon's name may have derived from Allis Ubbo, meaning "safe harbor" in Phoenician, or from the pre-Roman name of the River Tagus, Lisso or Lucio.

Lisbon is located on the north bank of the Tagus River, the longest river on the Iberian Peninsula, about eight miles (13km) from where the river enters the Atlantic Ocean. The 25th of April Bridge spans the Tagus to the west of the city. East of that bridge, the Tagus broadens into a seven-mile (11km) wide bay called the Mar de Palha.

Lisbon seen from Spot Satellite
Palácio Nacional da Ajuda.

Built up the slopes of a range of low rolling hills, the city occupies an area of 84.8 km² (33 sq mi). The western side of the city is mainly occupied by the Monsanto Forest Park, one of the largest urban parks in Europe with an area close to four square miles (10 square kilometers).

Lisbon has a warm climate that is strongly influenced by the Gulf Stream, giving it one of the mildest climates in Europe. Winters are wet and windy, with the average maximum daytime temperature in January of 57.2°F (14°C). On sunny summer days, the temperature reaches an average maximum of around 82.4°F (28°C) in August. Annual rainfall is 28 inches (700 mm), spread over 100 rainy days, mostly from October to April.

The oldest district of the city is Alfama, close to the Tagus, which has made it relatively unscathed through the various earthquakes. The Castle of São Jorge and the Lisbon Cathedral are located in this area.

The Baixa (Downtown) or city center, which is organized in a grid system and a network of squares built after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, was nominated for UNESCO World Heritage Site status in July 2004.[1] The Chiado has cafes, galleries, bookshops, and eighteenth century religious architecture.

The Bairro Alto (literally upper quarter in Portuguese) is a central residential, shopping and entertainment district. The Baroque-Neoclassical Estrela Basilica is the main attraction of the Estrela district. The Parliament and the Prazeres Cemetery are nearby.

Along the Tagus River, is the historic neighborhood of Belém, the location of one of the city's most prominent monuments, the Jerónimos Monastery. In 1983 the monastery and the nearby Torre de Belém (Belem Tower) were classified as a World Heritage Site, listed as "Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon."[2]

Like most large cities, Lisbon is surrounded by numerous satellite cities. Cascais and Estoril are the most interesting neighboring towns for night life. Palaces, attractive landscapes and historical sites can be found in Sintra and Mafra.

Partial view of old Lisbon, viewed from Cacilhas

History

Castle of Saint George
Lisbon Cathedral, built after 1147 over the remnants of a mosque
A view of the Nations' Park
Monument to the Discoverers
Belém Tower, a symbol of the Portuguese Age of Discovery.
Jerónimos Monastery.
This 1755 copper engraving shows the ruins of Lisbon in flames and a tsunami overwhelming the ships in the harbor.
Statue of King José I in the Commerce Square (Praça do Comércio), erected in 1775 as part of the rebuilding of Lisbon after the earthquake of 1755.

Iberian-related peoples lived in the Lisbon region during the Neolithic period, around 4500 B.C.E. The Indo-European Celts invaded after the first millennium B.C.E. and intermarried with the Pre-Indo-European population.

Phoenician remains from the eighth century B.C.E. were found beneath the Mediaeval Sé de Lisboa (Lisbon See), or main Cathedral. The magnificent harbor made it an ideal spot for a settlement to provide foodstuffs to Phoenician ships traveling to the tin islands (modern Isles of Scilly) and Cornwall.

The Greeks knew Lisbon as Olissipo and "Olissipona," a name they thought was derived from Ulysses, who, according to an Ancient Greek myth, founded the city after he left Troy, and departed to the Atlantic to escape the Greek coalition. Later on, the Greek name was corrupted in vulgar Latin to Olissipona.

Roman control

The area was under Roman control from 205 B.C.E. to about 409 C.E. Julius Caesar (100 B.C.E.-44 B.C.E.), made the settlement a municipium, and named it Felicitas Julia. During the time of Augustus (63 B.C.E.–14 C.E.), the Romans built a great theater, the Cassian Baths, temples, a large necropolis, a large forum, and multi-storied apartment buildings in the area between the modern Castle hill and Downtown.

Economically, Olissipo was known for its garum, a highly prized fish sauce exported in Amphorae to Rome and other cities. Wine, salt and its famously fast horses were also exported. Trade boomed with the Roman provinces of Britannia and the Rhine, and with tribes living up the river Tagus.

A broad road connected Olissipo to Western Hispania's two other large cities, Bracara Augusta (today's Portuguese Braga), and Emerita Augusta, the capital of Lusitania (now Mérida in Spain).

Christian center

Olissipo was a center for the dissemination of Christianity. Its first attested Bishop was St. Potamius (c. 356), and martyrs during Emperor Diocletian's persecutionss (303–311) included Maxima, Verissimus, and Julia.

Sarmatian Alans and the Germanic Vandals, invaded Olissipo and controlled the region from 409 to 429. The Germanic Suebi, who established a kingdom in Gallaecia (modern Galicia and northern Portugal) from 409 to 585, also controlled Lisbon for long periods of time. In 585 the Suebi kingdom was included in the Germanic Visigothic kingdom of Toledo, that comprised all of the Iberian Peninsula. Lisbon was then called Ulishbona.

Moorish invasion

The Muslims of North Africa (Moors) took Lisbon around 711 when they overran the Iberian Peninsula. The Moors, who stayed for 433 years, called the city al-ʾIšbūnah and built numerous mosques, houses, and a new city wall, named the Cerca Moura. Arabic was the official language. Islam was the official religion, although Christians could keep their religion but were required to pay the jizyah tax.

The Reconquista

In 1147, as part of the Reconquista, a period of 800 years during which Christian kingdoms succeeded in retaking the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims, crusader knights led by Afonso I of Portugal (1109–1185), besieged and reconquered Lisbon. Arabic lost its place in everyday life, and any remaining Muslim population were gradually converted to Roman Catholicism, or expelled, and the mosques were turned into churches. Lisbon then had a population of 154,000.

Capital city

Lisbon became the de facto capital city of Portugal in 1255 due to its central location. The first Portuguese university was founded in Lisbon in 1290 by Dinis I of Portugal (1279–1325). During the last centuries of the Middle Ages, the city expanded substantially and became an important trading post with both northern Europe and Mediterranean cities.

Vasco da Gama (1460 or 1469–1524) led a Portuguese fleet of four ships to India from Lisbon in 1498, one of numerous Portuguese expeditions of the Age of Discovery departing from Lisbon during the 15th to 17th centuries.

The city became the European hub of commerce with Africa, India, the Far East and, later, Brazil, exploiting riches such as spices, slaves, sugar, textiles and other goods. The first Portuguese census in 1527 counted 65,000 inhabitants in Lisbon, a considerable number of whom became rich.

Under the rule of King Manuel I (1495–1521) Portugal developed Manueline architecture, that celebrated the voyages of discovery, Manuel, and God. The city was endowed with larger and more luxurious buildings. The Belém Tower and the Jerónimos Monastery were built during this period.

Earthquake

The Great Lisbon Earthquake struck on November 1, 1755, at around 9:40 in the morning.[3] The earthquake was followed by a tsunami and fires, which caused near-total destruction of Lisbon and adjoining areas. Geologists estimated the earthquake approached magnitude 9 on the Richter scale. Estimates place the death toll in Lisbon, after the earthquake, tsunami, and fires that blazed for days, at around 60,000 people.[4] More than 12,000 buildings were destroyed, making it one of the most destructive earthquakes in history.

The city was rebuilt according to the plans of Prime Minister Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, the 1st Marquess of Pombal (1699–1782); hence the designation of the lower town as Baixa Pombalina (Pombaline Downtown). Pombal demolished the earthquake ruins and rebuilt the downtown following modern urban rules.

Invasion, revolution

Lisbon alternated between French and British control during the Peninsular War, a contest between France and the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom, and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the early 1800s. Troops of Napoléon Bonaparte (1769–1821) invaded Portugal in 1807, sending Prince-Regent João and his family in flight to Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. Rio replaced Lisbon as the capital of the Portuguese empire from 1808 to 1821.

Ten years of revolutionary outbursts in Lisbon followed as liberal constitutionalists and absolutists fought over succession to the throne.

In 1879, a new main street, the Avenida da Liberdade was opened. The six-lane carriageway had wide blue mosaic sidewalks with palms, fountains, ponds stocked with goldfish and swans, and outdoor cafés beneath the trees. By 1885, Lisbon covered 20,378 acres (8,250 hectares), and had a population of 300,000.

Lisbon was the stage of the assassination of Carlos I of Portugal, on February 1, 1908, and was the center of a coup on October 5, 1910, which installed the Portuguese Republic.

António de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) took control of the near-bankrupt country in 1932, and established an authoritarian corporate state until his retirement in 1968.

During World War II Lisbon was one of the very few neutral, open European Atlantic ports, a major gateway for refugees to the U.S., and a spy nest.

In 1974, Lisbon was the central destination point of the Carnation Revolution a left-leaning military coup that began on April 25, 1974.

In 1988, a fire near the historical center of Chiado greatly disrupted normal life in the area for about 10 years. In 1994, Lisbon was declared the European Capital of Culture.

The 1998 World’s Fair, held in Lisbon, sparked a waterfront renovation, giving Lisbon a new look. The expo was timed to commemorate the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's sea voyage to India.

In March 2000, the Lisbon Agenda, an agreement on measures to revitalize the European Union economy, was signed in Lisbon.

Government

National Parlament

Portugal is a parliamentary representative democratic republic, in which the president, who is chief of state and is directly elected to a five-year term, appoints the prime minister, who is head of government, and council of ministers, according to assembly election results. There is also a council of state, which is a presidential advisory body composed of six senior civilian officers. The unicameral assembly of the republic (Assembleia da Republica) has 230 members who are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms.

Portugal consists of 308 municipalities (Portuguese singular/plural: Concelho/concelhos), which are subdivided into more than 4000 parishes (freguesia/freguesias). Municipalities in continental Portugal are gathered in 18 Districts.

Lisbon is the seat of the district of Lisbon and capital of the Lisbon region. There are 53 freguesias (civil parishes) in Lisbon.

Lisbon is divided into historical "bairros" with no clearly defined boundaries, such as Amoreiras, Bairro Alto, Bica, Alfama, Mouraria, Avenidas Novas, Intendente, Chelas, and Lapa.

Economy

Vasco da Gama Tower at Parque das Nações (Nations' Park), where Expo 98 took place
A tram in Lisbon
Inside Orient Station

Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based economy since joining the European Community in 1986. Over the two decades to 2009, successive governments have privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy, including the financial and telecommunications sectors. Gross domestic product per capita, estimated at $22,000 in 2008, stands at roughly two-thirds of the European Union average. A poor educational system, in particular, has been an obstacle to greater productivity and growth.[5]

The Lisbon region is the wealthiest region in Portugal, is the second most important financial and economic center of the Iberian Peninsula,[6] and it is well above the European Union's GDP per capita average – it produces 45 percent of the Portuguese GDP.

Lisbon's economy is based primarily on the service sector, which employs 75 percent of the labor force. Most of the headquarters of multinational companies operating in Portugal are concentrated in the Grande Lisboa subregion, specially in the Oeiras municipality.

The Euronext Lisbon stock exchange, part of the pan-European Euronext system together with the stock exchanges of Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris, is tied with the New York Stock Exchange since 2007, forming the multinational NYSE Euronext group of stock exchanges.

A temperate climate, beaches, castles, and historic districts attract tourists every year. Tourism revenues have helped offset negative national trade balances.

Lisbon Metropolitan Area is heavily industrialized, especially the south bank of the Tagus river (Rio Tejo).

Lisbon has the largest and most developed mass media sector of Portugal, and is home to several related companies ranging from leading television networks and radio stations to major newspapers.

Rail and road links connect Lisbon to the rest of Portugal and elsewhere in Europe. There are four commuter train lines departing from Lisbon. The main railway stations are Santa Apolónia, Rossio, Gare do Oriente, and Cais do Sodré. Lisbon is connected to its suburbs and the rest of Portugal by an extensive motorway network. There are three circular motorways around the city; the 2ª Circular, the CRIL and the CREL. The Lisbon Metro is the city's main public transport artery, connecting the city center with the upper and eastern districts, and now reaching the suburbs. Ambitious expansion projects will increase the network by almost one third, connecting the airport, and the northern and western districts. A traditional form of public transport in Lisbon is the tram. Other than on the modern Line 15, the Lisbon tramway system still uses small (four wheel), yellow, 1930s vehicles well suited to the steep hills and narrow streets of the central city. The city's three funiculars, or inclined cable railways, are great tourist attractions.

Two bridges cross the Tagus River, including the 1.5 mile (2.4km) 25th of April Bridge, one of the longest suspension bridges in western Europe, and the Vasco Da Gama Bridge, inaugurated on May 1998 is, at 10.7 miles (17.2km), the longest bridge in Europe, as well as a ferry service.

The Port of Lisbon is a large European Port highly ranked for the handling of containerized cargo and solid bulk agricultural foodstuffs. Alcântara has a container terminal and dock for cruise ships.

The Portela Airport is located within the city limits. TAP and Portugalia have their hubs here and the flights available are mostly to Europe, Africa and America.

Panoramic view of Lisbon from the top of Cristo-Rei, with 25 April Bridge.
Panoramic view of Lisbon from the top of Cristo-Rei, with 25 April Bridge.
View of Vasco da Gama Bridge from atop Vasco da Gama Tower. Finished in 1998, is the longest bridge in Europe.
View of Vasco da Gama Bridge from atop Vasco da Gama Tower. Finished in 1998, is the longest bridge in Europe.

Demographics

A building of the New University of Lisbon.

Lisbon city had a population of 564,477 in 2004[7] in 84.8 km² (33 sq mi), the Lisbon Metropolitan Area had around 2.64 million inhabitants, and 3.34 million people lived in the Lisbon Metropolitan Region, which includes the cities of Leiria and Setúbal).[8]

Native Portuguese are ethnically a combination of pre-Roman Celts with contributions from Romans, Germanic (Visigoths, Suebi), Jews, and Moors. Citizens of black African descent who immigrated to the mainland during decolonization number fewer than 100,000. Since 1990 Eastern Europeans have entered Portugal.

Portuguese is the main official language. Portugal has no state religion. About 84 percent of the population belonged to the Roman Catholic Church in 2001, although only about 19 percent attended Mass. Other Christians make up 2.2 percent, other 0.3 percent, unknown 9 percent, none 3.9 percent.

There are three major public universities in Lisbon: the University of Lisbon, founded in 1911, the Technical University of Lisbon, founded in 1930, and the New University of Lisbon, founded in 1973). There is also one state-run university institute, the ISCTE, and a polytechnic institute, the Polytechnical Institute of Lisbon.

Private universities include the Portuguese Catholic University, the Lusíada University, the Universidade Lusófona, and the Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa, among others.

Culture

View from São Jorge Castle.
Luz Stadium

Lisbon is the location of a World Heritage Site which includes two of Lisbon's most famous structures, the Monastery of the Hieronymites and the Belém Tower. The Monastery of the Hieronymites is considered one of the most successful achievements of the Manueline style. It was built, starting in 1502, on the site of a hermitage that was founded by Henry the Navigator at about 1450. The other heritage structure, the Belém Tower, was constructed between 1515 and 1521, also in the the Manueline style, to commemorate Vasco da Gama's expedition. The defensive, yet elegant construction has become one of the symbols of the city, a memorial to the Portuguese power during the Age of the Great Discoveries. The joint site is listed by UNESCO as the Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon.

Romanesque, Gothic, Manueline, Baroque, Traditional Portuguese, Modern and Post-Modern constructions can be found all over the city. The city is also crossed by great boulevards, including the Avenida da Liberdade, and Avenida da República.

Museums include the National Museum of Ancient Art, the Museum of Portuguese-style Tile Mosaics, the Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, containing varied collections of ancient and modern art, the Lisbon Oceanarium, the National Museum of Costume and Fashion, the Berardo Collection Museum (modern art), and the National Coach Museum, containing the largest collection of royal coaches in the world).

Theaters include the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos, the Centro Cultural de Belém, the Teatro Nacional D. Maria II and the Gulbenkian Foundation. A monument to Christ the King stands on the left side of the river.

The municipal holiday is June 13, St. Anthony's Day. There are five days of street celebrations in memory of Lisbon-born saint Anthony, a wealthy Portuguese bohemian who was canonized following a life preaching to the poor.

Lisbon hosts the annual Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival, the Lisbon International Documentary Film Festival, the Contemporary Art Fair, the International Organ Festival of Lisbon, the Lisbon Village Festival, the Street Magic World Festival, among others.

Football is the most popular sport in Lisbon. Major football clubs include S.L. Benfica, with its home 65,000 seat stadium the UEFA 5-Star Stadium Estádio da Luz . Sporting Clube de Portugal is the other major football team from the city, also having a UEFA 5-Star stadium, 52,000 seat Estádio José de Alvalade stadium. Belenenses is the third most important football team in the city, having Estádio do Restelo as its home stadium in the Belém neighbourhood of Lisbon.

Other sports, such as indoor football, handball, basketball and roller hockey are also popular. Every March the city hosts the Lisbon Half Marathon, which attracts 30,000 participants and thousands of spectators.[9]

Looking to the future

The Oceanarium

More than one-fourth of Portugal's inhabitants reside in the Lisbon metropolitan area, which occupies only about three percent of the nation's total area. A population surge during the 1970s included the return of Portuguese citizens who had been living in its African colonies. By the mid-1990s, Africans, mainly from Cape Verde, were the most populous immigrant group in Lisbon. Today the foreign population, including immigrants from Brazil, Angola, Guinea-Bissau, and various European countries, accounts for about one-tenth of the city's residents. While this large influx of immigrants has put a strain on the city’s resources, it has also transformed it into a cosmopolitan metropolis.

The city has a higher percentage of doctors and other health professionals than the rest of Portugal, and its educational system is strong.

Lisbon began to undergo modernization following Portugal's 1986 entry into the European Community. The 1998 World’s Fair spurred further modernization of the infrastructure, stimulated economic growth, and increased tourism. While Portugal's economy fell behind other European nations in the early twenty-first century, Lisbon's economy remained more stable than that of other of the nation's cities. It continues to attract both tourists and foreign and real estate investment.

Notes

  1. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Tentative Lists - Pombaline 'Baixa' or Downtown of Lisbon. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
  2. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
  3. ↑ André Belo, Between History and Periodicity: Printed and Hand-Written News in 18th-Century Portugal, Brown University. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  4. ↑ Alvaro S. Pereira, March 2006, The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake, University of York, Department of Economics. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  5. ↑ CIA World Factbook, 2009.
  6. ↑ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and NetLibrary, Inc, 2006, Competitive Cities in the Global Economy. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  7. ↑ Statistics Portugal, Statistical Information. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  8. ↑ Fernando Nunes da Silva, 2007, Classificação Expresso das melhores cidades portuguesas para viverem 2007. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  9. ↑ Running Portugal, Lisbon Half Marathon. Retrieved February 16, 2009.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • CIA World Factbook. 2009. Portugal. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
  • Ferreira, Emília, and Jorge Cabello. 2004. Art and History Lisbon. Florence, Italy: Bonechi. ISBN 788880293941.
  • Jack, Malcolm. 2007. Lisbon, City of the Sea: A History. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781845114039.
  • Lisbon. 2007. Wallpaper city guide. London: Phaidon. ISBN 9780714847245.
  • Maxwell, Kenneth. 1995. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521460774.
  • Pinto, António Costa. 1998. Modern Portugal. Palo Alto, CA: Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship. ISBN 9780930664176.
  • Wheeler, Douglas L. 1993. Historical Dictionary of Portugal. (European historical dictionaries, no. 1.) Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810826960.

External links

All links retrieved October 29, 2022.

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